Important events in history
on December 29 ^th

Events

2020
1. A large explosion at the airport in the southern Yemeni city of Aden kills at least 22 people and wounds 50.
  1. Aden
    
    Aden is a city, and since 2015, the temporary capital of Yemen, near the eastern approach to the Red Sea, some 170 km (110 mi) east of the strait Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000 people. Aden's natural harbour lies in the crater of a dormant volcano, which now forms a peninsula joined to the mainland by a low isthmus. This harbour, Front Bay, was first used by the ancient Kingdom of Awsan between the 7th to 5th centuries BC. The modern harbour is on the other side of the peninsula. Aden gets its name from the Gulf of Aden.
2. A magnitude 6.4 earthquake hits near the town of Petrinja in Sisak-Moslavina County, Croatia, killing 7 people.
  1. 2020 Petrinja earthquake
    
    At approximately 12:20 PM CET on 29 December 2020, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 Mw hit central Croatia, with an epicenter located roughly 3 km (1.9 mi) west-southwest of Petrinja. The maximum felt intensity was estimated at VIII to IX (Destructive) on the European macroseismic scale. Before this event there were three foreshocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 5.2 Mw on the day before. The earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 4.9 Mw. The adversely affected areas were mostly in the Sisak-Moslavina County and other nearby Croatian counties, as well as some of the nearby areas of Bosnia and Slovenia.
  2. Petrinja
    
    Petrinja is a town in central Croatia near Sisak in the historic region of Banovina. It is administratively located in Sisak-Moslavina County.
  3. Sisak-Moslavina County
    
    Sisak-Moslavina County is a Croatian county in eastern Central Croatia and southwestern Slavonia. It is named after the city of Sisak and the region Moslavina just across the river Sava. According to 2021 census it is inhabited by 141,000 people.
  4. Croatia
    
    Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe. It shares a coastline along the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west and southwest. Croatia's capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. The country spans an area of 56,594 square kilometres, hosting a population of nearly 3.9 million.
2013
1. A suicide bomb attack at the Volgograd-1 railway station in the southern Russian city of Volgograd kills at least 18 people and wounds 40 others.
  1. December 2013 Volgograd bombings
    
    In December 2013, two separate suicide bombings a day apart targeted mass transportation in the city of Volgograd, in the Volgograd Oblast of Southern Russia, killing 34 people overall, including both perpetrators. The attacks followed a bus bombing carried out in the same city two months earlier.
  2. Volgograd railway station
    
    Volgograd-Glavny is a major junction railway station of Volgograd in Russia.
  3. Volgograd
    
    Volgograd, formerly Tsaritsyn (1589–1925), and Stalingrad (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The city lies on the western bank of the Volga, covering an area of 859.4 square kilometres, with a population of slightly over 1 million residents. Volgograd is the sixteenth-largest city by population size in Russia, the second-largest city of the Southern Federal District, and the fourth-largest city on the Volga.
2. Seven-time Formula One champion Michael Schumacher suffers a massive head injury while skiing in the French Alps.
  1. Formula One
    
    Formula One is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The World Drivers' Championship, which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981, has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, which take place worldwide on both purpose-built circuits and closed public roads.
  2. List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
    
    Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform. The Formula One World Championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets. The World Drivers' Championship is presented by the FIA to the most successful Formula One driver over the course of the season through a points system based on individual Grand Prix results. The World Championship is won when it is no longer mathematically possible for another competitor to overtake their points total regardless of the outcome of the remaining races, although it is not officially awarded until the FIA Prize Giving Ceremony held in various cities following the conclusion of the season.
  3. Michael Schumacher
    
    Michael Schumacher is a German former racing driver who competed in Formula One for Jordan, Benetton, Ferrari, and Mercedes. Schumacher has a joint-record seven World Drivers' Championship titles and, at the time of his retirement from the sport in 2012, he held the records for the most wins (91), pole positions (68), and podium finishes (155)—which have since been broken by Hamilton—while he maintains the record for the most fastest laps (77), among others.
2012
1. A Tupolev Tu-204 airliner crashes in a ditch between the airport fence and the M3 highway after overshooting a runway at Vnukovo International Airport in Moscow, Russia, killing five people and leaving three others critically injured.
  1. Tupolev Tu-204
    
    The Tupolev Tu-204 is a twin-engined medium-range narrow-body jet airliner capable of carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and produced by Aviastar-SP and Kazan Aircraft Production Association. First introduced in 1989, it was intended to be broadly equivalent to the Boeing 757, with slightly lower range and payload, and had competitive performance and fuel efficiency in its class. It was developed for Aeroflot as a replacement for the medium-range Tupolev Tu-154 trijet. The latest version, with significant upgrades and improvements, is the Tu-204SM, which made its maiden flight on 29 December 2010. In April 2022, United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) announced plans to assemble 70 Tu-214s by 2030
  2. Red Wings Airlines Flight 9268
    
    Red Wings Airlines Flight 9268 was a Tupolev Tu-204-100 passenger jet that on 29 December 2012 crashed on landing at Moscow Vnukovo Airport, Russia, following a repositioning flight from Pardubice Airport, Czech Republic. There were no passengers on board, but 5 of the 8 crew members were killed when the aircraft hit a ditch and highway structures after overrunning the runway.
  3. M3 highway (Russia)
    
    The Russian route M3 is a major trunk road that runs across a distance of about 490 kilometres from Moscow to Russia's border with Ukraine.
  4. Vnukovo International Airport
    
    Vnukovo, formally Vnukovo Andrei Tupolev International Airport, is a dual-runway international airport located in Vnukovo District, 28 km (17 mi) southwest of the centre of Moscow, Russia. It is one of the four major airports that serve Moscow, along with Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, and Zhukovsky. In 2019, the airport handled 24.01 million passengers, representing an increase of 12% compared to the previous year. It is the tenth-busiest airport in Europe.
2006
1. The UK settles its Anglo-American loan, post-WWII loan debt.
  1. Anglo-American loan
    
    The Anglo-American Loan Agreement was a loan made to the United Kingdom by the United States on 15 July 1946, enabling its economy after the Second World War to keep afloat. The loan was negotiated by British economist John Maynard Keynes and American diplomat William L. Clayton. Problems arose on the American side, with many in Congress reluctant, and with sharp differences between the treasury and state departments. The loan was for $3.75 billion at a low 2% interest rate; Canada loaned an additional US$1.19 billion. The British economy in 1947 was hurt by a provision that called for convertibility into dollars of the wartime sterling balances the British had borrowed from India and others, but by 1948, the Marshall Plan included financial support that was not expected to be repaid. The entire loan was paid off in 2006, after it was extended six years.
2003
1. The last known speaker of Akkala Sami dies, rendering the language extinct.
  1. Akkala Sámi
    
    Akkala Sámi was a Sámi language spoken in the Sámi villages of A´kkel, Ču´kksuâl and Sââ´rvesjäu´rr, in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Formerly erroneously regarded as a dialect of Kildin Sámi, it has recently become recognized as an independent Sámi language that is most closely related to its western neighbor Skolt Sámi.
1998
1. Leaders of the Khmer Rouge apologize for the Cambodian genocide that claimed over one million lives.
  1. Khmer Rouge
    
    The Khmer Rouge is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) and by extension to the regime through which the CPK ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The name was coined in the 1960s by then Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk to describe his country's heterogeneous, communist-led dissidents, with whom he allied after his 1970 overthrow.
  2. Cambodian genocide
    
    The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge under the leadership of Communist Party of Kampuchea general secretary Pol Pot, who radically pushed Cambodia towards an entirely self-sufficient agrarian socialist society. It resulted in the deaths of 1.5 to 2 million people from 1975 to 1979, nearly a quarter of Cambodia's population in 1975.
1996
1. Peace accords were signed under the leadership of President Álvaro Arzú and guerrilla leader Rolando Morán, ending the 36-year-long Guatemalan Civil War.
  1. Álvaro Arzú
    
    Álvaro Enrique Arzú Yrigoyen was a Guatemalan politician and businessman who served as the 32nd President of Guatemala from 14 January 1996 until 14 January 2000. He was elected Mayor of Guatemala City on six occasions: in 1982, when he declined taking office because of a coup d'état; in 1986; in 2003, after serving as president; in 2007; in 2011, and in 2015, for a term that would see him die in office.
  2. Rolando Morán
    
    Comandante Rolando Morán was the nom de guerre of Ricardo Arnoldo Ramírez de León, leader of Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG), an armed Guatemalan communist resistance organization. At the time of his death he held the post of Secretary General of the URNG.
  3. Guatemalan Civil War
    
    The Guatemalan Civil War was a civil war in Guatemala fought from 1960 to 1996 between the government of Guatemala and various leftist rebel groups. The government forces have been condemned for committing genocide against the Maya population of Guatemala during the civil war and for widespread human rights violations against civilians. The context of the struggle was based on longstanding issues of unfair land distribution; European-descended residents and foreign companies, such as the American United Fruit Company, had dominated control over much of the land, leading to conflicts with the rural poor.
2. Guatemala and leaders of Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity sign a peace accord ending a 36-year civil war.
  1. Guatemala
    
    Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. Guatemala is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by Honduras; to the southeast by El Salvador and to the south by the Pacific Ocean, respectively. With an estimated population of around 17.6 million, it is the most populous country in Central America and is the 11th most populous country in the Americas. Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City, the largest city in Central America.
  2. Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
    
    The Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity is a Guatemalan political party that started as a guerrilla movement but laid down its arms in 1996 and became a legal political party in 1998 after the peace process which ended the Guatemalan Civil War.
  3. Guatemalan Civil War
    
    The Guatemalan Civil War was a civil war in Guatemala fought from 1960 to 1996 between the government of Guatemala and various leftist rebel groups. The government forces have been condemned for committing genocide against the Maya population of Guatemala during the civil war and for widespread human rights violations against civilians. The context of the struggle was based on longstanding issues of unfair land distribution; European-descended residents and foreign companies, such as the American United Fruit Company, had dominated control over much of the land, leading to conflicts with the rural poor.
1994
1. Turkish Airlines Flight 278 (a Boeing 737-400) crashes on approach to Van Ferit Melen Airport in Van, Turkey, killing 57 of the 76 people on board.
  1. Turkish Airlines Flight 278
    
    Turkish Airlines Flight 278, operated by a Boeing 737-4Y0 registered TC-JES and named Mersin, was a domestic scheduled flight from Ankara Esenboğa Airport to Van Ferit Melen Airport in eastern Turkey that crashed on 29 December 1994 during its final approach to land in driving snow. Five of the seven crew and 52 of the 69 passengers lost their lives, while two crew members and 17 passengers survived with serious injuries.
  2. Boeing 737 Classic
    
    The Boeing 737 Classic is a series of narrow-body airliners produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, the second generation of the Boeing 737 series of aircraft. Development began in 1979 and the first variant, the 737-300, first flew in February 1984 and entered service that December. The stretched 737-400 first flew in February 1988 and entered service later that year. The shortest variant, the 737-500, first flew in June 1989 and entered service in 1990.
  3. Van Ferit Melen Airport
    
    Van Ferit Melen Airport is an airport in Van, a city in the eastern region of Turkey. It is named after the Turkish politician and former prime minister Ferit Melen (1906–1988).
  4. Van, Turkey
    
    Van is a mostly Kurdish-populated and historically Armenian-populated city in eastern Turkey's Van Province. The city lies on the eastern shore of Lake Van.
1992
1. Fernando Collor de Mello, president of Brazil, tries to resign amidst corruption charges, but is then impeached.
  1. Fernando Collor de Mello
    
    Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate. Collor was the first President democratically elected after the end of the Brazilian military government. He became the youngest president in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40. After he resigned from the presidency, the impeachment trial on charges of corruption continued. Collor was found guilty by the Senate and disqualified from holding elected office for eight years (1992–2000). He was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazil's Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence.
1989
1. Czech writer, philosopher and dissident Václav Havel is elected the first post-communist President of Czechoslovakia.
  1. Václav Havel
    
    Václav Havel GCB was a Czech statesman, author, poet, playwright, and former dissident. Havel served as the last president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003 and was the first democratically elected president of either country after the fall of communism. As a writer of Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays, and memoirs.
  2. Czechoslovakia
    
    Czechoslovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland. Between 1939 and 1945 the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and the remaining territories in the east became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies.
2. The Nikkei 225 for the Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87, serving as the apex of the Japanese asset price bubble.
  1. Nikkei 225
    
    The Nikkei 225, or the Nikkei Stock Average , more commonly called the Nikkei or the Nikkei index, is a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). It has been calculated daily by the Nihon Keizai Shimbun newspaper since 1950. It is a price-weighted index, operating in the Japanese Yen (JP¥), and its components are reviewed once a year. The Nikkei measures the performance of 225 large, publicly owned companies in Japan from a wide array of industry sectors.
  2. Tokyo Stock Exchange
    
    The Tokyo Stock Exchange , abbreviated as Tosho (東証) or TSE/TYO, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan. It is the third largest stock exchange in the world by aggregate market capitalization of its listed companies, and the largest in Asia. It had 2,292 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of US$5.67 trillion as of February 2019.
  3. Japanese asset price bubble
    
    The Japanese asset price bubble was an economic bubble in Japan from 1986 to 1991 in which real estate and stock market prices were greatly inflated. In early 1992, this price bubble burst and Japan's economy stagnated. The bubble was characterized by rapid acceleration of asset prices and overheated economic activity, as well as an uncontrolled money supply and credit expansion. More specifically, over-confidence and speculation regarding asset and stock prices were closely associated with excessive monetary easing policy at the time. Through the creation of economic policies that cultivated the marketability of assets, eased the access to credit, and encouraged speculation, the Japanese government started a prolonged and exacerbated Japanese asset price bubble.
1975
1. A bomb planted by unknown perpetrators exploded at LaGuardia Airport in New York City, killing 11 people and seriously injuring 74 others.
  1. 1975 LaGuardia Airport bombing
    
    On December 29, 1975, a bomb detonated near the TWA baggage reclaim terminal at LaGuardia Airport in New York City. The blast killed 11 people and seriously injured 74. The perpetrators were never officially identified or charged, although the most common consensus is that it was either anti-Yugoslavian Croats that were part of OTPOR or Communist Belgrade's own UDBA working to malign OTPOR through sabotage. The attack occurred during a four-year period of heightened terrorism within the United States: 1975 was especially volatile, with bombings in New York City and Washington, D.C., and two assassination attempts on President Gerald Ford.
  2. LaGuardia Airport
    
    LaGuardia Airport is a civil airport in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City. Covering 680 acres as of August 24, 2022, the facility was established in 1929 and began operating as a public airport in 1939. It is named after former New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia.
2. A bomb explodes at LaGuardia Airport in New York City, killing 11 people and injuring more than 75.
  1. 1975 LaGuardia Airport bombing
    
    On December 29, 1975, a bomb detonated near the TWA baggage reclaim terminal at LaGuardia Airport in New York City. The blast killed 11 people and seriously injured 74. The perpetrators were never officially identified or charged, although the most common consensus is that it was either anti-Yugoslavian Croats that were part of OTPOR or Communist Belgrade's own UDBA working to malign OTPOR through sabotage. The attack occurred during a four-year period of heightened terrorism within the United States: 1975 was especially volatile, with bombings in New York City and Washington, D.C., and two assassination attempts on President Gerald Ford.
  2. LaGuardia Airport
    
    LaGuardia Airport is a civil airport in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City. Covering 680 acres as of August 24, 2022, the facility was established in 1929 and began operating as a public airport in 1939. It is named after former New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia.
1972
1. Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 (a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar) crashes in the Florida Everglades on approach to Miami International Airport, Florida, killing 101 of the 176 people on board.
  1. Eastern Air Lines Flight 401
    
    Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 was a scheduled flight from New York JFK to Miami. Shortly before midnight on December 29, 1972, the Lockheed L-1011-1 TriStar crashed into the Florida Everglades, causing 101 total fatalities. Three of the 4 cockpit crew members, two of the 10 flight attendants, and 96 of the 163 passengers were killed; there were 75 survivors.
  2. Lockheed L-1011 TriStar
    
    The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, also known as the L-1011 and TriStar, is an American medium-to-long-range, wide-body trijet airliner built by the Lockheed Corporation. It was the third wide-body airliner to enter commercial operations, after the Boeing 747 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. The airliner has a seating capacity of up to 400 passengers and a range of over 4,000 nautical miles (7,410 km). Its trijet configuration has three Rolls-Royce RB211 engines with one engine under each wing, along with a third engine center-mounted with an S-duct air inlet embedded in the tail and the upper fuselage. The aircraft has an autoland capability, an automated descent control system, and available lower deck galley and lounge facilities.
  3. Everglades
    
    The Everglades is a natural region of tropical wetlands in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large drainage basin within the Neotropical realm. The ecosystem it forms is not presently found anywhere else on earth. The system begins near Orlando with the Kissimmee River, which discharges into the vast but shallow Lake Okeechobee. Water leaving the lake in the wet season forms a slow-moving river 60 miles (97 km) wide and over 100 miles (160 km) long, flowing southward across a limestone shelf to Florida Bay at the southern end of the state. The Everglades experiences a wide range of weather patterns, from frequent flooding in the wet season to drought in the dry season. Throughout the 20th century, the Everglades suffered significant loss of habitat and environmental degradation.
  4. Miami International Airport
    
    Miami International Airport, also known as MIA and historically as Wilcox Field, is the primary airport serving the greater Miami metropolitan area with over 1,000 daily flights to 167 domestic and international destinations, including most countries in Latin America. The airport is in an unincorporated area in Miami-Dade County, 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Downtown Miami, in metropolitan Miami, adjacent to the cities of Miami and Miami Springs, and the village of Virginia Gardens. Nearby cities include Hialeah, Doral, and the Census-designated place of Fontainebleau.
  5. Florida
    
    Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba; it is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Spanning 65,758 square miles (170,310 km2), Florida ranks 22nd in area among the 50 states, and with a population of over 21 million, is the third-most populous. The state capital is Tallahassee and the most populous city is Jacksonville. The Miami metropolitan area, with a population of almost 6.2 million, is the most populous urban area in Florida and the ninth-most populous in the United States; other urban conurbations with over one million people are Tampa Bay, Orlando, and Jacksonville.
1959
1. American physicist Richard Feynman gave a speech entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at Caltech, anticipating the field of nanotechnology.
  1. Richard Feynman
    
    Richard Phillips Feynman was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga.
  2. There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
    
    "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom: An Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics" was a lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at the annual American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman considered the possibility of direct manipulation of individual atoms as a more robust form of synthetic chemistry than those used at the time. Although versions of the talk were reprinted in a few popular magazines, it went largely unnoticed. It did not inspire the conceptual beginnings of the field of nanotechnology. Beginning in the 1980s, nanotechnology advocates cited it to establish the scientific credibility of their work.
  3. California Institute of Technology
    
    The California Institute of Technology (branded as Caltech or CIT) is a private research university in Pasadena, California. Caltech is ranked among the best academic institutions in the world, and with an enrollment of approximately 2400 students, it is one of the world's most selective universities. The university is known for its strength in science and engineering, and is among a small group of institutes of technology in the United States which is primarily devoted to the instruction of pure and applied sciences.
  4. Nanotechnology
    
    Nanotechnology, also shortened to nanotech, is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale for industrial purposes. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defined nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size.
1949
1. KC2XAK of Bridgeport, Connecticut becomes the first Ultra high frequency (UHF) television station to operate a daily schedule.
  1. KC2XAK
    
    KC2XAK was the world's first UHF television station, which went on the air on December 29, 1949. It was a broadcast translator of New York City's WNBT, and broadcast on 529–535 MHz in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
  2. Bridgeport, Connecticut
    
    Bridgeport is the most populous city and a major port in the U.S. state of Connecticut. With a population of 148,654 in 2020, it is also the fifth-most populous in New England. Located in eastern Fairfield County at the mouth of the Pequonnock River on Long Island Sound, it is 60 miles (97 km) from Manhattan and 40 miles (64 km) from The Bronx. It is bordered by the towns of Trumbull to the north, Fairfield to the west, and Stratford to the east. Bridgeport and other towns in Fairfield County make up the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk-Danbury metropolitan statistical area, the second largest metropolitan area in Connecticut. The Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk-Danbury metropolis forms part of the New York metropolitan area.
  3. Ultra high frequency
    
    Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter. Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the super-high frequency (SHF) or microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight; they are blocked by hills and large buildings although the transmission through building walls is strong enough for indoor reception. They are used for television broadcasting, cell phones, satellite communication including GPS, personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, walkie-talkies, cordless phones, satellite phones, and numerous other applications.
1940
1. Second World War: The Luftwaffe began a major night bombing raid on the British capital as part of the Blitz, beginning what was later called the "Second Great Fire of London".
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Luftwaffe
    
    The Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the Luftstreitkräfte of the Imperial Army and the Marine-Fliegerabteilung of the Imperial Navy, had been disbanded in May 1920 in accordance with the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from having any air force.
  3. The Blitz
    
    The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and originated from the term Blitzkrieg, the German word meaning 'lightning war'.
  4. Second Great Fire of London
    
    The Second Great Fire of London in December 1940 was caused by one of the most destructive air raids of the Blitz during World War II. The Luftwaffe raid caused fires over an area greater than that of the Great Fire of London in 1666, leading one American correspondent to say in a cable to his office that "The second Great Fire of London has begun". Fires started by the raid included an incendiary bomb that broke through the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, which was being guarded by a fire watch team at the behest of the Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
2. In the Second Great Fire of London, the Luftwaffe fire-bombs London, England, killing almost 200 civilians during World War II.
  1. Second Great Fire of London
    
    The Second Great Fire of London in December 1940 was caused by one of the most destructive air raids of the Blitz during World War II. The Luftwaffe raid caused fires over an area greater than that of the Great Fire of London in 1666, leading one American correspondent to say in a cable to his office that "The second Great Fire of London has begun". Fires started by the raid included an incendiary bomb that broke through the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, which was being guarded by a fire watch team at the behest of the Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
  2. Luftwaffe
    
    The Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the Luftstreitkräfte of the Imperial Army and the Marine-Fliegerabteilung of the Imperial Navy, had been disbanded in May 1920 in accordance with the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from having any air force.
  3. London
    
    London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which largely comprises Greater London, governed by the Greater London Authority.
  4. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
1937
1. The Irish Free State is replaced by a new state called Ireland with the adoption of a new constitution.
  1. Irish Free State
    
    The Irish Free State was a state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the Irish Republic – the Irish Republican Army (IRA) – and British Crown forces.
  2. Republic of Ireland
    
    Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, on the eastern side of the island. Around 2.1 million of the country's population of 5.13 million people resides in the Greater Dublin Area. The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dáil Éireann; an upper house, Seanad Éireann; and an elected President who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers.
  3. Constitution of Ireland
    
    The Constitution of Ireland is the fundamental law of Ireland. It asserts the national sovereignty of the Irish people. The constitution, based on a system of representative democracy, is broadly within the tradition of liberal democracy. It guarantees certain fundamental rights, along with a popularly elected non-executive president, a bicameral parliament, a separation of powers and judicial review.
1934
1. Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.
  1. Washington Naval Treaty
    
    The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was a treaty signed during 1922 among the major Allies of World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction. It was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference, held in Washington, D.C., from November 1921 to February 1922, and it was signed by the governments of Great Britain, the United States, France, Italy, and Japan. It limited the construction of battleships, battlecruisers and aircraft carriers by the signatories. The numbers of other categories of warships, including cruisers, destroyers, and submarines, were not limited by the treaty, but those ships were limited to 10,000 tons displacement each.
  2. London Naval Treaty
    
    The London Naval Treaty, officially the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament, was an agreement between the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States that was signed on 22 April 1930. Seeking to address issues not covered in the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, which had created tonnage limits for each nation's surface warships, the new agreement regulated submarine warfare, further controlled cruisers and destroyers, and limited naval shipbuilding.
1930
1. Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the two-nation theory and outlines a vision for the creation of Pakistan.
  1. Muhammad Iqbal
    
    Sir Muhammad Iqbal, was a South Asian Muslim writer, philosopher, Scholar and politician, whose poetry in the Urdu language is considered among the greatest of the twentieth century, and whose vision of a cultural and political ideal for the Muslims of British-ruled India was to animate the impulse for Pakistan. He is commonly referred to by the honorific Allama.
  2. Allahabad
    
    Allahabad, officially known as Prayagraj, also known as Ilahabad, is a metropolis in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of the Allahabad district—the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India—and the Allahabad division. The city is the judicial capital of Uttar Pradesh with the Allahabad High Court being the highest judicial body in the state. As of 2011, Allahabad is the seventh most populous city in the state, thirteenth in Northern India and thirty-sixth in India, with an estimated population of 1.53 million in the city. In 2011 it was ranked the world's 40th fastest-growing city. Allahabad, in 2016, was also ranked the third most liveable urban agglomeration in the state and sixteenth in the country. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in the city.
  3. Two-nation theory
    
    The two-nation theory is an ideology of religious nationalism that influenced the decolonisation of the British Raj in South Asia. According to this ideology, Indian Muslims and Indian Hindus are two separate nations, with their own customs, religion, and traditions; consequently, both socially and morally, Muslims should have a separate homeland within the decolonised British Indian Empire.
  4. Pakistan
    
    Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population just behind Indonesia. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the world by area and 2nd largest in South Asia, spanning 881,913 square kilometres. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre.
1928
1. The Northern Expedition military campaign by the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang ended with complete control over the Republic of China.
  1. Northern Expedition
    
    The Northern Expedition was a military campaign launched by the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Kuomintang (KMT), also known as the "Chinese Nationalist Party", against the Beiyang government and other regional warlords in 1926. The purpose of the campaign was to reunify China, which had become fragmented in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1911. The expedition was led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, and was divided into two phases. The first phase ended in a 1927 political split between two factions of the KMT: the right-leaning Nanjing faction, led by Chiang, and the left-leaning faction in Wuhan, led by Wang Jingwei. The split was partially motivated by Chiang's Shanghai Massacre of Communists within the KMT, which marked the end of the First United Front. In an effort to mend this schism, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as the commander of the NRA in August 1927, and went into exile in Japan.
  2. National Revolutionary Army
    
    The National Revolutionary Army, sometimes shortened to Revolutionary Army (革命軍) before 1928, and as National Army (國軍) after 1928, was the military arm of the Kuomintang from 1925 until 1947 in China. It also became the regular army of the Republican era during the KMT's period of party rule beginning in 1928. It was renamed the Republic of China Armed Forces after the 1947 Constitution, which instituted civilian control of the military.
  3. Kuomintang
    
    The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC)or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Taiwan after 1949. It was the sole party in China during the Republican Era from 1928 to 1949, when most of the Chinese mainland was under its control. The party retreated from the mainland to Taiwan on 7 December 1949, following its defeat in the Chinese Civil War. Chiang Kai-shek declared martial law and retained its authoritarian rule over Taiwan under the Dang Guo system until democratic reforms were enacted in the 1980s and full democratization in the 1990s. In Taiwanese politics, the KMT is the dominant party in the Pan-Blue Coalition and primarily competes with the rival Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). It is currently the largest opposition party in the Legislative Yuan. The current chairman is Eric Chu.
  4. Republic of China (1912–1949)
    
    The Republic of China (ROC), between 1912 and 1949, was a sovereign state recognised as the official designation of China when it was based on Mainland China, prior to the relocation of its central government to Taiwan as a result of the Chinese Civil War. At a population of 541 million in 1949, it was the world's most populous country. Covering 11.4 million square kilometres, it consisted of 35 provinces, 1 special administrative region, 2 regions, 12 special municipalities, 14 leagues, and 4 special banners. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which rules mainland China today, considers ROC as a country that ceased to exist since 1949; thus, the history of ROC before 1949 is often referred to as Republican Era of China. The ROC, now based in Taiwan, today considers itself a continuation of the country, thus calling the period of its mainland governance as the Mainland Period of the Republic of China in Taiwan.
1913
1. Cecil B. DeMille starts filming Hollywood's first feature film, The Squaw Man.
  1. Cecil B. DeMille
    
    Cecil Blount DeMille was an American film director, producer and actor. Between 1914 and 1958, he made 70 features, both silent and sound films. He is acknowledged as a founding father of the American cinema and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their epic scale and by his cinematic showmanship. His silent films included social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, and historical pageants. He was an active Freemason and member of Prince of Orange Lodge #16 in New York City.
  2. Hollywood, Los Angeles
    
    Hollywood is a neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. Its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the U.S. film industry and the people associated with it. Many notable film studios, such as Columbia Pictures, Walt Disney Studios, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., and Universal Pictures, are located near or in Hollywood.
  3. The Squaw Man (1914 film)
    
    The Squaw Man is a 1914 American silent Western film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar C. Apfel, and starring Dustin Farnum. It was DeMille's directorial debut and one of the first feature films to be shot in what is now Hollywood.
1911
1. Sun Yat-sen (pictured) was elected the provisional president of the Republic of China in Nanjing.
  1. Sun Yat-sen
    
    Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese statesman, physician, and political philosopher, who served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang. He is called the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China, and the "Forerunner of the Revolution" in the People's Republic of China for his instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun is unique among 20th-century Chinese leaders for being widely revered in both Mainland China and Taiwan.
  2. President of the Republic of China
    
    The president of the Republic of China, now often referred to as the president of Taiwan, is the head of state of the Republic of China (ROC), as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. The position once had authority of ruling over Mainland China, but its remaining jurisdictions has been limited to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other smaller islands since the conclusion of Second Chinese Civil War.
  3. Nanjing
    
    Nanjing, alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the third largest city in the East China region. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi), and a total recorded population of 9,314,685 as of 2020.
2. Mongolia gains independence from the Qing dynasty, enthroning 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu as Khagan of Mongolia.
  1. Mongolia
    
    Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres, with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.
  2. Qing dynasty
    
    The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria. It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multiethnic Qing empire lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With 419,264,000 citizens in 1907, it was the world's most populous country at the time.
  3. Bogd Khan
    
    Bogd Khan was the khan of the Bogd Khaganate from 1911 to 1924, following the state's de facto independence from the Qing dynasty of China after the Xinhai Revolution. Born in Tibet, he was the third most important person in the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy as the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, below only the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, and therefore also known as the "Bogdo Lama". He was the spiritual leader of Outer Mongolia's Tibetan Buddhism. His wife Tsendiin Dondogdulam, the Ekh Dagina, was believed to be a manifestation of White Tara.
  4. List of Mongol rulers
    
    The following is a list of Mongol rulers.
1890
1. Sioux Wars: The United States Army killed 250 to 300 Lakota men, women and children at the Wounded Knee Massacre, beginning the Ghost Dance War.
  1. Sioux Wars
    
    The Sioux Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people which occurred in the later half of the 19th century. The earliest conflict came in 1854 when a fight broke out at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, when Sioux warriors killed 31 American soldiers in the Grattan Massacre, and the final came in 1890 during the Ghost Dance War.
  2. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  3. Lakota people
    
    The Lakota are a Native American people. Also known as the Teton Sioux, they are one of the three prominent subcultures of the Sioux people. Their current lands are in North and South Dakota. They speak Lakȟótiyapi—the Lakota language, the westernmost of three closely related languages that belong to the Siouan language family.
  4. Wounded Knee Massacre
    
    The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as the Battle of Wounded Knee, was a massacre of nearly three hundred Lakota people by soldiers of the United States Army. It occurred on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp. The previous day, a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside approached Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them five miles westward to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Colonel James W. Forsyth, arrived and surrounded the encampment. The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns. They were responding to concerns of the settlers who were worried the Ghost Dance might be a prelude to an armed attack.
  5. Ghost Dance War
    
    The Ghost Dance War was the military reaction of the United States government against the spread of the Ghost Dance movement on Lakota Sioux reservations in 1890 and 1891. Lakota Sioux reservations were occupied by the US Army, causing fear, confusion, and resistance among the Lakota. It resulted in the Wounded Knee Massacre wherein the 7th Cavalry killed over 250 Lakota, primarily unarmed women, children, and elders, at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. The end of the Ghost Dance War is usually dated January 15, 1891, when Lakota Ghost-Dancing leader Kicking Bear decided to meet with US officials. However, the US Government continued to use the threat of violence to suppress the Ghost Dance at Lakota reservations Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Cheyenne River, and Standing Rock.
2. On Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, 300 Lakota are killed by the United States 7th Cavalry Regiment.
  1. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
    
    The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Indian reservation located entirely within the U.S. state of South Dakota. Originally included within the territory of the Great Sioux Reservation, Pine Ridge was created by the Act of March 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 888. in the southwest corner of South Dakota on the Nebraska border. Today it consists of 3,468.85 sq mi (8,984 km2) of land area and is one of the largest reservations in the United States.
  2. Lakota people
    
    The Lakota are a Native American people. Also known as the Teton Sioux, they are one of the three prominent subcultures of the Sioux people. Their current lands are in North and South Dakota. They speak Lakȟótiyapi—the Lakota language, the westernmost of three closely related languages that belong to the Siouan language family.
  3. Wounded Knee Massacre
    
    The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as the Battle of Wounded Knee, was a massacre of nearly three hundred Lakota people by soldiers of the United States Army. It occurred on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp. The previous day, a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside approached Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them five miles westward to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Colonel James W. Forsyth, arrived and surrounded the encampment. The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns. They were responding to concerns of the settlers who were worried the Ghost Dance might be a prelude to an armed attack.
  4. 7th Cavalry Regiment
    
    The 7th Cavalry Regiment is a United States Army cavalry regiment formed in 1866. Its official nickname is "Garryowen", after the Irish air "Garryowen" that was adopted as its march tune.
1876
1. A railway bridge over the Ashtabula River in Ohio collapsed when a Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway train was crossing over it, killing 92 people and injuring 64 others.
  1. Ashtabula River
    
    The Ashtabula River is a river located northeast of Cleveland in Ohio. The river flows into Lake Erie at the city of Ashtabula, Ohio. It is 40 miles (64 km) in length and drains 137 square miles (350 km2).
  2. Ohio
    
    Ohio is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus, with the Columbus metro area, Greater Cincinnati, and Greater Cleveland being the largest metropolitan areas. Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the west, and Michigan to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes". Its state flag is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.
  3. Ashtabula River railroad disaster
    
    The Ashtabula River railroad disaster was the failure of a bridge over the Ashtabula River near the town of Ashtabula, Ohio, in the United States on December 29, 1876. A Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway train, the Pacific Express, passed over the bridge as it failed. All but the lead locomotive plunged into the river. The train's oil lanterns and coal-fired heating stoves set the wooden cars alight. Firefighters declined to extinguish the flames, leaving individuals to try to pull survivors from the wreck. Many who survived the crash burned to death in the wreckage. The accident killed approximately 92 of the 160 people aboard. It was the worst rail accident in the U.S. in the 19th century and the worst rail accident in U.S. history until the Great Train Wreck of 1918.
  4. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway
    
    The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, established in 1833 and sometimes referred to as the Lake Shore, was a major part of the New York Central Railroad's Water Level Route from Buffalo, New York, to Chicago, Illinois, primarily along the south shore of Lake Erie and across northern Indiana. The line's trackage remains a major rail transportation corridor used by Amtrak passenger trains and several freight lines; in 1998, its ownership was split at Cleveland between CSX to the east and Norfolk Southern in the west.
2. The Ashtabula River railroad disaster occurs, leaving 64 injured and 92 dead at Ashtabula, Ohio.
  1. Ashtabula River railroad disaster
    
    The Ashtabula River railroad disaster was the failure of a bridge over the Ashtabula River near the town of Ashtabula, Ohio, in the United States on December 29, 1876. A Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway train, the Pacific Express, passed over the bridge as it failed. All but the lead locomotive plunged into the river. The train's oil lanterns and coal-fired heating stoves set the wooden cars alight. Firefighters declined to extinguish the flames, leaving individuals to try to pull survivors from the wreck. Many who survived the crash burned to death in the wreckage. The accident killed approximately 92 of the 160 people aboard. It was the worst rail accident in the U.S. in the 19th century and the worst rail accident in U.S. history until the Great Train Wreck of 1918.
  2. Ashtabula, Ohio
    
    Ashtabula is a city in Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States, and the center of the Ashtabula Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is located at the mouth of the Ashtabula River on Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes, across from the province of Ontario, Canada and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Cleveland. The name Ashtabula is derived from ashtepihəle, which means 'always enough fish to be shared around' in the Lenape language.
1874
1. The military coup of Gen. Martinez Campos in Sagunto ends the failed First Spanish Republic and the monarchy is restored as Prince Alfonso is proclaimed King of Spain.
  1. Arsenio Martínez Campos
    
    Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón, born Martínez y Campos, was a Spanish officer who rose against the First Spanish Republic in a military revolution in 1874 and restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty. Later, he became Captain-General of Cuba. Martínez Campos took part in wars in Africa, Mexico and Cuba and in the Third Carlist War.
  2. Sagunto
    
    Sagunto is a municipality of Spain, located in the province of Valencia, Valencian Community. It belongs to the modern fertile comarca of Camp de Morvedre. It is located c. 30 km north of the city of Valencia, close to the Costa del Azahar on the Mediterranean Sea.
  3. First Spanish Republic
    
    The Spanish Republic, historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic, was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874.
  4. Restoration (Spain)
    
    The Restoration, or Bourbon Restoration, is the name given to the period that began on 29 December 1874—after a coup d'état by General Arsenio Martínez Campos ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII—and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.
  5. Alfonso XII
    
    Alfonso XII, also known as El Pacificador or the Peacemaker, was King of Spain from 29 December 1874 to his death in 1885. After a revolution that deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne in 1868, Alfonso studied in Austria and France. His mother abdicated in his favour in 1870, and he returned to Spain as king in 1874 following a military coup against the First Republic. Alfonso died aged 27 in 1885, and was succeeded by his son, Alfonso XIII, who was born the following year. He is the most recent monarch of Spain to have died while on the throne.
  6. Spain
    
    Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country primarily located in southwestern Europe with parts of territory in the Atlantic Ocean and across the Mediterranean Sea. The largest part of Spain is situated on the Iberian Peninsula; its territory also includes the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla in Africa. The country's mainland is bordered to the south by Gibraltar; to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the north by France, Andorra and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of 505,990 km2 (195,360 sq mi), Spain is the second-largest country in the European Union (EU) and, with a population exceeding 47.4 million, the fourth-most populous EU member state. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid; other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Málaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Bilbao.
1860
1. To counter the French Navy's Gloire, the world's first ironclad warship, the Royal Navy launched the world's first iron-hulled armoured warship, HMS Warrior.
  1. French Navy
    
    The French Navy, informally La Royale, is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the five military service branches of France. It is among the largest and most powerful naval forces in the world, ranking seventh in combined fleet tonnage and fifth in number of naval vessels. The French Navy is one of eight naval forces currently operating fixed-wing aircraft carriers, with its flagship Charles de Gaulle being the only nuclear-powered aircraft carrier outside the United States Navy, and one of two non-American vessels to use catapults to launch aircraft.
  2. French ironclad Gloire
    
    The French ironclad Gloire was the first ocean-going ironclad, launched in 1859. It was developed after the Crimean War, in response to new developments of naval gun technology, especially the Paixhans guns and rifled guns, which used explosive shells with increased destructive power against wooden ships, and after the development of the ironclad floating batteries built by the British and French for the bombardment of Russian forts during the Crimean War.
  3. Ironclad warship
    
    An ironclad is a steam-propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates, constructed from 1859 to the early 1890s. The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or incendiary shells. The first ironclad battleship, Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in November 1859 - narrowly pre-empting the British Royal Navy.
  4. Royal Navy
    
    The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.
  5. HMS Warrior (1860)
    
    HMS Warrior is a 40-gun steam-powered armoured frigate built for the Royal Navy in 1859–1861. She was the name ship of the Warrior-class ironclads. Warrior and her sister ship HMS Black Prince were the first armour-plated, iron-hulled warships, and were built in response to France's launching in 1859 of the first ocean-going ironclad warship, the wooden-hulled Gloire. Warrior conducted a publicity tour of Great Britain in 1863 and spent her active career with the Channel Squadron. Obsolescent following the 1873 commissioning of the mastless and more capable HMS Devastation, she was placed in reserve in 1875, and was "paid off" – decommissioned – in 1883.
2. The launch of HMS Warrior, with her combination of screw propeller, iron hull and iron armour, renders all previous warships obsolete.
  1. HMS Warrior (1860)
    
    HMS Warrior is a 40-gun steam-powered armoured frigate built for the Royal Navy in 1859–1861. She was the name ship of the Warrior-class ironclads. Warrior and her sister ship HMS Black Prince were the first armour-plated, iron-hulled warships, and were built in response to France's launching in 1859 of the first ocean-going ironclad warship, the wooden-hulled Gloire. Warrior conducted a publicity tour of Great Britain in 1863 and spent her active career with the Channel Squadron. Obsolescent following the 1873 commissioning of the mastless and more capable HMS Devastation, she was placed in reserve in 1875, and was "paid off" – decommissioned – in 1883.
  2. Propeller
    
    A propeller is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working fluid such as water or air. Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to create thrust to propel a boat through water or an aircraft through air. The blades are specially shaped so that their rotational motion through the fluid causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of the blade by Bernoulli's principle which exerts force on the fluid. Most marine propellers are screw propellers with helical blades rotating on a propeller shaft with an approximately horizontal axis.
  3. Ironclad warship
    
    An ironclad is a steam-propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates, constructed from 1859 to the early 1890s. The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or incendiary shells. The first ironclad battleship, Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in November 1859 - narrowly pre-empting the British Royal Navy.
1845
1. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States, becoming the 28th state to be admitted to the Union.
  1. Republic of Texas
    
    The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846, that bordered Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America, although Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence despite the Treaties of Velasco of May 1836. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo residents of the area and of the republic became known as Texians.
  2. Texas annexation
    
    The Texas annexation was the 1845 annexation of the Republic of Texas into the United States. Texas was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29, 1845.
  3. Texas
    
    Texas is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population. Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest; and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast.
  4. Admission to the Union
    
    Admission to the Union is provided by the Admissions Clause of the United States Constitution in Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, which authorizes the United States Congress to admit new states into the Union beyond the thirteen states that already existed when the Constitution came into effect. The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788 in the nine states that had ratified it, and the U.S. federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789, when it was in effect in 11 out of the 13 states. Since then, 37 states have been admitted into the Union. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence.
2. The United States annexes the Republic of Texas.
  1. Republic of Texas
    
    The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846, that bordered Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America, although Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence despite the Treaties of Velasco of May 1836. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo residents of the area and of the republic became known as Texians.
1835
1. The Treaty of New Echota is signed, ceding all the lands of the Cherokee east of the Mississippi River to the United States.
  1. Treaty of New Echota
    
    The Treaty of New Echota was a treaty signed on December 29, 1835, in New Echota, Georgia, by officials of the United States government and representatives of a minority Cherokee political faction, the Treaty Party.
  2. Cherokee
    
    The Cherokee are one of the indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States. Prior to the 18th century, they were concentrated in their homelands, in towns along river valleys of what is now southwestern North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, edges of western South Carolina, northern Georgia, and northeastern Alabama.
  3. Mississippi River
    
    The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it flows generally south for 2,340 miles (3,770 km) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains. The main stem is entirely within the United States; the total drainage basin is 1,151,000 sq mi (2,980,000 km2), of which only about one percent is in Canada. The Mississippi ranks as the thirteenth-largest river by discharge in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
1812
1. War of 1812: In a three-hour single-ship action, HMS Java was captured by USS Constitution off the coast of Brazil.
  1. War of 1812
    
    The War of 1812 was fought by the United States of America and its indigenous allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in British North America, with limited participation by Spain in Florida. It began when the United States declared war on 18 June 1812 and, although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by Congress on 17 February 1815.
  2. List of single-ship actions
    
    A single-ship action is a naval engagement fought between two warships of opposing sides, excluding submarine engagements; called so because there is a single ship on each side. The following is a list of notable single-ship actions.
  3. HMS Java (1811)
    
    HMS Java was a British Royal Navy 38-gun fifth-rate frigate. She was originally laid down in 1805 as Renommée, described as a 40-gun Pallas-class French Navy frigate, but the vessel actually carried 46 guns. The British captured her in 1811 in a noteworthy action during the Battle of Tamatave, but she is most famous for her defeat on 29 December 1812 in a three-hour single-ship action against USS Constitution. Java had a complement of about 277, but during her engagement with Constitution she allegedly had 426 aboard, in comparison with her opponent's 475.
  4. USS Constitution
    
    USS Constitution, also known as Old Ironsides, is a three-masted wooden-hulled heavy frigate of the United States Navy. She is the world's oldest ship still afloat. She was launched in 1797, one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. The name "Constitution" was among ten names submitted to President George Washington by Secretary of War Timothy Pickering in March of 1795 for the frigates that were to be constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy's capital ships, and so Constitution and her sister ships were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period. She was built at Edmund Hartt's shipyard in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts. Her first duties were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War.
2. USS Constitution, under the command of Captain William Bainbridge, captures HMS Java off the coast of Brazil after a three-hour battle.
  1. USS Constitution
    
    USS Constitution, also known as Old Ironsides, is a three-masted wooden-hulled heavy frigate of the United States Navy. She is the world's oldest ship still afloat. She was launched in 1797, one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. The name "Constitution" was among ten names submitted to President George Washington by Secretary of War Timothy Pickering in March of 1795 for the frigates that were to be constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy's capital ships, and so Constitution and her sister ships were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period. She was built at Edmund Hartt's shipyard in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts. Her first duties were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War.
  2. Captain (United States O-6)
    
    In the United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (USPHS), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, captain is the senior-most commissioned officer rank below that of flag officer. The equivalent rank is colonel in the United States Army, Air Force, Space Force, and Marine Corps.
  3. William Bainbridge
    
    William Bainbridge was a Commodore in the United States Navy. During his long career in the young American Navy he served under six presidents beginning with John Adams and is notable for his many victories at sea. He commanded several famous naval ships, including USS Constitution, and saw service in the Barbary Wars and the War of 1812. Bainbridge was also in command of USS Philadelphia when she grounded off the shores of Tripoli, Libya in North Africa, resulting in his capture and imprisonment for many months. In the latter part of his career he became the U.S. Naval Commissioner.
  4. HMS Java (1811)
    
    HMS Java was a British Royal Navy 38-gun fifth-rate frigate. She was originally laid down in 1805 as Renommée, described as a 40-gun Pallas-class French Navy frigate, but the vessel actually carried 46 guns. The British captured her in 1811 in a noteworthy action during the Battle of Tamatave, but she is most famous for her defeat on 29 December 1812 in a three-hour single-ship action against USS Constitution. Java had a complement of about 277, but during her engagement with Constitution she allegedly had 426 aboard, in comparison with her opponent's 475.
1779
1. American Revolutionary War: Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell led a contingent of British soldiers to capture the city of Savannah, Georgia.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Archibald Campbell (British Army officer, born 1739)
    
    Sir Archibald Campbell KB served as governor of Georgia, Jamaica, and Madras. He was a major Scottish landowner, Heritable Usher of the White Rod for Scotland and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1774 and 1791.
  3. Capture of Savannah
    
    The Capture of Savannah, or sometimes the First Battle of Savannah, or the Battle of Brewton Hill, was an American Revolutionary War battle fought on December 29, 1778 pitting local American Patriot militia and Continental Army units, holding the city, against a British invasion force under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell. The British capture of the city led to an extended occupation and was the opening move in the British southern strategy to regain control of the rebellious Southern provinces by appealing to the relatively strong Loyalist sentiment there.
  4. Savannah, Georgia
    
    Savannah is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia. A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War, Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport. It is Georgia's fifth-largest city, with a 2020 U.S. Census population of 147,780. The Savannah metropolitan area, Georgia's third-largest, had a 2020 population of 404,798.
1778
1. American Revolutionary War: Three thousand British soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell capture Savannah, Georgia.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)
    
    Lieutenant colonel, is a rank in the British Army and Royal Marines which is also used in many Commonwealth countries. The rank is superior to major, and subordinate to colonel. The comparable Royal Navy rank is commander, and the comparable rank in the Royal Air Force and many Commonwealth air forces is wing commander.
  3. Archibald Campbell (British Army officer, born 1739)
    
    Sir Archibald Campbell KB served as governor of Georgia, Jamaica, and Madras. He was a major Scottish landowner, Heritable Usher of the White Rod for Scotland and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1774 and 1791.
  4. Capture of Savannah
    
    The Capture of Savannah, or sometimes the First Battle of Savannah, or the Battle of Brewton Hill, was an American Revolutionary War battle fought on December 29, 1778 pitting local American Patriot militia and Continental Army units, holding the city, against a British invasion force under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell. The British capture of the city led to an extended occupation and was the opening move in the British southern strategy to regain control of the rebellious Southern provinces by appealing to the relatively strong Loyalist sentiment there.
  5. Savannah, Georgia
    
    Savannah is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia. A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War, Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport. It is Georgia's fifth-largest city, with a 2020 U.S. Census population of 147,780. The Savannah metropolitan area, Georgia's third-largest, had a 2020 population of 404,798.
1607
1. According to John Smith, Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan leader Wahunsenacawh, successfully pleads for his life after tribal leaders attempt to execute him.
  1. John Smith (explorer)
    
    John Smith was an English soldier, explorer, colonial governor, Admiral of New England, and author. He played an important role in the establishment of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in America, in the early 17th century. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony between September 1608 and August 1609, and he led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay, during which he became the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area. Later, he explored and mapped the coast of New England. He was knighted for his services to Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, and his friend Mózes Székely.
  2. Pocahontas
    
    Pocahontas was a Native American woman, belonging to the Powhatan people, notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.
  3. Powhatan
    
    The Powhatan people may refer to any of the indigenous Algonquian people that are traditionally from eastern Virginia. All of the Powhatan groups descend from the Powhatan Confederacy. In some instances, The Powhatan may refer to one of the leaders of the people. This is most commonly the case in historical records from English colonial accounts. The Powhatans have also been known as Virginia Algonquians, as the Powhatan language is an eastern-Algonquian language, also known as Virginia Algonquian. It is estimated that there were about 14,000–21,000 Powhatan people in eastern Virginia, when English colonists established Jamestown in 1607.
  4. Powhatan (Native American leader)
    
    Powhatan, whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh, was the leader of the Powhatan, an alliance of Algonquian-speaking Native Americans living in Tsenacommacah, in the Tidewater region of Virginia at the time when English settlers landed at Jamestown in 1607.
1508
1. Portuguese forces under the command of Francisco de Almeida attack Khambhat at the Battle of Dabul.
  1. Portuguese Empire
    
    The Portuguese Empire, also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and the later overseas territories governed by Portugal. It was one of the longest-lived empires in European history, lasting almost six centuries from the conquest of Ceuta in North Africa, in 1415, to the transfer of sovereignty over Macau to China in 1999. The empire began in the 15th century, and from the early 16th century it stretched across the globe, with bases in North and South America, Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania.
  2. Francisco de Almeida
    
    Dom Francisco de Almeida, also known as the Great Dom Francisco, was a Portuguese nobleman, soldier and explorer. He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King John II of Portugal and later in the wars against the Moors and in the conquest of Granada in 1492. In 1505 he was appointed as the first governor and viceroy of the Portuguese State of India. Almeida is credited with establishing Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean with his victory at the naval Battle of Diu in 1509. Before Almeida returned to Portugal he lost his life in a conflict with indigenous people at the Cape of Good Hope in 1510. His only son Lourenço de Almeida had previously been killed in the Battle of Chaul.
  3. Khambhat
    
    Khambhat, also known as Cambay, is a city and the surrounding urban agglomeration in Anand district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was once an important trading center, but its harbour gradually silted up, and the maritime trade moved to Surat. Khambat lies on an alluvial plain at the north end of the Gulf of Khambhat, noted for the extreme rise and fall of its tides, which can vary as much as thirty feet in the vicinity of Khambat. Khambat is known for its halvasan sweet, sutarfeni, akik stone and kites (patang), and for sources of oil and gas.
  4. Battle of Dabul
    
    The Battle of Dabul was a retaliatory attack by the forces of the Viceroy of Portuguese India, Francisco de Almeida, upon the port city of Dabul in the Sultanate of Bijapur. It occurred on 29 December 1508, in retaliation for attacking the Portuguese armada en route to the Battle of Diu. Despite the presence of a double wooden wall and a ditch, the Portuguese using both an artillery bombardment and a pincer movement of armed soldiers, "slammed into the town. What followed was a black day in the history of European conquest that would leave the Portuguese cursed on Indian soil." The conquerors were merciless--all living creatures were slaughtered then the city set on fire to burn alive those who had managed to hide in secret. The Portuguese departed on January 5, 1509. "This massacre stood beside [Vasco de] Gama's destruction of [the Hajj pilgrim ship] the Miri as an unforgiven act that lingered long in the memory".
1503
1. The Battle of Garigliano was fought between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo.
  1. Battle of Garigliano (1503)
    
    The Battle of Garigliano was fought on 29 December 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquis of Saluzzo.
  2. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
    
    Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba was a Spanish general and statesman who led successful military campaigns during the Conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars. His military victories and widespread popularity earned him the nickname "El Gran Capitán". He also negotiated the final surrender of Granada and later served as Viceroy of Naples. Fernández de Córdoba was a masterful military strategist and tactician. He was among the first Europeans to introduce the successful use of firearms on the battlefield and he reorganized his infantry to include pikes and firearms in effective defensive and offensive formations. The changes implemented by Fernández de Córdoba were instrumental in making the Spanish army a dominant force in Europe for more than a century and a half. For his extensive political and military success, he was made Duke of Santángelo (1497), Terranova (1502), Andría, Montalto and Sessa (1507). In Italian history he is remembered as Consalvo Ernandes di Cordova, il Gran Capitano.
  3. Ludovico II of Saluzzo
    
    Ludovico II del Vasto was marquess of Saluzzo from 1475 until his death. Before his accession as marquis he held the title of Count of Carmagnola.
1170
1. Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.
  1. Thomas Becket
    
    Thomas Becket, also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London and later Thomas à Becket, was an English nobleman who served as Lord Chancellor from 1155 to 1162, and then notably as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III.
  2. Archbishop of Canterbury
    
    The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.
  3. Canterbury Cathedral
    
    Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England. It forms part of a World Heritage Site. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury, currently Justin Welby, leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury.
  4. Henry II of England
    
    Henry II, also known as Henry Curtmantle, Henry FitzEmpress, or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Count Geoffrey V, in 1151. His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been annulled, made him Duke of Aquitaine. He became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1158. Before he was 40 he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France; an area that was later called the Angevin Empire. At various times, Henry also partially controlled Scotland and the Duchy of Brittany.
  5. Anglican Communion
    
    The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion after the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Founded in 1867 in London, the communion has more than 85 million members within the Church of England and other autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion. The traditional origins of Anglican doctrine are summarised in the Thirty-nine Articles (1571). The Archbishop of Canterbury in England acts as a focus of unity, recognised as primus inter parescode: lat promoted to code: la , but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces outside of the Church of England. Most, but not all, member churches of the communion are the historic national or regional Anglican churches.
  6. Catholic Church
    
    The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.

Births & Deaths

2021
1. Peter Klatzow, South African composer (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Peter Klatzow
    
    Peter James Leonard Klatzow was a South African composer and pianist. He was the director of the College of Music and was an emeritus professor in composition at the University of Cape Town.
2020
1. Pierre Cardin, Italian-French fashion designer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Pierre Cardin
    
    Pierre Cardin, born Pietro Costante Cardino, was an Italian-born naturalised-French fashion designer. He is known for what were his avant-garde style and Space Age designs. He preferred geometric shapes and motifs, often ignoring the female form. He advanced into unisex fashions, sometimes experimental, and not always practical. He founded his fashion house in 1950 and introduced the "bubble dress" in 1954.
2. Joe Louis Clark, American educator (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Joe Louis Clark
    
    Joe Louis Clark was the principal of Eastside High School in Paterson, New Jersey. He is also the subject of the 1989 film Lean on Me, starring Morgan Freeman. Clark gained public attention in the 1980s for his unconventional and controversial disciplinary measures as the principal of Eastside High.
2019
1. Alasdair Gray, Scottish writer and artist (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Alasdair Gray
    
    Alasdair James Gray was a Scottish writer and artist. His first novel, Lanark (1981), is seen as a landmark of Scottish fiction. He published novels, short stories, plays, poetry and translations, and wrote on politics and the history of English and Scots literature. His works of fiction combine realism, fantasy, and science fiction with the use of his own typography and illustrations, and won several awards.
2. Neil Innes, English writer, comedian and musician (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Neil Innes
    
    Neil James Innes was an English writer, comedian and musician. He first came to prominence in the pioneering comedy rock group Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and later became a frequent collaborator with the Monty Python troupe on their BBC television series and films, and is often called the "seventh Python" along with performer Carol Cleveland. He co-created the Rutles, a Beatles parody/pastiche project, with Python Eric Idle, and wrote the band's songs.
2018
1. Brian Garfield, American novelist, historian and screenwriter (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Brian Garfield
    
    Brian Francis Wynne Garfield was an Edgar Award-winning American novelist, historian and screenwriter. A Pulitzer Prize finalist, he wrote his first published book at the age of eighteen. Garfield went on to author more than seventy books across a variety of genres, selling more than twenty million copies worldwide. Nineteen were made into films or TV shows. He is best known for Death Wish (1972), which launched a lucrative franchise when it was adapted into the 1974 film of the same title.
2. Rosenda Monteros, Mexican actress (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Rosenda Monteros
    
    Rosa Méndez Leza, known professionally as Rosenda Monteros, was a Mexican actress. She studied drama under Seki Sano. To American audiences, she is best known for her role as Petra in The Magnificent Seven. She had a prolific film career north and south of the U.S.–Mexican border.
2017
1. Peggy Cummins, Irish actress (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Peggy Cummins
    
    Peggy Cummins was an Irish actress, born in Wales, who is best known for her performance in Joseph H. Lewis's Gun Crazy (1950), playing a trigger-happy femme fatale, who robs banks with her lover. In 2020, she was listed at number 16 on The Irish Times list of Ireland's greatest film actors.
2. John C. Portman Jr., American neofuturistic architect and real estate developer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. John C. Portman Jr.
    
    John Calvin Portman Jr. was an American neofuturistic architect and real estate developer widely known for popularizing hotels and office buildings with multi-storied interior atria. Portman also had a particularly large impact on the cityscape of his hometown of Atlanta, with the Peachtree Center complex serving as downtown's business and tourism anchor from the 1970s onward. The Peachtree Center area includes Portman-designed Hyatt, Westin, and Marriott hotels. Portman's plans typically deal with primitives in the forms of symmetrical squares and circles.
2016
1. Keion Carpenter, American football defensive back (b. 1977) deaths
  1. Keion Carpenter
    
    Keion Eric Carpenter was an American football safety who played for the Buffalo Bills and the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League.
2. LaVell Edwards, American football head coach (b. 1930) deaths
  1. LaVell Edwards
    
    Reuben LaVell Edwards was an American football head coach for Brigham Young University (BYU). With 257 career victories, he ranks as one of the most successful college football coaches of all time. Among his many notable accomplishments, Edwards guided BYU to a national championship in 1984 and coached Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer in 1990.
2015
1. Om Prakash Malhotra, Indian general and politician, 25th Governor of Punjab (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Om Prakash Malhotra
    
    General Om Prakash Malhotra,, best known as OP Malhotra, was a senior army officer in the Indian Army who served as the 10th Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1978 – 1981. Upon retiring from his military service in India, he served in the Indian Foreign Service when he tenured as the Indian Ambassador to Indonesia 1981-1984, and later served as a political administrator in India as the Governor of Punjab and Administrator of Chandigarh 1990-1991.
  2. List of governors of Punjab (India)
    
    This is a list of the governors of Punjab state in India since its independence on 15 August 1947. Since 1985, the governor of Punjab has acted as the administrator of Chandigarh as well.
2. Pavel Srníček, Czech footballer and coach (b. 1968) deaths
  1. Pavel Srníček
    
    Pavel Srníček was a Czech football coach and former professional player who played as a goalkeeper.
2014
1. Hari Harilela, Indian-Hong Kong businessman and philanthropist (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Hari Harilela
    
    Hari Naroomal Harilela, was a Hong Kong Indian businessman, hotelier and philanthropist and the founder and chairman of the Harilela Group. The group runs businesses ranging from hotel and real estate investment to import and export trading. He was often dubbed the richest Indian in Hong Kong.
2. Juanito Remulla, Sr., Filipino lawyer and politician, Governor of Cavite (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Juanito Remulla Sr.
    
    Juanito "Johnny" Reyes Remulla Sr. was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the longest sitting governor of Cavite.
  2. Governor of Cavite
    
    The governor of Cavite is the local chief executive of the Province of Cavite in the Philippines.
2013
1. C. T. Hsia, Chinese-American critic and scholar (b. 1921) deaths
  1. C. T. Hsia
    
    Hsia Chih-tsing 夏志清 or C. T. Hsia was a Chinese literary critic, scholar, and translator. He contributed to the introduction of modern Chinese literature to the Western world by promoting the works of once marginalized writers in the 1960s. Today, C. T. Hsia is considered one of the most important critics of Chinese literature.
2. Benjamin Curtis, American guitarist, drummer, and songwriter (b. 1978) deaths
  1. Benjamin Curtis (musician)
    
    Benjamin Curtis was an American guitarist. He was a member of bands Tripping Daisy, Secret Machines and School of Seven Bells.
3. Connie Dierking, American basketball player (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Connie Dierking
    
    Conrad William Dierking was an American professional basketball player from 1958 to 1971.
4. Wojciech Kilar, Polish classical and film music composer (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Wojciech Kilar
    
    Wojciech Kilar was a Polish classical and film music composer. One of his greatest successes came with his score to Francis Ford Coppola's Bram Stoker's Dracula in 1992, which received the ASCAP Award and the nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Music. In 2003, he won the César Award for Best Film Music written for The Pianist, for which he also received a BAFTA nomination.
2012
1. Tony Greig, South African-Australian cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Tony Greig
    
    Anthony William Greig was a South African-born Test cricket captain turned commentator. Greig qualified to play for the England cricket team by virtue of his Scottish parentage. He was a tall all-rounder who bowled both medium pace and off spin. Greig was captain of England from 1975 to 1977, and captained Sussex. His younger brother, Ian, also played Test cricket, while several other members of his extended family played at first-class level.
2. William Rees-Mogg, British newspaper journalist (b. 1928) deaths
  1. William Rees-Mogg
    
    William Rees-Mogg, Baron Rees-Mogg was a British newspaper journalist who was Editor of The Times from 1967 to 1981. In the late 1970s, he served as High Sheriff of Somerset, and in the 1980s was Chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain and Vice-Chairman of the BBC's Board of Governors. He was the father of the politicians Jacob and Annunziata Rees-Mogg.
2011
1. Constance Bartlett Hieatt, American scholar (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Constance Bartlett Hieatt
    
    Constance Bartlett Hieatt was an American scholar with a broad interest in medieval languages and literatures, including Old Norse literature, Anglo-Saxon prosody and literature, and Middle English language, literature, and culture. She was an editor and translator of Karlamagnús saga, of Beowulf, and a scholar of Geoffrey Chaucer. She was particularly known as one of the world's foremost experts in English medieval cooking and cookbooks, and authored and co-authored a number of important books considered essential publications in the field.
2010
1. Avi Cohen, Israeli footballer and manager (b. 1956) deaths
  1. Avi Cohen
    
    Avraham "Avi" Cohen was an Israeli footballer who played as a defender, and a manager. He was best known for his spells playing for two British clubs: Liverpool in England and Rangers in Scotland. After retirement from active football and management, he was the chairman of the Israel Professional Footballers Association for over five years until he was killed in a motorcycle crash. after his death Maccabi Tel Aviv retired the number 5 that he formerly wore.
2. Bill Erwin, American actor and cartoonist (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Bill Erwin
    
    William Lindsey Erwin was an American film, stage and television actor and cartoonist with over 250 television and film credits. A veteran character actor, he is widely known for his 1993 Emmy Award-nominated performance on Seinfeld, portraying the embittered, irascible retiree Sid Fields. He also made notable appearances on shows such as I Love Lucy and Star Trek: The Next Generation. In cinema, his most recognized role is that of Arthur Biehl, a kindly bellman at the Grand Hotel, in Somewhere in Time (1980).
2009
1. Janina Bauman, Polish journalist and writer (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Janina Bauman
    
    Janina Bauman was a Polish journalist and writer of Jewish origin.
2. David Levine, American artist and illustrator (b. 1926) deaths
  1. David Levine
    
    David Levine was an American artist and illustrator best known for his caricatures in The New York Review of Books. Jules Feiffer has called him "the greatest caricaturist of the last half of the 20th Century".
2008
1. Freddie Hubbard, American trumpet player and composer (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Freddie Hubbard
    
    Frederick Dewayne Hubbard was an American jazz trumpeter. He played bebop, hard bop, and post-bop styles from the early 1960s onwards. His unmistakable and influential tone contributed to new perspectives for modern jazz and bebop.
2. Victor H. Krulak, American soldier (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Victor H. Krulak
    
    Victor Harold Krulak was a decorated United States Marine Corps officer who saw action in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. Krulak, considered a visionary by fellow Marines, was the author of First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps and the father of the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Charles C. Krulak.
2007
1. Phil O'Donnell, Scottish footballer (b. 1972) deaths
  1. Phil O'Donnell (footballer)
    
    Philip O'Donnell was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Motherwell, Celtic and Sheffield Wednesday. He also earned one international cap for Scotland and twice won the PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year award. He died after suffering cardiac arrest while playing for Motherwell against Dundee United on 29 December 2007, aged 35.
2. Phil Dusenberry, American advertising executive (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Phil Dusenberry
    
    Philip Bernard Dusenberry was an American advertising executive for the BBDO advertising agency.
2005
1. Cyril Philips, British historian and academic director (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Cyril Philips
    
    Sir Cyril Henry Philips, FRAS, knighted in the 1974 New Years Honours List, was a noted British historian and academic director.
2. Basil William Robinson, British art scholar and author (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Basil William Robinson
    
    Basil William Robinson, FBA, FSA, FRAS was a British art scholar and author, specializing in Asian art and history.
2004
1. Julius Axelrod, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Julius Axelrod
    
    Julius Axelrod was an American biochemist. He won a share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 along with Bernard Katz and Ulf von Euler. The Nobel Committee honored him for his work on the release and reuptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters, a class of chemicals in the brain that include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and, as was later discovered, dopamine. Axelrod also made major contributions to the understanding of the pineal gland and how it is regulated during the sleep-wake cycle.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
2. Peter Davison, American poet, essayist, teacher, lecturer, editor and publisher (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Peter Davison (poet)
    
    Peter Davison was an American poet, essayist, teacher, lecturer, editor, and publisher.
2003
1. Dinsdale Landen, English actor (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Dinsdale Landen
    
    Dinsdale James Landen was an English actor. His television appearances included starring in the shows Devenish (1977) and Pig in the Middle (1980). The Independent named him an "outstanding actor with the qualities of a true farceur." He performed in many Shakespeare plays at Stratford-upon-Avon and Regent's Park Open Air Theatre.
2. Bob Monkhouse, English comedian, actor, and game show host (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Bob Monkhouse
    
    Robert Alan Monkhouse was an English comedian, writer and actor. He was the host of television game shows including The Golden Shot, Celebrity Squares, Family Fortunes and Wipeout.
2002
1. Lloyd Barbee, American lawyer and politician (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Lloyd Barbee
    
    Lloyd Augustus Barbee was an American lawyer and politician who worked for civil rights. He led the effort to integrate the Milwaukee Public School system. He was a Democrat.
2001
1. Takashi Asahina, Japanese conductor (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Asahina Takashi
    
    Asahina Takashi was a Japanese conductor.
2. György Kepes, Hungarian painter, photographer, designer, educator and art theorist (b. 1906) deaths
  1. György Kepes
    
    György Kepes [ˈɟøɾɟ ˈkɛpɛʃ] was a Hungarian-born painter, photographer, designer, educator, and art theorist. After immigrating to the U.S. in 1937, he taught design at the New Bauhaus in Chicago. In 1967 he founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he taught until his retirement in 1974.
2000
1. Eliot Vassamillet, Belgian singer births
  1. Eliot Vassamillet
    
    Eliot Vassamillet is a Belgian singer who represented Belgium at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel and failed to qualify for the grand final. He was selected internally with the song "Wake Up" written by Pierre Dumoulin, who previously wrote "City Lights" for singer Blanche, which placed 4th in Eurovision Song Contest 2017, and Vassamillet himself.
1999
1. Leon Radzinowicz, Polish-English criminologist and academic (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Leon Radzinowicz
    
    Sir Leon Radzinowicz, was a criminologist and academic. He was the founding director of the Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge.
1998
1. Seamus Davey-Fitzpatrick, American actor births
  1. Seamus Davey-Fitzpatrick
    
    Seamus Liam Davey-Fitzpatrick is an American actor. His first film role was as Damien Thorn in the 2006 remake of the thriller The Omen.
2. Ralph Siu, American scholar, military and civil servant, and author (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ralph Siu
    
    Ralph Gun Hoy Siu was an American scholar, military and civil servant, and author. Siu served as the first Director of the National Institute of Justice from 1968 to 1969.
3. Don Taylor, American actor and film director (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Don Taylor (American filmmaker)
    
    Donald Richie Taylor was an American actor and film director. He co-starred in 1940s and 1950s classics, including the 1948 film noir The Naked City, Battleground, Father of the Bride, Father's Little Dividend and Stalag 17. He later turned to directing films such as Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), Tom Sawyer (1973), Echoes of a Summer (1976) and Damien: Omen II (1978).
1996
1. Sana Minatozaki, Japanese singer births
  1. Sana (singer)
    
    Sana Minatozaki , known mononymously as Sana, is a Japanese singer based in South Korea. She is one of three Japanese members of the South Korean girl group Twice, formed in 2015 by JYP Entertainment.
2. Dylan Minnette, American actor, musician and singer births
  1. Dylan Minnette
    
    Dylan Christopher Minnette is an American actor, musician and singer. He is known for his role as Clay Jensen in the Netflix drama series 13 Reasons Why. He has made guest appearances in several television series, such as Lost, Awake, Scandal, Grey's Anatomy, Supernatural, Prison Break and Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.. He is also the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the American alternative rock band Wallows.
3. Pennar Davies, Welsh clergyman and author (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Pennar Davies
    
    William Thomas Pennar Davies was a Welsh clergyman and author.
4. Mireille Hartuch, French singer-songwriter and actress (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Mireille Hartuch
    
    Mireille Hartuch was a French singer, composer, and actress. She was generally known by the stage name "Mireille," it being a common practice of the time to use a single name for the stage.
1995
1. Ross Lynch, American singer and actor births
  1. Ross Lynch
    
    Ross Shor Lynch is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He was the lead vocalist of the pop rock band R5 and is one half of the band the Driver Era, with his brother, Rocky Lynch. As an actor, he rose to recognition for his debut role as Austin Moon on Disney Channel's comedy television series Austin & Ally, and for his role as Brady on the network's Teen Beach Movie film series.
2. Hans Henkemans, Dutch pianist, composer and psychiatrist (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Hans Henkemans
    
    Hans Henkemans was a Dutch pianist, teacher, composer of classical music and psychiatrist.
1994
1. Frank Thring, Australian actor (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Frank Thring
    
    Francis William Thring was an Australian character actor in radio, stage, television and film; as well as a theatre director. His early career started in London in theatre productions, before he starred in Hollywood film, where he became best known for roles in Ben-Hur in 1959 and King of Kings in 1961. He was known for always wearing black and styling his home in black decor.
1993
1. Travis Head, Australian cricketer births
  1. Travis Head
    
    Travis Michael Head is an Australian international cricketer. He is contracted to South Australia and the Adelaide Strikers for domestic matches. He is a left-handed middle-order batsman and a part-time right arm off-spin bowler. He was formerly a co vice-captain of the Australian national team in Tests from January 2019 to November 2020.
2. Gabby May, Canadian artistic gymnast births
  1. Gabby May
    
    Gabby May is a Canadian artistic gymnast.
1992
1. Vivienne Segal, American actress and singer (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Vivienne Segal
    
    Vivienne Sonia Segal was an American actress and singer.
1991
1. Steven Caulker, English footballer births
  1. Steven Caulker
    
    Steven Roy Caulker is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Süper Lig club Fatih Karagümrük. Born in England, he represents and captains the Sierra Leone national team.
1989
1. Jane Levy, American actress births
  1. Jane Levy
    
    Jane Colburn Levy is an American actress. After attending the Stella Adler Studio of Acting, she debuted as the original Mandy Milkovich on the Showtime comedy-drama Shameless (2011). Levy left Shameless following its first season to portray the lead of the ABC sitcom Suburgatory from 2011 to 2014. Transitioning to film, Levy collaborated with director Fede Álvarez as the lead of the horror films Evil Dead (2013) and Don't Breathe (2016). She returned to television with series regular roles on the Hulu comedy-drama There's... Johnny! (2017) and horror fantasy Castle Rock (2018), in addition to headlining the Netflix thriller miniseries What/If (2019). From 2020 to 2021, Levy portrayed the title character of the NBC musical comedy-drama Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy.
2. Kei Nishikori, Japanese tennis player births
  1. Kei Nishikori
    
    Kei Nishikori is an inactive Japanese professional tennis player. He is the second male Japanese player to have been ranked in the top 5 in singles, and the only one to do so in the Open Era. Nishikori first reached his career-high singles ranking of world No. 4 in March 2015. Nishikori has won 12 singles titles and was runner-up at the 2014 US Open, making him the first male player representing an Asian country to reach a Grand Slam singles final. He also became the first man from Asia to qualify for the ATP Finals and reached the semifinals in 2014 and 2016. In addition, Nishikori defeated Rafael Nadal to win the bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics, bringing Japan its first Olympic tennis medal in 96 years. Nishikori also holds the record for the highest win percentage in matches extending to 5 sets, with a record of 27-7 and a win percentage of 79.4%.
1988
1. Eric Berry, American football player births
  1. Eric Berry
    
    James Eric Berry is an American former football safety who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers, where he was a two-time unanimous All-American and recognized as the best collegiate defensive back in the country. He was then drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs fifth overall in the 2010 NFL Draft. Berry has been voted to the Pro Bowl five times and has been named to the First-team All-Pro three times. Berry last played professionally in the 2018 NFL season.
2. Christen Press, American footballer births
  1. Christen Press
    
    Christen Annemarie Press is an American soccer player for Angel City FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the United States national team. She first appeared for the United States national team during an international friendly against Scotland on February 9, 2013. She has made 155 appearances for her country and is currently ninth all-time with 64 goals scored.
3. Ágnes Szávay, Hungarian tennis player births
  1. Ágnes Szávay
    
    Ágnes Szávay is a former professional tennis player from Hungary. The 2007 WTA Newcomer of the Year achieved her career-high ranking of world No. 13 in April 2008.
4. Mike Beuttler, Egyptian race car driver (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Mike Beuttler
    
    Michael Simon Brindley Bream Beuttler was a British Formula One driver who raced privately entered March cars. He was born in Cairo, Egypt, the son of Colonel Leslie Brindley Bream Beuttler, Duke of Wellington's Regiment, O.B.E., and a descendant on his mother's side of the Scottish ornithologist William Robert Ogilvie-Grant, grandson of the 6th Earl of Seafield.
5. Ieuan Maddock, Welsh scientist and nuclear researcher (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ieuan Maddock
    
    Sir Ieuan Maddock was a Welsh scientist and nuclear researcher. He played a role in the nuclear weapons tests in Australia in the 1950s and the 1973 Partial Test-Ban treaty.
1987
1. Juliana Huxtable, American artist births
  1. Juliana Huxtable
    
    Juliana Huxtable is an American artist, writer, performer, DJ, and co-founder of the New York-based nightlife project Shock Value. Huxtable has exhibited and performed at a number of venues including Reena Spaulings Fine Art, Project Native Informant, Artists Space, the New Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, Portland Institute for Contemporary Art, and Institute of Contemporary Arts. Huxtable's multidisciplinary art practice explores a number of projects, such as the internet, the body, history, and text, often through a process she calls "conditioning." Huxtable is a published author of two books and a member of the New York City-based collective House of Ladosha. She is on the roster of the talent agency Discwoman, a New York based collective and talent agency that books DJs for parties and events around the world. She previously lived and worked in New York City, and has been based in Berlin since 2020.
2. Iain De Caestecker, Scottish actor births
  1. Iain De Caestecker
    
    Iain De Caestecker is a Scottish actor. He is best known for portraying Leopold Fitz/The Doctor in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.. He is also known for his roles in Coronation Street as Adam Barlow and the films Shell (2012), In Fear (2013), Not Another Happy Ending (2013), Lost River (2014), and Overlord (2018).
3. Yuhi Sekiguchi, Japanese race car driver births
  1. Yuhi Sekiguchi
    
    Yuhi Sekiguchi is a Japanese racing driver. He currently competes in the GT500 class of the Super GT Series for TGR Team au TOM's, where he is the 2021 series champion. He also competes in the Super Formula Championship for Carenex Team Impul.
4. Jun Ishikawa, Japanese author (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Jun Ishikawa
    
    Jun Ishikawa was the pen name of a modernist author, translator and literary critic active in Shōwa period Japan. His real name was Ishikawa Kiyoshi.
5. Wilbert E. Moore, American sociologist (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Wilbert E. Moore
    
    Wilbert E. Moore was an American sociologist noted, with Kingsley Davis, for their explanation and justification for social stratification, based their idea of "functional necessity."
1986
1. Joe Anyon, English footballer births
  1. Joe Anyon
    
    Joseph Anyon is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.
2. Harold Macmillan, English captain and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Harold Macmillan
    
    Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, was a British Conservative statesman and politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. Caricatured as "Supermac", he was known for his pragmatism, wit and unflappability.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
3. Andrei Tarkovsky, Russian director and screenwriter (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Andrei Tarkovsky
    
    Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky was a Soviet filmmaker. Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time, his films explore spiritual and metaphysical themes, and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes, dreamlike visual imagery, and preoccupation with nature and memory.
1985
1. Alexa Ray Joel, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Alexa Ray Joel
    
    Alexa Ray Joel is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Her parents are singer-songwriter Billy Joel and model Christie Brinkley. Joel released an EP Sketches (2006) and several singles on independent record labels. She has performed at numerous charity events and New York City fashion events.
1984
1. Branden Jacobs-Jenkins, American playwright births
  1. Branden Jacobs-Jenkins
    
    Branden Jacobs-Jenkins is an American playwright. He won the 2014 Obie Award for Best New American Play for his plays Appropriate and An Octoroon. His plays Gloria and Everybody were finalists for the 2016 and 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Drama respectively. He was named a MacArthur Fellow for 2016.
2. Reimo Tamm, Estonian basketball player births
  1. Reimo Tamm
    
    Reimo Tamm is an Estonian professional basketball player. He is currently playing for Estonian club BC Tallinna Kalev at the point guard position. He has been a member of Estonia national basketball team.
3. P. H. Polk, American photographer (b. 1898) deaths
  1. P. H. Polk
    
    Prentice Herman Polk was an American photographer known for his portraits of African Americans. He also served for several years as head of the Tuskegee Institute's Department of Photography.
4. Leo Robin, American composer, lyricist and songwriter (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Leo Robin
    
    Leo Robin was an American composer, lyricist and songwriter. He is probably best known for collaborating with Ralph Rainger on the 1938 Oscar-winning song "Thanks for the Memory," sung by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross in the film The Big Broadcast of 1938, and with Jule Styne on "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend," a song whose witty, Cole Porter style of lyric came to be identified with its famous interpreter Marilyn Monroe.
1983
1. Jessica Andrews, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Jessica Andrews
    
    Jessica Danielle Andrews is an American country music singer. At age 15 in mid-1999, she made her debut on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts with the single "I Will Be There for You", from her debut album Heart Shaped World, released in 1999 on DreamWorks Records Nashville. Andrews had her biggest chart success in 2001 with the song "Who I Am", a No. 1 country hit and the title track of her second studio album, which was certified gold in the United States. A third album, Now was released in 2003 to lower sales, while a fourth album was never released due to DreamWorks' closure. In late 2008, Andrews signed to Carolwood Records, an imprint of Lyric Street Records, however, she was dropped from the label in 2009 without issuing an album.
2. James Kelly, Australian footballer births
  1. James Kelly (Australian footballer)
    
    James Kelly is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club and Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
1982
1. Alison Brie, American actress and singer births
  1. Alison Brie
    
    Alison Brie Schermerhorn is an American actress. Her breakthrough came with the role of Trudy Campbell in the drama series Mad Men (2007–2015), which won her a Screen Actors Guild Award. She gained recognition for her role as Annie Edison in the NBC sitcom Community (2009–2015) and voicing Diane Nguyen in the animated comedy series BoJack Horseman (2014–2020). For playing Ruth Wilder in the comedy-drama series GLOW (2017–2019) she received nominations for two Golden Globes and two Critics' Choice Awards.
2. Brian Hill, Canadian swimmer births
  1. Brian Hill (swimmer)
    
    Brian David Hill is a S13 Canadian para-swimmer who has competed in the 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 Summer Paralympics and the 2007 Parapan American Games. He had won five gold medals, three silver medals and 3 bronze medals in his international career. Hill started swimming as a child and competitive swimming at the age of nine. He has won the British Columbia Blind Sports Award and Athlete of the Year Award.
3. Dale Morris, Australian footballer births
  1. Dale Morris
    
    Dale Morris is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League (AFL).
4. Julia Wertz, American cartoonist, writer and urban explorer births
  1. Julia Wertz
    
    Julia Wertz is an American cartoonist, writer and urban explorer.
1981
1. Shizuka Arakawa, Japanese figure skater and sportscaster births
  1. Shizuka Arakawa
    
    Shizuka Arakawa is a retired Japanese figure skater. She is the 2006 Olympic champion and the 2004 World champion. Arakawa is the first Japanese skater to win an Olympic gold medal in figure skating and the second Japanese skater to win any Olympic medal in figure skating, after Midori Ito, who won silver in 1992. She is also the second Japanese woman to win a gold medal at the Winter Olympics, following skier Tae Satoya. She was the only Japanese medalist at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
2. Janice Lynn Mather, Bahamian-Canadian author births
  1. Janice Lynn Mather
    
    Janice Lynn Mather is a Bahamian-born Canadian writer and author of young adult fiction based in British Columbia.
3. Anna Woltz, Dutch author births
  1. Anna Woltz
    
    Anna Woltz is a Dutch writer of children's literature.
4. Philip Handler, American nutritionist, and biochemist (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Philip Handler
    
    Philip Handler was an American nutritionist, and biochemist. He was President of the United States National Academy of Sciences for two terms from 1969 to 1981. He was also a recipient of the National Medal of Science.
5. Miroslav Krleža, Croatian author, poet, and playwright (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Miroslav Krleža
    
    Miroslav Krleža was a Yugoslav and Croatian writer who is widely considered to be the greatest Croatian writer of the 20th century. He wrote notable works in all the literary genres, including poetry, theater, short stories, novels, and an intimate diary. His works often include themes of bourgeois hypocrisy and conformism in Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Krleža wrote numerous essays on problems of art, history, politics, literature, philosophy, and military strategy, and was known as one of the great polemicists of the century. His style combines visionary poetic language and sarcasm.
1980
1. Nadezhda Mandelstam, Russian author and educator (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Nadezhda Mandelstam
    
    Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam was a Russian Jewish writer and educator, and the wife of the poet Osip Mandelstam who died in 1938 in a transit camp to the gulag of Siberia. She wrote two memoirs about their lives together and the repressive Stalinist regime: Hope Against Hope (1970) and Hope Abandoned (1974), both first published in the West in English, translated by Max Hayward.
2. Irvin F. Westheimer, American businessman and social reformer (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Irvin F. Westheimer
    
    Irvin Ferdinand Westheimer was an American businessman and social reformer, who is best remembered for being the founder of the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America.
1979
1. Mitsuhiro Ishida, Japanese mixed martial artist births
  1. Mitsuhiro Ishida
    
    Mitsuhiro Ishida is a retired Japanese mixed martial artist who competed in Shooto, Strikeforce, PRIDE, DREAM, and DEEP. A professional competitor from 2001 until 2011, Ishida also participated in the Yarennoka event in the Saitama Super Arena in Japan.
2. Diego Luna, Mexican actor, director and producer births
  1. Diego Luna
    
    Diego Dionisio Luna Alexander is a Mexican actor, director, and producer. He is known for his portrayal of Cassian Andor in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story and the Disney+ series Andor.
3. Moe Oshikiri, Japanese model and actress births
  1. Moe Oshikiri
    
    Moe Oshikiri is a Japanese model best known her work with fashion magazine AneCan and its sister magazine CanCam, which Oshikiri was a former top model for. She is also a designer, starting her own Kimono line branded under her name, as well as a hosiery line with CanCam model Yuri Ebihara called f*ing motesto.
4. Reihan Salam, American political commentator, columnist and author births
  1. Reihan Salam
    
    Reihan Morshed Salam is a conservative American political commentator, columnist and author who since 2019 has been president of the Manhattan Institute. He was previously executive editor of National Review, a columnist for Slate, a contributing editor at National Affairs, a contributing editor at The Atlantic, an interviewer for VICE and a fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics.
5. F. Edward Hébert, American journalist and politician (b. 1901) deaths
  1. F. Edward Hébert
    
    Felix Edward Hébert was an American journalist and politician from Louisiana. He represented the New Orleans-based 1st congressional district as a Democrat for 18 consecutive terms, from 1941 until his retirement in 1977. He remains Louisiana's longest-serving U.S. representative.
6. Richard Tecwyn Williams, Welsh biochemist (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Richard Tecwyn Williams
    
    Richard Tecwyn Williams FRS was a Welsh biochemist who founded the systematic study of xenobiotic metabolism with the publication of his book Detoxication mechanisms in 1947. This seminal book built on his earlier work on the role of glucuronic acid in the metabolism of borneol.
1978
1. Jake Berry, English lawyer and politician births
  1. Jake Berry
    
    Sir James Jacob Gilchrist Berry is a British Conservative Party politician and former solicitor who served as Chairman of the Conservative Party and Minister without Portfolio from 6 September to 25 October 2022. He previously served as Minister for the Northern Powerhouse from 2017 to 2020 in the governments of Theresa May and Boris Johnson.
2. Matthew Carr, Australian footballer births
  1. Matthew Carr
    
    Matthew Carr is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Fremantle and St Kilda in the Australian Football League (AFL). He played as a half-back flanker and began his football career at East Fremantle. Matthew is the elder brother of Josh Carr, who also played for Fremantle and they both attended Corpus Christi College in Bateman, Western Australia.
3. Kieron Dyer, English footballer and coach births
  1. Kieron Dyer
    
    Kieron Courtney Dyer is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He was recently the U23s manager at Ipswich Town.
4. Danny Higginbotham, English footballer and journalist births
  1. Danny Higginbotham
    
    Daniel John Higginbotham is a former professional footballer who played as a defender. Born in Manchester, England, he represented Gibraltar in international football.
5. Steve Kemp, English drummer births
  1. Steve Kemp (musician)
    
    Steven Michael "Steve" Kemp is an English drummer. He was the drummer of indie rock band Hard-Fi.
6. Angelo Taylor, American athlete births
  1. Angelo Taylor
    
    Angelo F. Taylor is an American track and field athlete, coach, and winner of 400-meter hurdles at the 2000 and 2008 Summer Olympics, who has been suspended by the United States Center for SafeSport for sexual misconduct since 2019. His personal record for the 400 m hurdles is 47.25 seconds, tied with Félix Sánchez for #14 all time. Taylor also has a 400-meter dash best of 44.05 seconds, which is #25 all time. He won the bronze medal in the 400 m at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics. He is a three-time world champion in the 4×400 m relay with the United States, and was a relay gold medalist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and silver medalist at the 2012 London Olympics.
1977
1. Jimmy Journell, American baseball player births
  1. Jimmy Journell
    
    James Richard Journell, is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the St. Louis Cardinals in 2003 and 2005.
1976
1. Filip Kuba, Czech ice hockey player births
  1. Filip Kuba
    
    Filip Kuba is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenseman. Kuba most recently played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has previously played for the Minnesota Wild, Tampa Bay Lightning, and the Ottawa Senators of the NHL.
2. Danny McBride, American actor, producer and screenwriter births
  1. Danny McBride
    
    Daniel Richard McBride is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter and producer. He starred in the HBO television series Eastbound & Down, Vice Principals, and The Righteous Gemstones, also co-creating the former two with frequent collaborator Jody Hill while creating the latter himself. He has appeared in films such as The Foot Fist Way (2006), Hot Rod (2007), Pineapple Express (2008), Tropic Thunder (2008), Up in the Air (2009), Your Highness (2011), This Is the End (2013), and Alien: Covenant (2017). He has done voice acting for Despicable Me (2010), Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011), Hell and Back (2015), The Angry Birds Movie, Sausage Party, The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019), and The Mitchells vs. the Machines (2021).
3. Ivo Van Damme, Belgian runner (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Ivo Van Damme
    
    Ivo Van Damme was a Belgian middle-distance runner.
1975
1. Shawn Hatosy, American actor births
  1. Shawn Hatosy
    
    Shawn Wayne Hatosy is an American film and television actor and director. He is best known for his roles in the films In & Out, The Faculty, Outside Providence, Anywhere but Here, The Cooler, and Alpha Dog. He is also well known for his role as Detective Sammy Bryant on the TNT crime drama series Southland and starred as Andrew "Pope" Cody in the TNT crime drama series, Animal Kingdom, based on the 2010 Australian film of the same title.
2. Jaret Wright, American baseball player births
  1. Jaret Wright
    
    Jaret Samuel Wright is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or parts of 11 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Cleveland Indians, San Diego Padres, Atlanta Braves, New York Yankees, and Baltimore Orioles, primarily as a starting pitcher.
3. Euell Gibbons, American author and naturalist (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Euell Gibbons
    
    Euell Theophilus Gibbons was an outdoorsman and early health food advocate, promoting eating wild foods during the 1960s.
1974
1. Twinkle Khanna, Indian actress and writer births
  1. Twinkle Khanna
    
    Twinkle Khanna is an Indian author, columnist, interior designer, film producer and a former film actress.
2. Mekhi Phifer, American actor and producer births
  1. Mekhi Phifer
    
    Mekhi Phifer is an American actor. He portrayed Dr. Greg Pratt on NBC's long-running medical drama ER until 2008 and had a co-starring role opposite actor/rapper Eminem in the 2002 feature film 8 Mile. He was a recurring cast member on the Fox crime show Lie to Me in the role of Ben Reynolds before season 3, and also starred as CIA officer Rex Matheson in Torchwood: Miracle Day.
3. Richie Sexson, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Richie Sexson
    
    Richmond Lockwood Sexson, nicknamed "Big Sexy", is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman who played for five teams from 1997 to 2008. He is also the field manager for the Windy City ThunderBolts in the West division of the Frontier League.
4. Ryan Shore, Canadian composer and producer births
  1. Ryan Shore
    
    Ryan Shore is a Canadian composer, songwriter, conductor, music producer, and music director for film, television, virtual reality, records, games, concerts, and theater. He is often known from his scores for Star Wars, Scooby-Doo!, Elmo, and Go! Go! Cory Carson. He is a Yamaha Artist and a graduate of the Berklee College of Music.
5. Mahal, Filipino actress, comedian and vlogger (d. 2021) births
  1. Mahal (actress)
    
    Noemi Tesorero, known professionally as Mahal, was a Filipino actress, comedian and vlogger. She had dwarfism, but was noted for her childlike roles and giggly personality.
1973
1. Theo Epstein, American businessman births
  1. Theo Epstein
    
    Theo Nathaniel Epstein is an American Major League Baseball executive, who currently works for MLB as a consultant. He was the vice president and general manager for the Boston Red Sox and then the president of baseball operations for the Chicago Cubs. He worked for each team for nine seasons.
2. Jenny Lawson, American journalist and author births
  1. Jenny Lawson
    
    Jennifer Lawson is an American journalist, author and blogger.
1972
1. Jude Law, English actor births
  1. Jude Law
    
    David Jude Heyworth Law is an English actor. He received a British Academy Film Award, as well as nominations for two Academy Awards, two Tony Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards. In 2007, he received an Honorary César and was named a knight of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government.
2. Joseph Cornell, American sculptor and director (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Joseph Cornell
    
    Joseph Cornell was an American visual artist and film-maker, one of the pioneers and most celebrated exponents of assemblage. Influenced by the Surrealists, he was also an avant-garde experimental filmmaker. He was largely self-taught in his artistic efforts, and improvised his own original style incorporating cast-off and discarded artifacts. He lived most of his life in relative physical isolation, caring for his mother and his disabled brother at home, but remained aware of and in contact with other contemporary artists.
1971
1. Mike Pesca, American radio journalist and podcaster births
  1. Mike Pesca
    
    Mike Pesca is an American radio journalist and podcaster based in New York City. He is the host of the daily podcast, The Gist, and the editor of Upon Further Review: The Greatest What-Ifs in Sports History.
2. John Marshall Harlan II, American lawyer and jurist (b. 1899) deaths
  1. John Marshall Harlan II
    
    John Marshall Harlan was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1955 to 1971. Harlan is usually called John Marshall Harlan II to distinguish him from his grandfather John Marshall Harlan, who served on the U.S. Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911.
1970
1. Enrico Chiesa, Italian footballer and manager births
  1. Enrico Chiesa
    
    Enrico Chiesa is an Italian football coach and former striker.
2. Aled Jones, Welsh singer and television host births
  1. Aled Jones
    
    Aled Jones, is a Welsh singer and radio and television presenter. As a teenage chorister, he reached widespread fame during the mid-1980s. Since then he has worked in television with the BBC and ITV, and radio.
3. Kevin Weisman, American actor births
  1. Kevin Weisman
    
    Kevin Glen Weisman is an American film, television and stage actor. Career highlights thus far include his lauded portrayal of Marshall Flinkman on the critically acclaimed J.J. Abrams television series Alias, which aired for five seasons (2001–2006) on ABC, Kives on the HBO television series and movie Hello Ladies (2013–14), Ray Spiewack for three seasons on the CBS television series Scorpion, Dr. Maynard on the NBC television series The Blacklist, and Ned Berring in season one of the David E. Kelley series Goliath starring Billy Bob Thornton. In 2017, Kevin began a three-year stint as Dale Yorkes on the Hulu series Marvel's Runaways.
4. William King Gregory, American zoologist and anatomist (b. 1876) deaths
  1. William King Gregory
    
    William King Gregory was an American zoologist, renowned as a primatologist, paleontologist, and functional and comparative anatomist. He was an expert on mammalian dentition, and a leading contributor to theories of evolution. In addition he was active in presenting his ideas to students and the general public through books and museum exhibits.
5. Marie Menken, American director and painter (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Marie Menken
    
    Marie Menken was an American experimental filmmaker, painter, and socialite. She was noted for her unique filming style that incorporated collage. She was one of the first New York filmmakers to use a hand-held camera and trained Andy Warhol on its use. Her film Glimpse of the Garden was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.
1969
1. Jason Cook, English footballer births
  1. Jason Cook (footballer)
    
    Jason Peter Cook is an English former footballer who played in the Football League as a midfielder for Southend United and Colchester United.
2. Jennifer Ehle, American actress births
  1. Jennifer Ehle
    
    Jennifer Anne Ehle is an American actress, the daughter of English actress Rosemary Harris and American author John Ehle. She gained fame for her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 1995 BBC miniseries Pride and Prejudice, for which she received the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress. She is also known for her performances on Broadway, winning the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Real Thing in 2000, and Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Coast of Utopia in 2007.
3. Scott Patterson, American financial journalist and author births
  1. Scott Patterson (author)
    
    Scott Patterson is an American financial journalist and bestselling author. He is a staff reporter at The Wall Street Journal and author of Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System and The New York Times bestselling book The Quants.
1968
1. James Mouton, American baseball player births
  1. James Mouton
    
    James Raleigh Mouton is an American former professional baseball player. An outfielder, he played all or parts of eight seasons in Major League Baseball, from 1994 until 2001, for the Houston Astros, San Diego Padres, Montreal Expos and Milwaukee Brewers.
2. Austin Farrer, English theologian and philosopher (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Austin Farrer
    
    Austin Marsden Farrer was an English Anglican philosopher, theologian, and biblical scholar. His activity in philosophy, theology, and spirituality led many to consider him one of the greatest figures of 20th-century Anglicanism. He served as Warden of Keble College, Oxford, from 1960 to 1968.
1967
1. Ashleigh Banfield, Canadian-American journalist births
  1. Ashleigh Banfield
    
    Ashleigh Dennistoun Banfield is a Canadian-American journalist and host of Banfield on the NewsNation network. She is a former host of Legal View with Ashleigh Banfield and Early Start on CNN.
2. Evan Seinfeld, American bass player, actor, and director births
  1. Evan Seinfeld
    
    Evan Seinfeld is an American musician and actor, as well as a director, photographer, writer, and former pornographic actor. He is best known as the lead vocalist, bassist, and founding member of the hardcore/metal band Biohazard. Since leaving the band in May 2011 for personal reasons, he has joined the band Attika7 as a vocalist. He is the founder and CEO of subscription service IsMyGirl.
3. Lilly Wachowski, American director, screenwriter and producer births
  1. The Wachowskis
    
    Lana Wachowski and Lilly Wachowski are American film and television directors, writers and producers. The sisters are both trans women.
4. Paul Whiteman, American violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Paul Whiteman
    
    Paul Samuel Whiteman was an American bandleader, composer, orchestral director, and violinist.
1966
1. Christian Kracht, Swiss author births
  1. Christian Kracht
    
    Christian Kracht is a Swiss author. His books have been translated into more than 30 languages.
2. Martin Offiah, English rugby league player and sportscaster births
  1. Martin Offiah
    
    Martin Nwokocha Offiah MBE ; born 29 December 1965) is an English former professional rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Offiah was inducted into the Rugby League Hall of Fame in 2013. He scored over 500 tries during his rugby league career, making him the third-highest try scorer of all time, and now features in a statue of great rugby league players outside Wembley Stadium.
3. Jeff Luhnow, American businessman births
  1. Jeff Luhnow
    
    Jeff Luhnow is a Mexican-American former baseball executive and owner of Mexican club Cancún F.C. and CD Leganés of Spain. He worked for the St. Louis Cardinals in their scouting department from 2003 through 2011, before joining the Astros in December 2011. On January 13, 2020, Luhnow was fired by the Astros after Major League Baseball suspended him for the entire 2020 season as a result of the electronic sign-stealing scandal. Prior to working in baseball, Luhnow was a business entrepreneur.
1965
1. Laurent Boudouani, French boxer births
  1. Laurent Boudouani
    
    Laurent Boudouani is French former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 1999. He held the WBA light middleweight title from 1996 to 1999 and the European light middleweight title from 1992 to 1993. As an amateur, he won a silver medal in the welterweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
2. John Newton, American actor births
  1. John Newton (actor)
    
    John Haymes Newton is a former American actor. He is known for his regular roles on the television programs Superboy as Clark Kent in the show's first season and as Ryan McBride on the soap opera Melrose Place. He is currently focused on energy healing practices.
3. Danilo Pérez, Panamanian pianist and composer births
  1. Danilo Pérez
    
    Danilo Pérez is a Panamanian pianist, composer, educator, and a social activist. His music is a blend of Panamanian roots with elements of Latin American folk music, jazz, European impressionism, African, and other musical heritages that promote music as a multi-dimensional bridge between people. He has released eleven albums as a leader, and appeared on many recordings as a side man, which have earned him critical acclaim, numerous accolades, Grammy Awards wins and nominations. He is a recipient of the United States Artists Fellowship, and the 2009 Smithsonian Legacy Award.
4. Frank Nugent, American screenwriter, journalist and film reviewer (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Frank Nugent
    
    Frank Stanley Nugent was an American screenwriter, journalist, and film reviewer, who wrote 21 film scripts, 11 for director John Ford. He wrote almost a thousand reviews for The New York Times before leaving journalism for Hollywood. He was nominated for an Academy Award in 1953 and twice won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Comedy. The Writers Guild of America, West ranks his screenplay for The Searchers (1956) among the top 101 screenplays of all time.
5. Kōsaku Yamada, Japanese composer and conductor (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Kōsaku Yamada
    
    Kōsaku Yamada was a Japanese composer and conductor.
1964
1. Michael Cudlitz, American actor births
  1. Michael Cudlitz
    
    Michael Cudlitz is an American actor known for portraying John Cooper in the NBC/TNT drama series Southland for which he won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2013, Sergeant Denver "Bull" Randleman in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers, and Sergeant Abraham Ford in the AMC horror series The Walking Dead.
1963
1. Des Foy, English rugby player births
  1. Des Foy
    
    Des Foy is a former professional rugby league footballer, appearing for various teams in Britain, and Australia, and at the international level for Great Britain and Ireland.
2. Dave McKean, English illustrator, photographer, director, and pianist births
  1. Dave McKean
    
    David McKean is an English illustrator, photographer, comic book artist, graphic designer, filmmaker and musician. His work incorporates drawing, painting, photography, collage, found objects, digital art, and sculpture. McKean's projects include illustrating books by authors such as Neil Gaiman, Grant Morrison, Heston Blumenthal, Ray Bradbury and Stephen King, and directed three feature films.
3. Sean Payton, American football player and coach births
  1. Sean Payton
    
    Sean Patrick Payton is a former American football player and coach. He served as the head coach of the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL) from 2006 to 2021, leading the franchise to its first Super Bowl victory during the 2009 season. Payton was a quarterback at Naperville Central High School and Eastern Illinois University and played professionally in 1987 with the Chicago Bears and 1988 overseas in Britain for the Leicester Panthers.
4. Liisa Savijarvi, Canadian skier births
  1. Liisa Savijarvi
    
    Liisa Savijarvi is a Canadian former skier.
1962
1. Leza Lowitz, American author births
  1. Leza Lowitz
    
    Leza Lowitz is an American expatriate writer residing in Tokyo, Japan. She has written, edited and co-translated over twenty books, many about Japan, its relationship with the US, on the changing role of Japanese women in literature, art and society, and about the lasting effect of the Second World War and the desire for reconciliation in contemporary Japanese society.
2. Devon White, Jamaican-American baseball player births
  1. Devon White (baseball)
    
    Devon Markes Whyte, nicknamed "Devo", is a Jamaican-born American former professional baseball center fielder, best known for his defensive ability at that position. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the California Angels, Toronto Blue Jays, Florida Marlins, Arizona Diamondbacks, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Milwaukee Brewers. He currently serves as the first base coach for the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons, but was briefly called up to the Blue Jays as first base coach in 2022.
3. Carles Puigdemont, Catalan politician and journalist, former president births
  1. Carles Puigdemont
    
    Carles Puigdemont i Casamajó is a Catalan politician and journalist from Spain. Since 2019 he has served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). A former mayor of Girona, Puigdemont served as President of Catalonia from 2016 to 2017 when he was removed from office by the Spanish Government following the unilateral Catalan declaration of independence. He is co-founder of the National Call for the Republic (CNxR), leader of the Together for Catalonia (JuntsxCat) electoral alliance and founder of the Together for Catalonia party.
1961
1. Kevin Granata, American engineer and academic (d. 2007) births
  1. Kevin Granata
    
    Kevin P. Granata was an American professor in multiple departments including the Departments of Engineering, Science and Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, in Blacksburg, Virginia. Granata held an additional academic appointment as a professor in the Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and was an adjunct professor at the University of Virginia in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery. During the Virginia Tech shooting, he shepherded students into his office in order to safeguard them. He was then killed by Seung-Hui Cho after he went to investigate and intervene.
2. Jim Reid, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Jim Reid
    
    James McLeish Reid is a Scottish singer/songwriter and the lead singer for the alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain, which he formed with his elder brother and guitarist William Reid in 1983.
3. Richard Horton, English physician and journalist births
  1. Richard Horton (editor)
    
    Richard Charles Horton is editor-in-chief of The Lancet, a United Kingdom–based medical journal. He is an honorary professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University College London, and the University of Oslo.
1960
1. Brian A. Hopkins, American author births
  1. Brian A. Hopkins
    
    Brian A. Hopkins is an American horror writer. His works include the novel The Licking Valley Coon Hunters Club and the novellas El Dia De Los Muertos and Five Days in April, all of which received Bram Stoker Awards. He edited the Stoker-winning horror anthology Extremes 2: Fantasy and Horror from the Ends of the Earth, as well as three other Extremes anthologies. His works have also been nominated for the Nebula Awards, Theodore Sturgeon Awards, Locus Awards, and International Horror Guild Awards.
2. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Congolese militia leader, founded the Union of Congolese Patriots births
  1. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
    
    Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is a convicted war criminal from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the first person ever convicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He founded and led the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) and was a key player in the Ituri conflict (1999–2007). Rebels under his command have been accused of massive human rights violations, including ethnic massacres, murder, torture, rape, mutilation, and forcibly conscripting child soldiers.
  2. Union of Congolese Patriots
    
    The Union of Congolese Patriots is a political and militia group in Ituri, northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed towards the end of the Second Congo War. It was founded by Thomas Lubanga in 2001 and was one of six such groups that sprung up in the mineral-rich Ituri region on the border with Uganda in the Ituri conflict. The UPC supported and was primarily composed of the Hema ethnic group.
3. Michael James Pappas, American politician births
  1. Mike Pappas
    
    Michael James Pappas is an American politician and former one term Republican Congressman from New Jersey, serving from 1997 to 1999. He is currently the Township Administrator in Bridgewater, New Jersey. He was an unsuccessful candidate for State Senator in New Jersey's 16th legislative district in the 2021 election. In November 2022, Pappas announced he was running for the State Senate again.
4. Eden Phillpotts, English author and poet (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Eden Phillpotts
    
    Eden Phillpotts was an English author, poet and dramatist. He was born in Mount Abu, India, was educated in Plymouth, Devon, and worked as an insurance officer for ten years before studying for the stage and eventually becoming a writer.
1959
1. Keith Crossan, Irish rugby player births
  1. Keith Crossan
    
    Keith Crossan is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a winger. He played for the Ireland team from 1982 to 1992, winning 41 caps and scoring 12 tries including 2 against Canada at the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He played in two Rugby World Cups: 1987 and 1991. He also played for the Barbarians against Argentina in 1990, scoring two tries.
2. Patricia Clarkson, American actress births
  1. Patricia Clarkson
    
    Patricia Davies Clarkson is an American actress. She has starred in numerous leading and supporting roles in a variety of films ranging from independent film features to major film studio productions. Her accolades include a Golden Globe Award and three Primetime Emmy Awards, in addition to nominations for an Academy Award and a Tony Award.
3. Ann Demeulemeester, Belgian fashion designer births
  1. Ann Demeulemeester
    
    Ann Verhelst is a Belgian fashion designer whose label, Ann Demeulemeester, is mainly showcased at the annual Paris Fashion Week. She is known as one of the Antwerp Six in the fashion industry.
4. Milton Ottey, Jamaican-Canadian high jumper and coach births
  1. Milton Ottey
    
    Milton Bruce "Milt" Ottey is a retired Canadian high jumper. Ottey came to Canada at the age of 10 years. He attended and graduated from high school in the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). He received a full athletic scholarship from the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), where he received his bachelor's degree in education. After retiring from active competition, Ottey spent several years coaching at various universities throughout the United States, including University of Texas at El Paso, Kent State University and University of New Mexico before moving back to Toronto, Ontario.
5. Paula Poundstone, American comedian and author births
  1. Paula Poundstone
    
    Paula Poundstone is an American stand-up comedian, author, actor, interviewer, and commentator. Beginning in the late 1980s, she performed a series of one-hour HBO comedy specials. She provided backstage commentary during the 1992 presidential election on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. She is the host of the Starburns Audio podcast Nobody Listens to Paula Poundstone, which is the successor to the National Public Radio program Live from the Poundstone Institute. She is a frequent panelist on NPR's weekly news quiz show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me, and was a recurring guest on the network's A Prairie Home Companion variety program during Garrison Keillor's years as host.
6. Robin Milford, English soldier and composer (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Robin Milford
    
    Robin Humphrey Milford was an English composer and music teacher.
1958
1. Tyrone Benskin, English-Canadian actor, theatre director and politician births
  1. Tyrone Benskin
    
    Tyrone Benskin is an English-Canadian actor, theatre director and politician. He was elected Member of Parliament in the Jeanne-Le Ber riding, in Montreal, Quebec, in the 2011 Canadian federal election and served as an MP until 2015.
2. Nancy J. Currie-Gregg, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut births
  1. Nancy J. Currie-Gregg
    
    Nancy Jane Currie-Gregg is an American engineer, United States Army officer and a NASA astronaut. Currie-Gregg has served in the United States Army for over 22 years and holds the rank of colonel. With NASA, she has participated in four space shuttle missions: STS-57, STS-70, STS-88, and STS-109, accruing 1,000 hours in space. She currently holds an appointment as a professor of practice in the Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering at Texas A&M University.
3. Doris Humphrey, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Doris Humphrey
    
    Doris Batcheller Humphrey was an American dancer and choreographer of the early twentieth century. Along with her contemporaries Martha Graham and Katherine Dunham, Humphrey was one of the second generation modern dance pioneers who followed their forerunners – including Isadora Duncan, Ruth St. Denis, and Ted Shawn – in exploring the use of breath and developing techniques still taught today. As many of her works were annotated, Humphrey continues to be taught, studied and performed.
1957
1. Brad Grey, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2017) births
  1. Brad Grey
    
    Brad Alan Grey was an American television and film producer. He co-founded Brillstein-Grey Entertainment, and afterwards became the chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures, a position he held from 2005 until 2017. Grey graduated from the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Management. Under Grey's leadership, Paramount finished No. 1 in global market share in 2011 and No. 2 domestically in 2008, 2009, and 2010, despite releasing significantly fewer films than its competitors. He also produced eight out of Paramount's 10 top-grossing pictures of all time after having succeeded Sherry Lansing in 2005.
2. Oliver Hirschbiegel, German actor, director, and producer births
  1. Oliver Hirschbiegel
    
    Oliver Hirschbiegel is a German film director. His works include Das Experiment and the Oscar-nominated Downfall.
3. Iain Paxton, Scottish rugby player and coach births
  1. Iain Paxton
    
    Iain Angus McLeod Paxton is a Scottish former rugby union player. He won 36 caps for Scotland at number eight and lock between 1981 and 1988, scoring a total of five tries. He also won four caps for the British Lions against New Zealand in 1983.
4. Paul Rudnick, American author, playwright, and screenwriter births
  1. Paul Rudnick
    
    Paul Rudnick is an American writer. His plays have been produced both on and off Broadway and around the world. He is also known for having written the screenplays for several movies, including Sister Act, Addams Family Values, Jeffrey, and In & Out.
1956
1. Zaki Chehab, Lebanese-British journalist births
  1. Zaki Chehab
    
    Zaki Chehab is an Arab journalist. Founder and Editor-in-Chief of ArabsToday.net, an Arabic-language news website.
2. Katy Munger, American writer births
  1. Katy Munger
    
    Katy Munger, who has also written under the names Gallagher Gray and Chaz McGee, is an American writer known for writing the Casey Jones and Hubbert & Lil series. She is a former reviewer for the Washington Post.
3. Miles Vandahurst Lynk, American physician and author (b. 1871) deaths
  1. Miles Vandahurst Lynk
    
    Miles Vandahurst Lynk was an American physician and author noted for his efforts to create opportunities for African Americans in science, specifically for medical doctors. He was known both as the founder, editor and publisher of Medical and Surgical Observer, as well as founding the University of West Tennessee College of Medicine and Surgery.
1955
1. Chris Goodall, English businessman and author births
  1. Chris Goodall
    
    Christopher Frank William Goodall is an English businessman, author and expert on new energy technologies. He is an alumnus of St Dunstan's College, University of Cambridge, and Harvard Business School (MBA).
2. Donald D. Hoffman, American quantitative psychologist and author births
  1. Donald D. Hoffman
    
    Donald David Hoffman is an American cognitive psychologist and popular science author. He is a professor in the Department of Cognitive Sciences at the University of California, Irvine, with joint appointments in the Department of Philosophy, the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, and the School of Computer Science.
  2. Quantitative psychology
    
    Quantitative psychology is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of psychological processes. It includes tests and other devices for measuring cognitive abilities. Quantitative psychologists develop and analyze a wide variety of research methods, including those of psychometrics, a field concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.
1954
1. Albrecht Böttcher, German mathematician and author births
  1. Albrecht Böttcher
    
    Albrecht Böttcher is a German mathematician. His field of research is functional analysis.
2. Roger Voudouris, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2003) births
  1. Roger Voudouris
    
    John Roger Voudouris was an American singer-songwriter/guitarist best known for his 1979 hit, "Get Used to It".
3. William Merriam Burton, American chemist (b. 1865) deaths
  1. William Merriam Burton
    
    William Merriam Burton was an American chemist who developed a widely used thermal cracking process for crude oil.
1953
1. Thomas Bach, German fencer, lawyer and sports administrator; 9th President of the International Olympic Committee births
  1. Thomas Bach
    
    Thomas Bach is a German lawyer, former Olympic foil fencer and Olympic gold medalist, serving as the ninth and current president of the International Olympic Committee since 10 September 2013. He is also a former member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation executive board. Bach is the first ever Olympic champion to be elected President of the IOC.
  2. International Olympic Committee
    
    The International Olympic Committee is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss Civil Code. Founded by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is the authority responsible for organising the modern Olympic Games.
2. Alan Rusbridger, Zambian-English journalist and academic births
  1. Alan Rusbridger
    
    Alan Charles Rusbridger is a British journalist, who was formerly editor-in-chief of The Guardian and then principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
3. Kate Schmidt, American javelin thrower and coach births
  1. Kate Schmidt
    
    Kathryn Joan "Kate" Schmidt is an American former world record holder in the javelin throw. A native of California, graduate of Woodrow Wilson Classical High School, and alumnus of UCLA, she won bronze medals at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics. She qualified for the 1980 Olympics, but did not compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. She placed fourth at the 1984 Olympic Trials.
4. Stanley Williams, American gang leader, co-founded the Crips (d. 2005) births
  1. Stanley Williams
    
    Stanley Tookie Williams III was an American gang member and spree killer who co-founded and led the Crips gang in Los Angeles. He and Raymond Washington formed an alliance in 1971 that established the Crips as Los Angeles' first major African-American street gang. During the 1970s, Williams was the de facto leader of the Crips and the prominent crime boss in South Los Angeles.
  2. Crips
    
    The Crips is an alliance of street gangs which is based in the coastal regions of Southern California. Founded in Los Angeles, California, in 1969, mainly by Raymond Washington and Stanley Williams, the Crips were initially a single alliance between two autonomous gangs; it is now a loosely-connected network of individual "sets", often engaged in open warfare with one another. Traditionally, since around 1973, its members have worn blue clothing.
5. Charlayne Woodard, American actress and playwright births
  1. Charlayne Woodard
    
    Charlaine "Charlayne" Woodard is an American playwright and actress. She made her debut in the original production of the musical Ain't Misbehavin', for which she received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical nomination in 1978. She has played supporting roles in a number of films, include One Good Cop (1991), The Crucible (1996), Unbreakable (2000), and Glass (2019) and TV shows including Sneaky Pete, Pose, ER and Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles.
1952
1. Gelsey Kirkland, American ballerina and choreographer births
  1. Gelsey Kirkland
    
    Gelsey Kirkland is an American ballerina. She received early ballet training at the School of American Ballet. Kirkland joined the New York City Ballet in 1968 at age 15, at the invitation of George Balanchine. She was promoted to soloist in 1969, and principal in 1972. She went on to create leading roles in many of the great twentieth century ballets by Balanchine, Jerome Robbins, and Antony Tudor, including Balanchine's revival of The Firebird, Robbins' Goldberg Variations, and Tudor's The Leaves are Fading. Balanchine re-choreographed his version of Stravinsky's The Firebird specifically for her. She left the New York City Ballet to join the American Ballet Theatre in 1974 as a principal dancer.
2. Fletcher Henderson, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Fletcher Henderson
    
    James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson was an American pianist, bandleader, arranger and composer, important in the development of big band jazz and swing music. He was one of the most prolific black musical arrangers and, along with Duke Ellington, is considered one of the most influential arrangers and bandleaders in jazz history. Henderson's influence was vast. He helped bridge the gap between the Dixieland and the swing eras. He was often known as "Smack" Henderson.
3. Beryl Rubinstein, American pianist, composer and teacher (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Beryl Rubinstein
    
    Beryl Rubinstein was an American pianist, composer, and teacher. He was the father of social historian David Rubinstein.
1951
1. Willem de Blécourt, Dutch historical anthropologist births
  1. Willem de Blécourt
    
    Willem de Blécourt is a Dutch historical anthropologist specialising in the study of witchcraft and folk magic in Europe from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. An Honorary Research Fellow at both the Huizinga Institute and the Meertens Institute, Amsterdam, de Blécourt is also a prolific author, having edited several books on the subject.
1950
1. Jon Polito, American actor (d. 2016) births
  1. Jon Polito
    
    Jon Raymond Polito was an American character actor. In a film and television career spanning 35 years, he amassed over 220 credits. Notable television roles included Detective Steve Crosetti in the first two seasons of Homicide: Life on the Street and as Phil Bartoli on the first season of Crime Story. He also appeared in several films including The Rocketeer, The Crow and Gangster Squad, as well as his work with the Coen brothers. He appeared in five of their films, including Miller's Crossing, Barton Fink and The Big Lebowski. Polito also portrayed legendary "hungry i" nightclub impresario Enrico Banducci in a large supporting role in Tim Burton's 2014 film Big Eyes starring Amy Adams and Christoph Waltz.
1949
1. David Topliss, English rugby league player and coach (d. 2008) births
  1. David Topliss
    
    David Topliss, also known by the nickname of "Toppo", was an English World Cup winning professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, and coached in the 1980s and 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Yorkshire, at club level for Wakefield Trinity (captain), Penrith Panthers, Balmain Tigers, Hull F.C. (captain) and Oldham, as a stand-off, i.e. number 6, and coached at club level for Wakefield Trinity.
2. Tyler Dennett, American historian and author (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Tyler Dennett
    
    Tyler Dennett was an American historian and educator, best known for his book John Hay: From Poetry to Politics (1933), which won the 1934 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography.
1948
1. Jacky Clark Chisholm, American gospel singer births
  1. Jacky Clark Chisholm
    
    Jacqueline Lenita Clark-Chisholm, known professionally as Jacky Clark-Chisholm, is an American Grammy Award-winning gospel singer, songwriter, and licensed practical nurse who is best known as the eldest member of the American gospel singing group The Clark Sisters.
2. Peter Robinson, Northern Irish politician, 3rd First Minister of Northern Ireland births
  1. Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)
    
    Peter David Robinson is a retired Northern Irish politician who served as First Minister of Northern Ireland from 2008 until 2016 and Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) from 2008 until 2015. Until his retirement in 2016, Robinson was involved in Northern Irish politics for over 40 years, being a founding member of the DUP along with Ian Paisley.
  2. First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland
    
    The First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland are the joint heads of government of the Northern Ireland Executive and have overall responsibility for the running of the Executive Office. Despite the different titles for the two offices, the two positions have the same governmental power, resulting in a duumvirate; the deputy First Minister is not subordinate to the First Minister. Created under the terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, both were initially nominated and appointed by members of the Northern Ireland Assembly on a joint ticket by a cross-community vote, using consociational principles. That process was changed following the 2006 St Andrews Agreement, meaning that the First Minister is nominated by the largest party overall, and the deputy First Minister is nominated by the largest party in the next largest community designation.
3. Harry Farjeon, British composer and music teacher (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Harry Farjeon
    
    Harry Farjeon was a British composer and an influential teacher of harmony and composition at the Royal Academy of Music for more than 45 years.
1947
1. Richard Crandall, American physicist and computer scientist (d. 2012) births
  1. Richard Crandall
    
    Richard E. Crandall was an American physicist and computer scientist who made contributions to computational number theory.
2. Ted Danson, American actor and producer births
  1. Ted Danson
    
    Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III is an American actor. He achieved stardom playing the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom Cheers, for which he received two Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. He was nominated for more Emmy Awards for roles in the legal drama Damages (2007-2010) and the NBC sitcom The Good Place (2016-2020). He was awarded a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame and was ranked second in TV Guide's list of the top 25 television stars.
3. Leonhard Lapin, Estonian architect and poet births
  1. Leonhard Lapin
    
    Leonhard Lapin, also known under the pseudonym Albert Trapeež, was an Estonian architect, artist, architecture historian, and poet.
4. Cozy Powell, English drummer, songwriter, and producer (d. 1998) births
  1. Cozy Powell
    
    Cozy Powell was an English rock drummer who made his name with major rock bands and artists such as The Jeff Beck Group, Rainbow, Michael Schenker Group, Gary Moore, Robert Plant, Brian May, Whitesnake, Emerson, Lake & Powell, and Black Sabbath.
5. David Tanner, English rower and coach births
  1. David Tanner (rowing)
    
    Sir David Whitlock Tanner CBE was the performance director for the British Rowing Team until February 2018. He has assisted the team to Olympic success from the 1984 Los Angeles games to the 2016 Rio games. This success has been paralleled by success in the World Rowing Championships.
6. Vincent Winter, Scottish actor, director, and production manager (d. 1998) births
  1. Vincent Winter
    
    Vincent Winter was a Scottish child film actor who, as an adult, continued to work in the film industry as a production manager and in other capacities.
1946
1. Marianne Faithfull, English singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Marianne Faithfull
    
    Marianne Evelyn Gabriel Faithfull is an English singer and actress. She achieved popularity in the 1960s with the release of her hit single "As Tears Go By" and became one of the lead female artists during the British Invasion in the United States.
2. Paul Trible, American attorney, politician and academic administrator births
  1. Paul Trible
    
    Paul Seward Trible Jr. is an American attorney, politician and academic administrator. Trible was the former president of Christopher Newport University until his retirement in 2021. He was a Republican politician from Virginia, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives for three terms and the U.S. Senate for one term.
3. Camillo Schumann, German composer and organist (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Camillo Schumann
    
    Camillo Schumann was a German late Romantic composer and organist.
1945
1. Keith Milow, British artist births
  1. Keith Milow
    
    Keith Milow is a British artist. He grew up in Baldock, Hertfordshire, and lived in New York City (1980–2002) and Amsterdam (2002–2014), now lives in London. He is an abstract sculptor, painter and printmaker. His work has been characterised as architectural, monumental, procedural, enigmatic and poetical.
2. Beulah Dark Cloud, American actress (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Beulah Dark Cloud
    
    Beulah Dark Cloud was a Native American actress and performer who appeared in several silent films by D. W. Griffith.
1944
1. Gerard Windsor, Australian author and literary critic births
  1. Gerard Windsor
    
    Gerard Charles Windsor is an Australian author and literary critic. He was dux of St Ignatius' College, Riverview in both 1961 and 1962, and a student of Melvyn Morrow. Windsor trained as a Jesuit from ages 18 to 24 before realizing it was not his vocation.
2. Khasan Israilov, Chechen rebel (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Hasan Israilov
    
    Hasan Israilov was a Chechen nationalist, guerrilla fighter, journalist, and poet who led Chechen and Ingush resistance and a rebellion against the Soviet Union from 1940 until his death in 1944. Israilov is regarded as one of the most influential Chechen resistance leaders during World War II, and he is considered by many Chechens to be a national hero. He was infamous to the Soviets, and to many Russians, for his 1940-1944 uprising, which many Russians connected to an abortive German plot to undermine Soviet control over the North Caucasus. His name is also sometimes transliterated to Latin alphabet as Hassan Izrailov.
  2. Chechens
    
    The Chechens, historically also known as Kisti and Durdzuks, are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe. They refer to themselves as Nokhchiy. The vast majority of Chechens today are Muslims and live in Chechnya, a republic of Russia.
1943
1. Bill Aucoin, American talent manager (d. 2010) births
  1. Bill Aucoin
    
    William Martin Aucoin was an American band manager, well known for his work with the rock band Kiss and Billy Idol.
2. Molly Bang, American author and illustrator births
  1. Molly Bang
    
    Molly Garrett Bang is an American illustrator. For her illustration of children's books she has been a runner-up for the American Caldecott Medal three times and for the British Greenaway Medal once. Announced June 2015, her 1996 picture book Goose is the 2016 Phoenix Picture Book Award winner – that is, named by the Children's Literature Association the best English-language children's picture book that did not win a major award when it was published twenty years earlier.
3. Rick Danko, Canadian singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer (d. 1999) births
  1. Rick Danko
    
    Richard Clare Danko was a Canadian musician, bassist, songwriter, and singer, best known as a founding member of the Band, for which he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.
4. Art Young, American cartoonist and writer (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Art Young
    
    Arthur Henry Young was an American cartoonist and writer. He is best known for his socialist cartoons, especially those drawn for the left-wing political magazine The Masses between 1911 and 1917.
1942
1. Rajesh Khanna, Indian actor (d. 2012) births
  1. Rajesh Khanna
    
    Rajesh Khanna was an Indian actor, film producer and politician who worked in Hindi films. Dubbed the "First Superstar of Hindi cinema", he consecutively starred in a record 15 successful films between 1969 and 1971. He was the highest-paid actor in Hindi cinema throughout the 1970s and 1980s. His accolades include four BFJA Awards and five Filmfare Awards, and in 2013, he was posthumously awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour.
2. Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga, Honduran cardinal births
  1. Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga
    
    Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga, S.D.B. is a Salesian and cardinal of the Catholic Church from Honduras. He is the current Archbishop of Tegucigalpa, is the former President of Caritas Internationalis and served as President of the Latin American Episcopal Conference (CELAM) from 1995 to 1999.
1941
1. Ray Thomas, English singer-songwriter and flute player (d. 2018) births
  1. Ray Thomas
    
    Raymond Thomas was an English multi-instrumentalist, flautist, singer, founding member and composer in the English progressive rock band the Moody Blues. His flute solo on the band's 1967 hit single "Nights in White Satin" is regarded as one of progressive rock's defining moments. In 2018, he was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Moody Blues.
2. Louis Eilshemius, American painter (b. 1864) deaths
  1. Louis Eilshemius
    
    Louis Michel Eilshemius was an American painter, primarily of landscapes and nudes. He also wrote musical compositions, verse, novels, short stories, and published periodicals.
3. Tullio Levi-Civita, Italian mathematician and scholar (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Tullio Levi-Civita
    
    Tullio Levi-Civita, was an Italian mathematician, most famous for his work on absolute differential calculus and its applications to the theory of relativity, but who also made significant contributions in other areas. He was a pupil of Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, the inventor of tensor calculus. His work included foundational papers in both pure and applied mathematics, celestial mechanics, analytic mechanics and hydrodynamics.
1940
1. Stephen Birch, American businessman (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Stephen Birch
    
    Stephen Birch (1873–1940) was the President of the Kennecott Copper Company.
1939
1. Ed Bruce, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 2021) births
  1. Ed Bruce
    
    William Edwin Bruce Jr. was an American country music songwriter, singer, and actor. He was known for writing the 1975 song "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" and recording the 1982 country number one hit "You're the Best Break This Old Heart Ever Had". He also co-starred in the television series Bret Maverick with James Garner during the 1981–1982 season.
2. Kelly Miller, American mathematician, sociologist, essayist, newspaper columnist and author (b. 1863) deaths
  1. Kelly Miller (scientist)
    
    Kelly Miller was an American mathematician, sociologist, essayist, newspaper columnist, author, and an important figure in the intellectual life of black America for close to half a century. He was known as "the Bard of the Potomac".
3. Madeleine Pelletier, French psychiatrist, feminist and political activist (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Madeleine Pelletier
    
    Madeleine Pelletier was a French psychiatrist, first-wave feminist, and political activist. Born in Paris, Pelletier frequented socialist and anarchist groups in her adolescence. She became a doctor in her twenties, overcoming a large educational gap, and was France's first woman to receive a doctorate in psychiatry. Pelletier joined freemasonry, the French Section of the Workers' International, and came to lead a feminist association. She set out to join the October Revolution but returned disillusioned. In France, she continued to advocate for feminist and communist causes, and wrote numerous articles, essays, and literary works, even following a stroke in 1937 which made her hemiplegic. Pelletier was charged with having performed an abortion in 1939 despite her condition precluding her ability to perform this act. She was placed in a mental asylum where her health deteriorated and she died of a second stroke later that year.
1938
1. Harvey Smith, English horse rider and sportscaster births
  1. Harvey Smith (equestrian)
    
    Harvey John Smith is a former British show jumping champion.
2. Jon Voight, American actor and producer births
  1. Jon Voight
    
    Jonathan Vincent Voight is an American actor. He came to prominence in the late 1960s with his Academy Award–nominated performance as Joe Buck, a would-be gigolo, in Midnight Cowboy (1969). During the 1970s, he became a Hollywood star with his portrayals of a businessman mixed up with murder in Deliverance (1972); a paraplegic Vietnam veteran in Coming Home (1978), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor; and a penniless ex–boxing champion in the remake of The Champ (1979).
1937
1. Wayne Huizenga, American businessman, founded AutoNation (d. 2018) births
  1. Wayne Huizenga
    
    Harry Wayne Huizenga Sr. was an American businessman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He founded AutoNation and Waste Management Inc., and was the owner or co-owner of Blockbuster Video, the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League, and the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball.
  2. AutoNation
    
    AutoNation is an American automotive retailer based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, which provides new and pre-owned vehicles and associated services in the United States. The company was founded by Wayne Huizenga in 1996, starting with twelve AutoNation locations, and now has more than 300 retail outlets.
2. Don Marquis, American journalist, author, and playwright (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Don Marquis
    
    Donald Robert Perry Marquis was an American humorist, journalist, and author. He was variously a novelist, poet, newspaper columnist, and playwright. He is remembered best for creating the characters Archy and Mehitabel, supposed authors of humorous verse. During his lifetime he was equally famous for creating another fictitious character, "the Old Soak," who was the subject of two books, a hit Broadway play (1922–23), a silent film (1926) and a talkie (1937).
1936
1. Mary Tyler Moore, American actress and producer (d. 2017) births
  1. Mary Tyler Moore
    
    Mary Tyler Moore was an American actress, producer, and social advocate. She is best known for her roles on The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961–1966) and The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–1977), which "helped define a new vision of American womanhood" and "appealed to an audience facing the new trials of modern-day existence". Moore won seven Primetime Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Ordinary People. Moore is also known for her supporting role in the musical film Thoroughly Modern Millie. Moore was an advocate for animal rights, vegetarianism and diabetes prevention.
2. Ray Nitschke, American football player (d. 1998) births
  1. Ray Nitschke
    
    Raymond Ernest Nitschke was a professional American football middle linebacker who spent his entire 15-year National Football League (NFL) career with the Green Bay Packers. Enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1978, he was the anchor of the defense for head coach Vince Lombardi in the 1960s, leading the Packers to five NFL championships and victories in the first two Super Bowls.
1934
1. Ed Flanders, American actor (d. 1995) births
  1. Ed Flanders
    
    Edward Paul Flanders was an American actor. He is best known for playing Dr. Donald Westphall in the medical drama series St. Elsewhere (1982–1988). Flanders was nominated for eight Primetime Emmys and won three times in 1976, 1977, and 1983.
2. Forough Farrokhzad, Iranian poet and filmmaker (d. 1967) births
  1. Forugh Farrokhzad
    
    Forugh Farrokhzad was an influential Iranian poet and film director. She was a controversial modernist poet and an iconoclast, feminist author.Forugh Farrokhzad died at the age of 32 due to a car accident.
1933
1. Samuel Brittan, English journalist and author births
  1. Samuel Brittan
    
    Sir Samuel Brittan was an English journalist and author. He was the first economics correspondent for the Financial Times, and later a long-time columnist. He was a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the Global Warming Policy Foundation.
1932
1. Inga Swenson, American actress and singer births
  1. Inga Swenson
    
    Inga Swenson is an American retired actress and singer. She appeared in multiple Broadway productions and received two Tony nominations. She also spent seven years portraying Gretchen Kraus in the ABC comedy series Benson.
1931
1. Stasys Stonkus, Lithuanian basketball player and coach (d. 2012) births
  1. Stanislovas Stonkus
    
    Stanislovas "Stasys" Stonkus was a Soviet and Lithuanian basketball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1952 Summer Olympics and in the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born in Telšiai. In 1954, he graduated from the Lithuanian National Physical Education Institute. He trained at VSS Žalgiris in Kaunas.
1929
1. Bernard Cribbins, British actor (d. 2022) births
  1. Bernard Cribbins
    
    Bernard Joseph Cribbins was an English actor and singer whose career spanned over seven decades.
2. Matt Murphy, American guitarist (d. 2018) births
  1. Matt "Guitar" Murphy
    
    Matthew Tyler Murphy, known as Matt "Guitar" Murphy, was an American blues guitarist. He was associated with Memphis Slim, The Blues Brothers and Howlin' Wolf.
3. Wilhelm Maybach, German engineer and businessman, founded Maybach (b. 1846) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Maybach
    
    Wilhelm Maybach was an early German engine designer and industrialist. During the 1890s he was hailed in France, then the world centre for car production, as the "King of Designers".
  2. Maybach
    
    Maybach is a German luxury car brand that exists today as a part of Mercedes-Benz. The original company was founded in 1909 by Wilhelm Maybach and his son Karl Maybach, originally as a subsidiary of Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH, and it was known as Luftfahrzeug-Motorenbau GmbH until 1999.
4. Edward Christopher Williams, American librarian (b. 1871) deaths
  1. Edward Christopher Williams
    
    Edward Christopher Williams was the first African-American professionally trained librarian in the United States. His sudden death in 1929 ended his career the year he was expected to receive the first Ph.D. in librarianship. Williams was born on February 11, 1871, in Cleveland, Ohio, to an African-American father and an Irish mother. Upon his graduation with distinction from Adelbert College of Western Reserve University in 1892, he was appointed Assistant Librarian of Hatch Library at WRU. Two years later, he was promoted to librarian of Hatch Library until 1909, when he resigned to assume the responsibility of the Principal of M Street High School in Washington, D.C. He continued his career as University Librarian of Howard University until his death on December 24, 1929. Williams was rediscovered as a Harlem Renaissance author with the 2004 publication of his novel When Washington Was in Vogue, considered among the earliest epistolary novels by an African American.
1927
1. Andy Stanfield, American sprinter (d. 1985) births
  1. Andy Stanfield
    
    Andrew William Stanfield was an American sprinter and Olympic gold and silver medallist.
1926
1. Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet and author (b. 1875) deaths
  1. Rainer Maria Rilke
    
    René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke, shortened to Rainer Maria Rilke, was an Austrian poet and novelist. He has been acclaimed as an idiosyncratic and expressive poet, and is widely recognized as a significant writer in the German language. His work has been seen by critics and scholars as having undertones of mysticism, exploring themes of subjective experience and disbelief. His writings include one novel, several collections of poetry and several volumes of correspondence.
1925
1. Pete Dye, American golfer and architect (d. 2020) births
  1. Pete Dye
    
    Paul Dye Jr., known as Pete Dye, was an American golf course designer and a member of a family of course designers. He was married to fellow designer and amateur champion Alice Dye.
2. Félix Vallotton, Swiss-French painter (b. 1865) deaths
  1. Félix Vallotton
    
    Félix Édouard Vallotton was a Swiss and French painter and printmaker associated with the group of artists known as Les Nabis. He was an important figure in the development of the modern woodcut. He painted portraits, landscapes, nudes, still lifes, and other subjects in an unemotional, realistic style.
1924
1. Joe Allbritton, American businessman and publisher, founded the Allbritton Communications Company (d. 2012) births
  1. Joe Allbritton
    
    Joe Lewis Allbritton was an American banker, publisher and philanthropist.
  2. Allbritton Communications
    
    The Allbritton Communications Company was an American media company. Based in Arlington, Virginia, Allbritton was the leading subsidiary of Perpetual Corporation, a private holding company owned by the family of company founder and former Riggs Bank president Joe L. Allbritton. Joe’s son, Robert L. Allbritton, was the Chairman and CEO of Allbritton Communications from 2001 to 2014. He is currently the owner of Capitol News Company, the parent company of political newspaper and website Politico.
2. Kim Song-ae, Korean politician (d. 2014) births
  1. Kim Song-ae
    
    Kim Song-ae was a North Korean politician who served as the first lady of North Korea from 1963 to 1974. She was the second wife of North Korea's founder, Kim Il-sung.
3. Carl Spitteler, Swiss poet and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845) deaths
  1. Carl Spitteler
    
    Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler was a Swiss poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1919 "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring". His work includes both pessimistic and heroic poems.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1923
1. Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegalese historian, anthropologist, and physicist (d. 1986) births
  1. Cheikh Anta Diop
    
    Cheikh Anta Diop was a Senegalese historian, anthropologist, physicist, and politician who studied the human race's origins and pre-colonial African culture. Diop's work is considered foundational to the theory of Afrocentricity, though he himself never described himself as an Afrocentrist. The questions he posed about cultural bias in scientific research contributed greatly to the postcolonial turn in the study of African civilizations.
2. Morton Estrin, American pianist and educator (d. 2017) births
  1. Morton Estrin
    
    Morton Estrin was an American classical pianist and teacher.
3. Dina Merrill, American actress, game show panelist, socialite, heiress, and businesswoman (d. 2017) births
  1. Dina Merrill
    
    Dina Merrill was an American actress, heiress, socialite, businesswoman, and philanthropist.
4. Shlomo Venezia, Greek-Italian author and Holocaust survivor (d. 2012) births
  1. Shlomo Venezia
    
    Shlomo Venezia was a Greek-born Italian Jew. He was a survivor of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.
  2. Holocaust survivors
    
    Holocaust survivors are people who survived the Holocaust, defined as the persecution and attempted annihilation of the Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies before and during World War II in Europe and North Africa. There is no universally accepted definition of the term, and it has been applied variously to Jews who survived the war in German-occupied Europe or other Axis territories, as well as to those who fled to Allied and neutral countries before or during the war. In some cases, non-Jews who also experienced collective persecution under the Nazi regime are also considered Holocaust survivors. The definition has evolved over time.
5. Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat, French mathematician and physicist births
  1. Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat
    
    Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat is a French mathematician and physicist. She has made seminal contributions to the study of Einstein's general theory of relativity, by showing that the Einstein equations can be put into the form of an initial value problem which is well-posed. In 2015, her breakthrough paper was listed by the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity as one of thirteen 'milestone' results in the study of general relativity, across the hundred years in which it had been studied.
1922
1. Little Joe Cook, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014) births
  1. Little Joe Cook
    
    Joseph Cook, known as Little Joe Cook, was an American rhythm and blues singer and songwriter. He is best known as the lead singer of Little Joe & The Thrillers, whose song "Peanuts" reached No. 22 on the Billboard Top 100 in 1957.
2. William Gaddis, American author and academic (d. 1998) births
  1. William Gaddis
    
    William Thomas Gaddis, Jr. was an American novelist. The first and longest of his five novels, The Recognitions, was named one of TIME magazine's 100 best novels from 1923 to 2005 and two others, J R and A Frolic of His Own, won the annual U.S. National Book Award for Fiction. A collection of his essays was published posthumously as The Rush for Second Place (2002). The Letters of William Gaddis was published by Dalkey Archive Press in February 2013.
1921
1. Dobrica Ćosić, Serbian politician, 1st President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (d. 2014) births
  1. Dobrica Ćosić
    
    Dobrica Ćosić was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician, writer, and political theorist.
  2. President of Serbia and Montenegro
    
    The President of Serbia and Montenegro was the head of state of Serbia and Montenegro. From its establishment in 1992 until 2003, when the country was reconstituted as a confederacy via constitutional reform, the head of state was known as the President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. With the constitutional reforms of 2003 and the merging of the offices of head of government and head of state, the full title of the president was President of Serbia and Montenegro and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro. In 2006 the office was abolished as the state union was dissolved, with Serbia and Montenegro becoming independent countries and was followed by Kosovo in 2008 although it received limited international recognition.
2. Michael Horne, English structural engineer, scientist and academic (d. 2000) births
  1. Michael Horne
    
    Michael Rex Horne OBE FREng, FRS was an English structural engineer, scientist and academic who pioneered the theory of the Plastic Design of Structures.
3. Hermann Paul, German philologist, linguist and lexicographer (b. 1846) deaths
  1. Hermann Paul
    
    Hermann Otto Theodor Paul was a German philologist, linguist and lexicographer.
1920
1. Viveca Lindfors, Swedish-American actress, singer and poet (d. 1995) births
  1. Viveca Lindfors
    
    Elsa Viveca Torstensdotter Lindfors was a Swedish stage, film, and television actress. She won an Emmy Award and a Silver Bear for Best Actress.
1919
1. Alfred de Grazia, American political scientist and author (d. 2014) births
  1. Alfred de Grazia
    
    Alfred de Grazia, born in Chicago, Illinois, was a political scientist and author. He developed techniques of computer-based social network analysis in the 1950s, developed new ideas about personal digital archives in the 1970s, and defended the catastrophism thesis of Immanuel Velikovsky.
2. Roman Vlad, Italian pianist and composer (d. 2013) births
  1. Roman Vlad
    
    Roman Vlad was a Romanian-born Italian composer, pianist, and musicologist.
3. William Osler, Canadian physician and professor (b. 1849) deaths
  1. William Osler
    
    Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet, was a Canadian physician and one of the "Big Four" founding professors of Johns Hopkins Hospital. Osler created the first residency program for specialty training of physicians, and he was the first to bring medical students out of the lecture hall for bedside clinical training. He has frequently been described as the Father of Modern Medicine and one of the "greatest diagnosticians ever to wield a stethoscope". Osler was a person of many interests, who in addition to being a physician, was a bibliophile, historian, author, and renowned practical joker. Outside of medicine, he was passionate about medical libraries and medical history and among his achievements were the founding of the History of Medicine Society, at the Royal Society of Medicine, London. In the field of librarianship he was instrumental in founding the Medical Library Association of Great Britain and Ireland, the Association of Medical Librarians with three others, including Margaret Charlton, the medical librarian of his alma mater, McGill University. He left his large history of medicine library to McGill, where it continues to exist as the Osler Library.
1918
1. Abby Leach, American educator (b. 1855) deaths
  1. Abby Leach
    
    Abby Leach was an American educator and professor of Greek and Latin at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York from 1883 until her death.
1917
1. Tom Bradley, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 38th Mayor of Los Angeles (d. 1998) births
  1. Tom Bradley (American politician)
    
    Thomas Bradley was an American politician and police officer who served as the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles from 1973 to 1993. He was the first black mayor of Los Angeles, and his 20 years in office mark the longest tenure by any mayor in the city's history. His election as mayor in 1973 made him the second black mayor of a major U.S. city. Bradley retired in 1993, after his approval ratings began dropping subsequent to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.
  2. Mayor of Los Angeles
    
    The mayor of the City of Los Angeles is the official head and chief executive officer of Los Angeles. The officeholder is elected for a four-year term and is limited to serving no more than two terms.
2. Ramanand Sagar, Indian director and producer (d. 2005) births
  1. Ramanand Sagar
    
    Chandramauli Chopra known professionally as Ramanand Sagar, was an Indian filmmaker, editor, playwright, poet and an author. He is best known for making the television show Ramayan (1987-1988). The Government of India honoured him with Padma Shri in 2000 for his contribution to Indian cinema and art.
1915
1. Bill Osmanski, American football player and coach (d. 1996) births
  1. Bill Osmanski
    
    William Thomas Osmanski, nicknamed "Bullet" Bill, was an American football player and coach. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973 and in 1977 he was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame.
2. Robert Ruark, American hunter and author (d. 1965) births
  1. Robert Ruark
    
    Robert Ruark was an American author, syndicated columnist, and big game hunter.
3. Jo Van Fleet, American actress (d. 1996) births
  1. Jo Van Fleet
    
    Catherine Josephine Van Fleet was an American stage, film, and television actress. During her long career, which spanned over four decades, she often played characters much older than her actual age. Van Fleet won a Tony Award in 1954 for her performance in the Broadway production The Trip to Bountiful, and the next year she won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her supporting role in East of Eden.
1914
1. Zainul Abedin, Bangladeshi painter and academic (d. 1976) births
  1. Zainul Abedin
    
    Zainul Abedin was a Bangladeshi painter born in Mymensingh, East Bengal, British India. He became well known in 1944 through his series of paintings depicting some of the great famines in Bengal during its British colonial period. After the Partition of Indian subcontinent he moved to East Pakistan. In 1948, he helped to establish the Institute of Arts and Crafts at the University of Dhaka. The Indian Express has described him as a legendary Bangladeshi painter and activist. Like many of his contemporaries, his paintings on the Bengal famine of 1943 are viewed as his most characteristic works. His homeland honored him with given the title "Shilpacharya" "Great teacher of the arts" for his artistic and visionary attributes. He was the pioneer of the modern art movement that took place in Bangladesh and was rightly considered by Syed Manzoorul Islam as the founding father of Bangladeshi modern arts, soon after Bangladesh earned the status of an independent republic.
2. Billy Tipton, American pianist and saxophonist (d. 1989) births
  1. Billy Tipton
    
    Billy Tipton was an American jazz musician, bandleader, and talent broker. Tipton lived and identified as a man for most of his adult life; after his death, friends and family were surprised to learn that he was transgender.
3. Albert Tucker, Australian painter and illustrator (d. 1999) births
  1. Albert Tucker (artist)
    
    Albert Lee Tucker was an Australian artist and member of the Heide Circle, a group of modernist artists and writers associated with Heide, the Melbourne home of art patrons John and Sunday Reed. Along with Heide Circle members such as Sidney Nolan and Arthur Boyd, Tucker became associated with the Angry Penguins art movement, named after a publication founded by poet Max Harris and published by the Reeds.
1911
1. Klaus Fuchs, German physicist and spy (d. 1988) births
  1. Klaus Fuchs
    
    Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs was a German theoretical physicist and atomic spy who supplied information from the American, British and Canadian Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union during and shortly after World War II. While at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Fuchs was responsible for many significant theoretical calculations relating to the first nuclear weapons and, later, early models of the hydrogen bomb. After his conviction in 1950, he served nine years in prison in the United Kingdom, then migrated to East Germany where he resumed his career as a physicist and scientific leader.
2. Rosamund Marriott Watson, English poet, author and critic (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Rosamund Marriott Watson
    
    Rosamund Marriott Watson was an English poet, nature writer and critic, who early in her career wrote under the pseudonyms Graham R. Tomson and Rushworth Armytage.
1910
1. Ronald Coase, English-American economist, author, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) births
  1. Ronald Coase
    
    Ronald Harry Coase was a British economist and author. Coase received a bachelor of commerce degree (1932) and a PhD from the London School of Economics, where he was a member of the faculty until 1951. He was the Clifton R. Musser Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School, where he arrived in 1964 and remained for the rest of his life. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1991.
  2. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.
2. Samuel Butcher, Anglo-Irish classical scholar and politician (b. 1850) deaths
  1. Samuel Butcher (classicist)
    
    Samuel Henry Butcher DCL LLD was an Anglo-Irish classical scholar and politician.
3. Reginald Doherty, English tennis player (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Reginald Doherty
    
    Reginald "Reggie" or "R. F." Frank Doherty was a British tennis player and the older brother of tennis player Laurence Doherty. He was known in the tennis world as "R.F." rather than "Reggie". He was a four-time Wimbledon singles champion and a triple Olympic Gold medalist in doubles and mixed doubles.
1908
1. Helmut Gollwitzer, German theologian and author (d. 1993) births
  1. Helmut Gollwitzer
    
    Helmut Gollwitzer was a German Protestant (Lutheran) theologian and author.
2. Magnus Pyke, English scientist and author (d. 1992) births
  1. Magnus Pyke
    
    Magnus Alfred Pyke was an English nutritional scientist, governmental scientific adviser, writer and presenter. He worked for the UK Ministry of Food, the post-war Allied Commission for Austria, and different food manufacturers. He wrote prolifically and became famous as a TV and radio personality, and was featured on Thomas Dolby's 1982 synthpop hit, "She Blinded Me with Science".
1905
1. Charles Yerkes, American financier (b. 1837) deaths
  1. Charles Yerkes
    
    Charles Tyson Yerkes Jr. was an American financier. He played a part in developing mass-transit systems in Chicago and London.
1904
1. Kuvempu, Indian author and poet (d. 1994) births
  1. Kuvempu
    
    Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa, popularly known by his pen name Kuvempu, was an Indian poet, playwright, novelist and critic. He is widely regarded as the greatest Kannada poet of the 20th century. He was the first Kannada writer to receive the Jnanpith Award.
1903
1. Candido Portinari, Brazilian painter (d. 1962) births
  1. Candido Portinari
    
    Candido Portinari was a Brazilian painter. He is considered one of the most important Brazilian painters as well as a prominent and influential practitioner of the neo-realism style in painting.
1902
1. Nels Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1957) births
  1. Nels Stewart
    
    Robert Nelson "Old Poison" Stewart was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played for the Montreal Maroons, New York Americans and Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. He was the first player to win the NHL's Hart Trophy multiple times, and is considered the NHL's greatest goalscorer in the pre-World War II era, holding the league record for career goals from 1937 to 1952.
1900
1. John Henry Leech, English entomologist (b. 1862) deaths
  1. John Henry Leech
    
    John Henry Leech was an English entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
1899
1. Nie Rongzhen, Chinese general and politician, Mayor of Beijing (d. 1992) births
  1. Nie Rongzhen
    
    Nie Rongzhen was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal.
  2. Politics of Beijing
    
    The politics of Beijing is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the People's Republic of China.
1897
1. William James Linton, English-American painter, author, and activist (b. 1812) deaths
  1. William James Linton
    
    William James Linton was an English-born American wood-engraver, landscape painter, political reformer and author of memoirs, novels, poetry and non-fiction.
1896
1. David Alfaro Siqueiros, Mexican painter (d. 1974) births
  1. David Alfaro Siqueiros
    
    David Alfaro Siqueiros was a Mexican social realist painter, best known for his large public murals using the latest in equipment, materials and technique. Along with Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco, he was one of the most famous of the "Mexican muralists". He was a member of the Mexican Communist Party, and a Stalinist and supporter of the Soviet Union who led an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Leon Trotsky in May 1940.
1895
1. Oswald Freisler, German lawyer and author (d. 1939) births
  1. Oswald Freisler
    
    Oswald Freisler was a lawyer in Nazi Germany and the brother of the Judge President of the People's Court, Roland Freisler.
1894
1. J. Lister Hill, American politician (d. 1984) births
  1. J. Lister Hill
    
    Joseph Lister Hill was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Alabama in the U.S. Congress for more than forty-five years, as both a U.S. Representative (1923–1938) and a U.S. Senator (1938–1969). During his Senate career he was active on health-related issues, and served as Senate Majority Whip (1941–47), and Hill also served as the Chair of the Senate Labor Committee. At the time of his retirement, Hill was the fourth-most senior Senator. Hill was succeeded by fellow Democrat James Allen.
2. Christina Rossetti, English poet and hymn-writer (b. 1830) deaths
  1. Christina Rossetti
    
    Christina Georgina Rossetti was an English writer of romantic, devotional and children's poems, including "Goblin Market" and "Remember". She also wrote the words of two Christmas carols well known in Britain: "In the Bleak Midwinter", later set by Gustav Holst, Katherine Kennicott Davis, and Harold Darke, and "Love Came Down at Christmas", also set by Darke and other composers. She was a sister of the artist and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti and features in several of his paintings.
1891
1. Leopold Kronecker, Polish-German mathematician and academic (b. 1823) deaths
  1. Leopold Kronecker
    
    Leopold Kronecker was a German mathematician who worked on number theory, algebra and logic. He criticized Georg Cantor's work on set theory, and was quoted by Weber (1893) as having said, "Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk". Kronecker was a student and lifelong friend of Ernst Kummer.
1890
1. Spotted Elk, American tribal leader (b. 1826) deaths
  1. Spotted Elk
    
    Spotted Elk, was a chief of the Miniconjou, Lakota Sioux. He was a son of Miniconjou chief Lone Horn and became a chief upon his father's death. He was a highly renowned chief with skills in war and negotiations. A United States Army soldier, at Fort Bennett, coined the nickname Big Foot – not to be confused with Oglala Big Foot.
2. Octave Feuillet, French novelist and dramatist (b. 1821) deaths
  1. Octave Feuillet
    
    Octave Feuillet was a French novelist and dramatist. His work stands midway between the romanticists and the realists. He is renowned for his "distinguished and lucid portraiture of life", depictions of female characters, analyses of characters' psychologies and feelings, and his reserved but witty prose style. His most popular work remains his 1858 novel Le Roman d'un jeune homme pauvre, which has been adapted for film many times by Italian, French, and Argentinian directors.
1887
1. Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann, Estonian-Russian linguist and botanist (b. 1805) deaths
  1. Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann
    
    Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann was an Estonian linguist who researched Uralic languages, mostly Estonian. Wiedemann was also a botanist.
1886
1. Norman Hallows, English runner and captain (d. 1968) births
  1. Norman Hallows
    
    Norman Frederic Hallows was an English middle-distance runner. Educated at Felsted School, he won the bronze medal and set an Olympic record in the 1500 metres race at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. His time in the first round was 4:03.4, beating the Olympic record set by American Mel Sheppard only minutes earlier by 1.6 seconds. In the final, Sheppard matched Hallows' first round time while Hallows finished in third place at 4:04.0.
2. Georg Hermann Struve, German astronomer (d. 1933) births
  1. Georg Hermann Struve
    
    Georg Otto Hermann Struve was a German astronomer from the Struve family and the son of Hermann Struve.
1885
1. Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, Austrian-Russian general (d. 1921) births
  1. Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
    
    Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr von Ungern-Sternberg, often referred to as Roman von Ungern-Sternberg or Baron Ungern, was an anticommunist general in the Russian Civil War and then an independent warlord who intervened in Mongolia against China. A part of the Russian Empire's Baltic German minority, Ungern was an ultraconservative monarchist who aspired to restore the Russian monarchy after the 1917 Russian Revolutions and to revive the Mongol Empire under the rule of the Bogd Khan. His attraction to Vajrayana Buddhism and his eccentric, often violent, treatment of enemies and his own men earned him the sobriquet "the Mad Baron" or "the Bloody Baron".
1881
1. Jess Willard, American boxer (d. 1968) births
  1. Jess Willard
    
    Jess Myron Willard was an American world heavyweight boxing champion billed as the Pottawatomie Giant who knocked out Jack Johnson in April 1915 for the heavyweight title. Willard was known for size rather than skill, and though held the championship for more than four years, he defended it rarely. In 1919, when he was 37 years of age he lost the title in an extremely one sided loss by declining to come out for the fourth round against Jack Dempsey, who became a more celebrated champion. Soon after the bout Willard began accusing Dempsey of using something with the effect of a knuckle duster. Dempsey did not grant Willard a return match, and at 42 years old he was KO'd, following which he retired from boxing, although for the rest of his life continued claiming Dempsey had cheated. Ferdie Pacheco expressed the opinion in a book that the surviving photographs of Willard's face during the Dempsey fight indicate fractures to Willard's facial bones suggesting a metal implement, and show he was bleeding heavily. The matter has never been resolved, with contemporaneous ringside sports journalist reporting by the NYT that Willard spat out at least one tooth and was "a fountain of blood" increasingly discounted in favor of a view that he had only a cut lip and a little bruising.
1879
1. Billy Mitchell, American general and pilot (d. 1936) births
  1. Billy Mitchell
    
    William Lendrum Mitchell was a United States Army officer who is regarded as the father of the United States Air Force.
1876
1. Pablo Casals, Catalan cellist and conductor (d. 1973) births
  1. Pablo Casals
    
    Pau Casals i Defilló, usually known in English by his Castilian Spanish name Pablo Casals, was a Spanish and Puerto Rican cellist, composer, and conductor. He is generally regarded as the pre-eminent cellist of the first half of the 20th century and one of the greatest cellists of all time. He made many recordings throughout his career of solo, chamber, and orchestral music, including some as conductor, but he is perhaps best remembered for the recordings of the Bach Cello Suites he made from 1936 to 1939. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy.
2. Lionel Tertis, English violist (d. 1975) births
  1. Lionel Tertis
    
    Lionel Tertis, CBE was an English violist. He was one of the first viola players to achieve international fame and a noted teacher.
1874
1. François Brandt, Dutch rower and bishop (d. 1949) births
  1. François Brandt
    
    François Antoine Brandt was a Dutch rower who competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. Brandt was part of the Dutch eight team that won a bronze medal with Hermanus Brockmann as the coxswain. Brockmann also steered the boat of Brandt and Roelof Klein in the coxed pairs semifinal, which they lost to France. The pair realized that the 60 kg weight of Brockmann puts them in disadvantage; they replaced him with a local boy of 33 kg and won the final narrowly beating the French team.
1870
1. Earl Gregg Swem, American historian, bibliographer and librarian (d. 1965) births
  1. Earl Gregg Swem
    
    Earl Gregg Swem was an American historian, bibliographer and librarian. Swem worked at the Library of Congress and Virginia State Library, and for more than two decades was primary librarian at the College of William & Mary, where the Earl Gregg Swem Library was named in his honor.
1859
1. Venustiano Carranza, Mexican soldier and politician, 37th President of Mexico (d. 1920) births
  1. Venustiano Carranza
    
    José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February 1913 right-wing military coup.
  2. President of Mexico
    
    The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.
1857
1. Sydney Young, English chemist (d. 1937) births
  1. Sydney Young (chemist)
    
    Sydney Young, FRS was an English chemist.
1856
1. Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, Dutch-French mathematician and academic (d. 1894) births
  1. Thomas Joannes Stieltjes
    
    Thomas Joannes Stieltjes was a Dutch mathematician. He was a pioneer in the field of moment problems and contributed to the study of continued fractions. The Thomas Stieltjes Institute for Mathematics at Leiden University, dissolved in 2011, was named after him, as is the Riemann–Stieltjes integral.
1855
1. August Kitzberg, Estonian author and poet (d. 1927) births
  1. August Kitzberg
    
    August Kitzberg was an Estonian writer.
1844
1. Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, Indian barrister and first president of Indian National Congress (d. 1906) births
  1. Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
    
    Womesh Chandra Bannerjee was an Indian barrister. He was a co-founder and the first president of Indian National Congress.
  2. Indian National Congress
    
    The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. The Congress led India to independence from the United Kingdom, and significantly influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire.
1825
1. Jacques-Louis David, French painter and illustrator (b. 1748) deaths
  1. Jacques-Louis David
    
    Jacques-Louis David was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s, his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity and severity and heightened feeling, harmonizing with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.
1816
1. Carl Ludwig, German physician and physiologist (d. 1895) births
  1. Carl Ludwig
    
    Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig was a German physician and physiologist. His work as both a researcher and teacher had a major influence on the understanding, methods and apparatus used in almost all branches of physiology.
1815
1. Sarah Baartman, Khoikhoi woman (b. 1789) deaths
  1. Sarah Baartman
    
    Sarah Baartman, also spelt Sara, sometimes in the diminutive form Saartje, or Saartjie, and Bartman, Bartmann, was a Khoikhoi woman who was exhibited as a freak show attraction in 19th-century Europe under the name Hottentot Venus, a name which was later attributed to at least one other woman similarly exhibited. The women were exhibited for their steatopygic body type uncommon in Western Europe which not only was perceived as a curiosity at that time, but became subject of scientific interest as well as of erotic projection.
1811
1. Francisco Palau, Catalan Discalced Carmelite friar and priest (d. 1872) births
  1. Francisco Palau
    
    Francisco Palau y Quer, was a Catalan Discalced Carmelite friar and priest. Growing up in the chaos of the Peninsular War in Spain, he followed both the life of a hermit and of a missionary preacher in the rural regions of Catalonia. He founded the School of Virtue – which was a model of catechetical teaching for adults – in Barcelona. In 1860 he founded a mixed Congregation of Third Order of Discalced Carmelites, including both Brothers and Sisters, in the Balearic Islands. The legacy of this foundation is carried on by two religious congregations of women who serve throughout the world.
1809
1. William Ewart Gladstone, English lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1898) births
  1. William Ewart Gladstone
    
    William Ewart Gladstone was a British statesman and Liberal politician. In a career lasting over 60 years, he served for 12 years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, spread over four non-consecutive terms beginning in 1868 and ending in 1894. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times, serving over 12 years.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1808
1. Andrew Johnson, American general and politician, 17th President of the United States (d. 1875) births
  1. Andrew Johnson
    
    Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
  2. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
1807
1. Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo, Portuguese diplomat and scientist (b. 1750) deaths
  1. Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo
    
    Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo was a Portuguese nobleman, magistrate, diplomat and scientist. A knight of the Order of Malta and a judge by profession, Carvalho e Sampayo became notable as an amateur scientist who authored two important works on the subject of chromatics.
1804
1. John Langdon Sibley, American librarian (d. 1885) births
  1. John Langdon Sibley
    
    John Langdon Sibley was the librarian of Harvard University from 1856 to 1877.
1800
1. Charles Goodyear, American chemist and engineer (d. 1860) births
  1. Charles Goodyear
    
    Charles Goodyear was an American self-taught chemist and manufacturing engineer who developed vulcanized rubber, for which he received patent number 3633 from the United States Patent Office on June 15, 1844.
1796
1. Johann Christian Poggendorff, German physicist and journalist (d. 1877) births
  1. Johann Christian Poggendorff
    
    Johann Christian Poggendorff, was a German physicist born in Hamburg. By far the greater and more important part of his work related to electricity and magnetism. Poggendorff is known for his electrostatic motor which is analogous to Wilhelm Holtz's electrostatic machine. In 1841 he described the use of the potentiometer for measurement of electrical potentials without current draw.
1788
1. Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, Danish antiquarian (d. 1865) births
  1. Christian Jürgensen Thomsen
    
    Christian Jürgensen Thomsen was a Danish antiquarian who developed early archaeological techniques and methods.
1785
1. Johann Heinrich Rolle, German composer (b. 1716) deaths
  1. Johann Heinrich Rolle
    
    Johann Heinrich Rolle was a German baroque composer.
2. Johan Herman Wessel, Norwegian-Danish poet and playwright (b. 1742) deaths
  1. Johan Herman Wessel
    
    Johan Herman Wessel was an 18th-century Danish-Norwegian poet, satirist and playwright. His written work was characterized by the use of parody and satiric wit.
1766
1. Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and the inventor of waterproof fabric (d. 1843) births
  1. Charles Macintosh
    
    Charles Macintosh FRS was a Scottish chemist and the inventor of the modern waterproof raincoat. The Mackintosh raincoat is named after him.
1746
1. Saverio Cassar, Maltese priest and rebel leader (d. 1805) births
  1. Saverio Cassar
    
    Saverio Cassar was a Gozitan priest and patriot, who was Governor-general of an independent Gozo from 1798 to 1801.
1737
1. Joseph Saurin, French minister and mathematician (b. 1659) deaths
  1. Joseph Saurin
    
    Joseph Saurin was a French mathematician and a converted Protestant minister. He was the first to show how the tangents at the multiple points of curves could be determined by mathematical analysis. He was accused in 1712 by Jean-Baptiste Rousseau of being the actual author of defamatory verses that gossip had attributed to Rousseau.
1731
1. Brook Taylor, English mathematician and theorist (b. 1685) deaths
  1. Brook Taylor
    
    Brook Taylor was an English mathematician best known for creating Taylor's theorem and the Taylor series, which are important for their use in mathematical analysis.
1721
1. Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV (d. 1764) births
  1. Madame de Pompadour
    
    Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour, commonly known as Madame de Pompadour, was a member of the French court. She was the official chief mistress of King Louis XV from 1745 to 1751, and remained influential as court favourite until her death.
1720
1. Maria Margaretha Kirch, German astronomer and educator (b. 1670) deaths
  1. Maria Margaretha Kirch
    
    Maria Margaretha Kirch was a German astronomer. She was one of the first famous astronomers of her period due to her writing on the conjunction of the sun with Saturn, Venus, and Jupiter in 1709 and 1712 respectively.
1709
1. Elizabeth Petrovna, Russian empress (d. 1762) births
  1. Elizabeth of Russia
    
    Elizabeth Petrovna, also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, reigned as Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular Russian monarchs because of her decision not to execute a single person during her reign, her numerous construction projects, and her strong opposition to Prussian policies.
1689
1. Thomas Sydenham, English physician and author (b. 1624) deaths
  1. Thomas Sydenham
    
    Thomas Sydenham was an English physician. He was the author of Observationes Medicae which became a standard textbook of medicine for two centuries so that he became known as 'The English Hippocrates'. Among his many achievements was the discovery of a disease, Sydenham's chorea, also known as St Vitus' Dance. To him is attributed the prescient dictum, "A man is as old as his arteries."
1661
1. Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, French poet (b. 1594) deaths
  1. Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant
    
    Antoine Girard, sieur de Saint-Amant was a French poet.
1634
1. John Albert Vasa, Polish cardinal (b. 1612) deaths
  1. John Albert Vasa
    
    John Albert Vasa was a Polish cardinal, and a Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków. He was the son of Sigismund III Vasa and Constance of Austria.
1633
1. Johannes Zollikofer, Swiss vicar (d. 1692) births
  1. Johannes Zollikofer
    
    Johannes Zollikofer was a Swiss reformed vicar.
1606
1. Stephen Bocskai, Prince of Transylvania (b. 1557) deaths
  1. Stephen Bocskai
    
    Stephen Bocskai or Bocskay was Prince of Transylvania and Hungary from 1605 to 1606. He was born to a Hungarian noble family. His father's estates were located in the eastern regions of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, which developed into the Principality of Transylvania in the 1570s. He spent his youth in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian, who was also the ruler of Royal Hungary.
1565
1. Queen Munjeong of Korea (b. 1501) deaths
  1. Queen Munjeong
    
    Queen Munjeong, of the Papyeong Yun clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and third queen consort of Yi Yeok, King Jungjong. She was queen consort of Joseon from 1517 until her husband's death in 1544, after which she was honoured as Queen Dowager Seongryeol (성렬왕대비) during the reign of her step-son, Yi Ho, King Injong. She was honored as Grand Queen Dowager Seongryeol (성렬대왕대비) during the reign of her son, Yi Hwan, King Myeongjong.
1563
1. Sebastian Castellio, French preacher and theologian (b. 1515) deaths
  1. Sebastian Castellio
    
    Sebastian Castellio was a French preacher and theologian; and one of the first Reformed Christian proponents of religious toleration, freedom of conscience and thought.
1550
1. García de Silva Figueroa, Spanish diplomat and traveller (d. 1624) births
  1. García de Silva Figueroa
    
    Don García de Silva Figueroa was a Spanish diplomat, and the first Western traveller to correctly identify the ruins of Takht-e Jamshid in Persia as the location of Persepolis, the ancient capital of the Achaemenid Empire and one of the great cities of antiquity.
2. Bhuvanaikabahu VII, King of Kotte (b. 1468) deaths
  1. Bhuvanaikabahu VII of Kotte
    
    Bhuvanaikabahu VII was King of Kotte in the sixteenth century, who ruled from 1521 to 1551. He was the eldest son of Vijayabahu VII of Kotte, whom he succeeded, and his chief queen Anula Kahatuda. He was born in 1468 and his brothers were Mayadunne of Sitawaka and Rayigam Bandara. After his father married a second time, his new queen brought a son from another relationship called Deva Rajasinghe, who the king intended to pass on the crown to, and Bhuvanaikabahu and his two brothers responded by fleeing the kingdom, and on their return they had an army given by the King of Kandy.
1536
1. Henry VI, German nobleman (d. 1572) births
  1. Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen
    
    Henry VI of Plauen was Burgrave of Meissen, Lord of Plauen and Lord of Schleiz and Lobenstein.
1416
1. Mathew Swetenham, bow bearer of Henry IV deaths
  1. Mathew Swetenham
    
    Mathew Swetenham was Henry IV's bowbearer. He is commemorated by a brass effigy at St. Mary's Church in Blakesley.
  2. Henry IV of England
    
    Henry IV, also known as Henry Bolingbroke, was King of England from 1399 to 1413. He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III, a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France, to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the first English ruler since the Norman Conquest, over three hundred years prior, whose mother tongue was English rather than French.
1380
1. Elizabeth of Poland, queen consort of Hungary (b. 1305) deaths
  1. Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary
    
    Elizabeth of Poland was Queen of Hungary by marriage to Charles I of Hungary, and regent of Poland from 1370 to 1376 during the reign of her son Louis I.
1208
1. Emperor Zhangzong of Jin, (b. 1168) deaths
  1. Emperor Zhangzong of Jin
    
    Emperor Zhangzong of Jin, personal name Madage, sinicized name Wanyan Jing, was the sixth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He reigned from 20 January 1189 to 29 December 1208.
1170
1. Thomas Becket, English archbishop and saint (b. 1118) deaths
  1. Thomas Becket
    
    Thomas Becket, also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London and later Thomas à Becket, was an English nobleman who served as Lord Chancellor from 1155 to 1162, and then notably as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III.
1125
1. Agnes I, Abbess of Quedlinburg (b.c. 1090) deaths
  1. Agnes I, Abbess of Quedlinburg
    
    Agnes I was Abbess of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg.
1019
1. Munjong, Korean ruler (d. 1083) births
  1. Munjong of Goryeo
    
    Munjong of Goryeo was the 11th monarch of the Goryeo Dynasty, who ruled Korea from 1046 to 1083.
765
1. Ali al-Ridha, Arab scholar and imam (d. 818) births
  1. Ali al-Rida
    
    Ali ibn Musa al-Rida, also known as Abū al-Ḥasan al-Thānī, was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the eighth Imam in Twelver Shia Islam, succeeding his father, Musa al-Kazim. He is also part of the chain of mystical authority in Shia Sufi orders. He was known for his piety and learning, and a number of works are attributed to him, including Al-Risala al-Dhahabia, Sahifa al-Rida, and Fiqh al-Rida. Uyun al-Akhbar al-Rida by Ibn Babawayh is a comprehensive collection that includes his religious debates and sayings, biographical details, and even the miracles which have occurred at his tomb.
721
1. Empress Genmei of Japan (b. 660) deaths
  1. Empress Genmei
    
    Empress Genmei , also known as Empress Genmyō, was the 43rd monarch of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Genmei's reign spanned the years 707 through 715 CE.

Holidays

Christian feast day: David, King and prophet (Catholic, Lutheran)
1. David
  
  David was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the third king of the United Kingdom of Israel. In the Books of Samuel, he is described as a young shepherd and harpist who gains fame by slaying Goliath, a champion of the Philistines, in southern Canaan. David becomes a favourite of Saul, the first king of Israel; he also forges a notably close friendship with Jonathan, a son of Saul. However, under the paranoia that David is seeking to usurp the throne, Saul attempts to kill David, forcing the latter to go into hiding and effectively operate as a fugitive for several years. After Saul and Jonathan are both killed in battle against the Philistines, a 30-year-old David is anointed king over all of Israel and Judah. Following his rise to power, David conquers the city of Jerusalem and establishes it as Israel's capital, subsequently taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city to be the central point of worship in the Israelite religion.
2. Catholic Church
  
  The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
3. Lutheranism
  
  Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation. The reaction of the government and church authorities to the international spread of his writings, beginning with the Ninety-five Theses, divided Western Christianity. During the Reformation, Lutheranism became the state religion of numerous states of northern Europe, especially in northern Germany, Scandinavia and the then-Livonian Order. Lutheran clergy became civil servants and the Lutheran churches became part of the state.
Christian feast day: Ebrulf
1. Ebrulf
  
  Ebrulf (517–596) was a Frankish hermit, abbot, and saint.
Christian feast day: Jonathan, Prince of Israel and David's friend.
1. Jonathan (1 Samuel)
  
  Jonathan is a heroic figure in 1 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. A prince of the United Kingdom of Israel, he was the eldest son of King Saul as well as a close friend of David, who eventually succeeded Saul as king.
Christian feast day: Thomas Becket
1. Thomas Becket
  
  Thomas Becket, also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London and later Thomas à Becket, was an English nobleman who served as Lord Chancellor from 1155 to 1162, and then notably as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III.
Christian feast day: Trophimus of Arles
1. Trophimus of Arles
  
  According to Catholic lore, Trophimus of Arles was the first bishop of Arles, in today's southern France.
Christian feast day: December 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. December 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  December 28 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - December 30
Constitution Day (Ireland)
1. Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
  
  These are the public holidays observed in Ireland. Public holidays in Ireland may commemorate a special day or other event, such as Saint Patrick's Day or Christmas Day. On public holidays, most businesses and schools close. Other services, for example, public transport, still operate but often with reduced schedules.
Independence Day (Mongolia)
1. Independence Day (Mongolia)
  
  The Independence Day of Mongolia is the main state holiday in Mongolia. This date is celebrated annually on 29 December. It marks Mongolia's independence from Qing China in 1911. It has been celebrated annually in Mongolia since 2011. Independence Day is also the term used for Constitution Day on November 26.
The fifth day of Christmas (Western Christianity)
1. Twelve Days of Christmas
  
  The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus. In some Western ecclesiastical traditions, "Christmas Day" is considered the "First Day of Christmas" and the Twelve Days are 25 December to 5 January, inclusive, with 6 January being a "thirteenth day" in some traditions and languages. However, 6 January is sometimes considered Twelfth Day/Twelfth Night with the Twelve Days "of" Christmas actually after Christmas Day from 26 December to 6 January. For many Christian denominations—for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church—the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide, but for others, e.g. the Roman Catholic Church, Christmastide lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas.
2. Western Christianity
  
  Western Christianity is one of two sub-divisions of Christianity. Western Christianity is composed of the Latin Church and Western Protestantism, together with their offshoots such as the Old Catholic Church, Independent Catholicism and Restorationism.
The fourth day of Kwanzaa (United States)
1. Kwanzaa
  
  Kwanzaa is an annual celebration of African-American culture from December 26 to January 1, culminating in a communal feast called Karamu, usually on the sixth day. It was created by activist Maulana Karenga, based on African harvest festival traditions from various parts of West and Southeast Africa. Kwanzaa was first celebrated in 1966.

Important events in history on December 29 th

Events

Aden

2020 Petrinja earthquake

Petrinja

Sisak-Moslavina County

Croatia

December 2013 Volgograd bombings

Volgograd railway station

Volgograd

Formula One

List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

Michael Schumacher

Tupolev Tu-204

Red Wings Airlines Flight 9268

M3 highway (Russia)

Vnukovo International Airport

Anglo-American loan

Akkala Sámi

Khmer Rouge

Cambodian genocide

Álvaro Arzú

Rolando Morán

Guatemalan Civil War

Guatemala

Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity

Guatemalan Civil War

Turkish Airlines Flight 278

Boeing 737 Classic

Van Ferit Melen Airport

Van, Turkey

Fernando Collor de Mello

Václav Havel

Czechoslovakia

Nikkei 225

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Japanese asset price bubble

1975 LaGuardia Airport bombing

LaGuardia Airport

1975 LaGuardia Airport bombing

LaGuardia Airport

Eastern Air Lines Flight 401

Lockheed L-1011 TriStar

Everglades

Miami International Airport

Florida

Richard Feynman

There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

California Institute of Technology

Nanotechnology

KC2XAK

Bridgeport, Connecticut

Ultra high frequency

World War II

Luftwaffe

The Blitz

Second Great Fire of London

Second Great Fire of London

Luftwaffe

London

World War II

Irish Free State

Republic of Ireland

Constitution of Ireland

Washington Naval Treaty

London Naval Treaty

Muhammad Iqbal

Allahabad

Two-nation theory

Pakistan

Northern Expedition

National Revolutionary Army

Kuomintang

Republic of China (1912–1949)

Cecil B. DeMille

Hollywood, Los Angeles

The Squaw Man (1914 film)

Sun Yat-sen

President of the Republic of China

Nanjing

Important events in history
on December 29 ^th