Important events in history
on August 7 ^th

Events

2020
1. Air India Express Flight 1344 overshoots the runway at Calicut International Airport in the Malappuram district of Kerala, India, and crashes, killing 21 of the 190 people on board.
  1. Air India Express Flight 1344
    
    Air India Express Flight 1344 was a scheduled international flight on 7 August 2020 from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, to Kozhikode, India, landing at Calicut International Airport. The flight was part of the Vande Bharat Mission to repatriate Indian nationals stranded due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The flight crew aborted two landing attempts because of heavy rain and tailwind. On the third landing attempt, the aircraft touched down on runway 10, but skidded off the end of the tabletop runway and slid down a 9–10.5 m (30–35 ft) slope, killing 19 passengers and both pilots. The four cabin crew members and 165 passengers survived, of whom all but two were injured. This was the second fatal accident involving Air India Express, after the 2010 Mangalore crash.
  2. Calicut International Airport
    
    Calicut International Airport, also known as Karipur Airport or Kozhikode Airport, is an international airport located in Karipur, Malappuram district of Kerala, India. It serves the Malabar region of Kozhikode, Malappuram, Wayanad and Palakkad. It is situated 28 kilometers away from Kozhikode city and 25 kilometers away from Malappuram city. It serves two of the seven metropolitan areas in the state- Kozhikode metropolitan area and Malappuram metropolitan area. The airport opened on 13 April 1988. The airport serves as an operating base for Air India Express and operates Hajj Pilgrimage services to Medina and Jeddah from Kerala. It is the twenty first–busiest airport in India in terms of overall passenger traffic and also the sixth-busiest airport in India after Delhi, Mumbai, Kochi, Chennai and Hyderabad in terms of international traffic. It received international airport status on 2 February 2006. It is one of a few airports in the country with a tabletop runway.
  3. Malappuram district
    
    Malappuram, is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala, with a coastline of 70 km (43 mi). It is the most populous district of Kerala, which is home to around 13% of the total population of the state. The district was formed on 16 June 1969, spanning an area of about 3,554 km2 (1,372 sq mi). It is the third-largest district of Kerala by area, as well as the largest district in the state, bounded by Western Ghats and Arabian Sea to either side. The district is divided into seven Taluks: Eranad, Kondotty, Nilambur, Perinthalmanna, Ponnani, Tirur, and Tirurangadi.
  4. Kerala
    
    Kerala is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Canara, and Thiruvithamkoor. Spread over 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi), Kerala is the 21st largest Indian state by area. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33 million inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the 13th-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.
  5. India
    
    India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
2008
1. The start of the Russo-Georgian War over the territory of South Ossetia.
  1. Russo-Georgian War
    
    The 2008 Russo-Georgian War was a war between Georgia, on one side, and Russia and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, on the other. The war took place in August following a period of worsening relations between Russia and Georgia, both formerly constituent republics of the Soviet Union. The fighting took place in the strategically important South Caucasus region. It is regarded as the first European war of the 21st century.
  2. South Ossetia
    
    South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has an officially stated population of just over 56,500 people (2022), who live in an area of 3,900 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), on the south side of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, with 33,000 living in the capital city, Tskhinvali. Only Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria recognise South Ossetia as a sovereign state. Although Georgia does not control South Ossetia, the Georgian government and the United Nations consider the territory part of Georgia.
2007
1. At AT&T Park, Barry Bonds hits his 756th career home run to surpass Hank Aaron's 33-year-old record.
  1. Oracle Park
    
    Oracle Park is a Major League Baseball stadium in the SoMa neighborhood of San Francisco, California. Since 2000, it has been the home of the San Francisco Giants. Previously named Pacific Bell Park, SBC Park, and AT&T Park, the stadium's current name was purchased by the Oracle Corporation in 2019.
  2. Barry Bonds
    
    Barry Lamar Bonds is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). Bonds was a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1986 to 1992 and the San Francisco Giants from 1993 to 2007. He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time.
  3. Home run
    
    In baseball, a home run is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home plate safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team. A home run is usually achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles without the ball touching the field. Far less common is the "inside-the-park" home run where the batter reaches home safely while the baseball is in play on the field.
  4. Hank Aaron
    
    Henry Louis Aaron, nicknamed "Hammer" or "Hammerin' Hank", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 23 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1954 through 1976. One of the greatest baseball players in history, he spent 21 seasons with the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves in the National League (NL) and two seasons with the Milwaukee Brewers in the American League (AL). At the time of his retirement, Aaron held most of the game's key career power-hitting records. He broke the long-standing MLB record for home runs held by Babe Ruth and remained the career leader for 33 years. He hit 24 or more home runs every year from 1955 through 1973 and is one of only two players to hit 30 or more home runs in a season at least fifteen times.
1999
1. The Chechnya-based Islamic International Brigade invades neighboring Dagestan.
  1. Chechnya
    
    Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, close to the Caspian Sea. The republic forms a part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; with the Russian republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, and North Ossetia-Alania to its east, north, and west; and with Stavropol Krai to its northwest.
  2. Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade
    
    The Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade, also known as the Islamic International Brigade, the Islamic Peacekeeping Army, was the name of an international Islamist mujahideen organization, founded in 1998. IIPB was designated a terrorist entity by the United States in February 2003.
  3. War of Dagestan
    
    The Dagestan War, also known as the Invasion of Militants in Dagestan began when the Chechnya-based Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB), an Islamist group, led by Shamil Basayev, Ibn al-Khattab, Ramzan Akhmadov and Arbi Barayev, invaded the neighboring Russian republic of Dagestan, on 7 August 1999, in support of the Shura of Dagestan separatist rebels. The war ended with a major victory for the Russian Federation and Dagestan Republic, and the retreat of the IIPB. The invasion of Dagestan served as the main casus belli alongside the series of apartment bombings in September 1999 for the Second Chechen War.
  4. Dagestan
    
    Dagestan, officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus, and is a part of the North Caucasian Federal District. The republic is the southernmost tip of Russia, sharing land borders with the countries of Azerbaijan and Georgia to the south and southwest, the Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia to the west and north, and with Stavropol Krai to the northwest. Makhachkala is the republic's capital and largest city; other major cities are Derbent, Kizlyar, Izberbash, Kaspiysk and Buynaksk.
1998
1. Car bombs exploded simultaneously at the American embassies in the East African capital cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya, killing more than 200 people and injuring more than 4,000 others.
  1. 1998 United States embassy bombings
    
    The 1998 United States embassy bombings were attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998. More than 200 people were killed in nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two East African cities, one at the United States Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the other at the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  2. List of diplomatic missions of the United States
    
    The United States has the second most diplomatic missions of any country in the world after Mainland China, including 166 of the 193 member countries of the United Nations, as well as observer state Vatican City and non-member countries Kosovo and Taiwan. It maintains "interest sections" in member states Afghanistan, Iran and Syria.
  3. Dar es Salaam
    
    Dar es Salaam or commonly known as Dar, is the largest city and financial hub of Tanzania. It is also the capital of Dar es Salaam Region. With a population of over six million people, Dar is the largest city in East Africa and the seventh-largest in Africa. Located on the Swahili coast, Dar es Salaam is an important economic centre and is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.
  4. Nairobi
    
    Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The name is derived from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to "place of cool waters", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census, while the metropolitan area has a projected population in 2022 of 10.8 million. The city is commonly referred to as the Green City in the Sun.
2. Bombings at United States embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya kill approximately 212 people.
  1. 1998 United States embassy bombings
    
    The 1998 United States embassy bombings were attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998. More than 200 people were killed in nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two East African cities, one at the United States Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the other at the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  2. Dar es Salaam
    
    Dar es Salaam or commonly known as Dar, is the largest city and financial hub of Tanzania. It is also the capital of Dar es Salaam Region. With a population of over six million people, Dar is the largest city in East Africa and the seventh-largest in Africa. Located on the Swahili coast, Dar es Salaam is an important economic centre and is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.
  3. Nairobi
    
    Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The name is derived from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to "place of cool waters", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census, while the metropolitan area has a projected population in 2022 of 10.8 million. The city is commonly referred to as the Green City in the Sun.
1997
1. Space Shuttle Program: The Space Shuttle Discovery launches on STS-85 from the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
  1. Space Shuttle program
    
    The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official name, Space Transportation System (STS), was taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. It flew 135 missions and carried 355 astronauts from 16 countries, many on multiple trips.
  2. Space Shuttle
    
    The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development. The first (STS-1) of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights (STS-5) beginning in 1982. Five complete Space Shuttle orbiter vehicles were built and flown on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011. They launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), conducted science experiments in orbit, participated in the Shuttle-Mir program with Russia, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The Space Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1,323 days.
  3. Space Shuttle Discovery
    
    Space Shuttle Discovery is one of the orbiters from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built. Its first mission, STS-41-D, flew from August 30 to September 5, 1984. Over 27 years of service it launched and landed 39 times, aggregating more spaceflights than any other spacecraft to date. The Space Shuttle launch vehicle has three main components: the Space Shuttle orbiter, a single-use central fuel tank, and two reusable solid rocket boosters. Nearly 25,000 heat-resistant tiles cover the orbiter to protect it from high temperatures on re-entry.
  4. STS-85
    
    STS-85 was a Space Shuttle Discovery mission to perform multiple space science packages. It was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 7 August 1997. A major experiment was the CRISTA-SPAS free-flyer which had various telescopes on board.
  5. Kennedy Space Center
    
    The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) ten field centers. Since December 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of human spaceflight. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS). The management of the two entities work very closely together, share resources and operate facilities on each other's property.
2. Fine Air Flight 101 crashes after takeoff from Miami International Airport, killing five people.
  1. Fine Air Flight 101
    
    Fine Air Flight 101 was a scheduled cargo flight from Miami International Airport to Las Américas International Airport, operated by McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61F N27UA, that crashed after take-off on August 7, 1997, at Miami International Airport. All 4 people on board and one person on the ground were killed.
  2. Miami International Airport
    
    Miami International Airport, also known as MIA and historically as Wilcox Field, is the primary airport serving the greater Miami metropolitan area with over 1,000 daily flights to 167 domestic and international destinations, including most countries in Latin America. The airport is in an unincorporated area in Miami-Dade County, 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Downtown Miami, in metropolitan Miami, adjacent to the cities of Miami and Miami Springs, and the village of Virginia Gardens. Nearby cities include Hialeah, Doral, and the Census-designated place of Fontainebleau.
1995
1. The Chilean government declares state of emergency in the southern half of the country in response to an event of intense, cold, wind, rain and snowfall known as the White Earthquake.
  1. State of emergency
    
    A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to be able to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state during a natural disaster, civil unrest, armed conflict, medical pandemic or epidemic or other biosecurity risk. Justitium is its equivalent in Roman law—a concept in which the Roman Senate could put forward a final decree that was not subject to dispute yet helped save lives in times of strife.
  2. White Earthquake
    
    The White Earthquake was a climatic event consisting of intense winds, cold, snowfall and rain that occurred through southern Chile in August 1995. 7,176 people were left isolated as result of the heavy snowfall and three died. By August 16 an estimated 176,000 sheep were dead, and 800,000 were in "critical condition". Besides agriculture, the forestry sector was also paralysed. Along Chile Route 9 a number of cars and two buses with passengers were trapped in snow.
1993
1. Ada Deer, a Menominee activist, is sworn in as the head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
  1. Ada Deer
    
    Ada Deer is a member of the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin and a Native American advocate, scholar and civil servant. As an activist she opposed the federal termination of tribes from the 1950s following the bills led by Arthur Vivian Watkins, a Republican senator. During the Clinton Administration, Deer served as Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs.
  2. Menominee
    
    The Menominee are a federally recognized nation of Native Americans. Their land base is the Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin. Their historic territory originally included an estimated 10 million acres (40,000 km2) in present-day Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The tribe currently has about 8,700 members.
  3. Bureau of Indian Affairs
    
    The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and Alaska Natives, and administering and managing over 55,700,000 acres (225,000 km2) of land held in trust by the U.S. federal government for Indian Tribes. It renders services to roughly 2 million indigenous Americans across 574 federally recognized tribes. The BIA is governed by a director and overseen by the assistant secretary for Indian affairs, who answers to the secretary of the interior.
1990
1. First American soldiers arrive in Saudi Arabia as part of the Gulf War.
  1. Gulf War
    
    The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, which began with the aerial bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January 1991 and came to a close with the American-led Liberation of Kuwait on 28 February 1991.
1989
1. U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.
  1. Mickey Leland
    
    George Thomas "Mickey" Leland III was an anti-poverty activist who later became a congressman from the Texas 18th District and chair of the Congressional Black Caucus. He was a Democrat.
  2. Texas
    
    Texas is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population. Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest; and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast.
  3. Aviation accidents and incidents
    
    An aviation accident is defined by the Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place from the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until all such persons have disembarked, and in which a) a person is fatally or seriously injured, b) the aircraft sustains significant damage or structural failure, or c) the aircraft goes missing or becomes completely inaccessible. Annex 13 defines an aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects or could affect the safety of operation.
  4. Ethiopia
    
    Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres. As of 2022, it is home to around 113.5 million inhabitants, making it the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa after Nigeria. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
1987
1. Lynne Cox became the first person to swim between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, crossing from Little Diomede to Big Diomede in the Bering Strait in 2 hours and 5 minutes.
  1. Lynne Cox
    
    Lynne Cox is an American long-distance open-water swimmer, writer and speaker. She is best known for being the first person to swim between the United States and the Soviet Union, in the Bering Strait, a feat which has been recognized for easing the Cold War tensions between US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
  2. Little Diomede Island
    
    Little Diomede Island or “Yesterday Isle” is an island of Alaska, United States. It is the smaller of the two Diomede Islands located in the middle of the Bering Strait between the Alaska mainland and Siberia.
  3. Big Diomede
    
    Big Diomede Island is the western island of the two Diomede Islands in the middle of the Bering Strait. The island is a part of the Chukotsky District of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The border separating Russia and the United States runs north–south between the Diomede Islands.
  4. Bering Strait
    
    The Bering Strait is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska. The present Russia-United States maritime boundary is at 168° 58' 37" W longitude, slightly south of the Arctic Circle at about 65° 40' N latitude. The Strait is named after Vitus Bering, a Danish explorer in the service of the Russian Empire.
2. Cold War: Lynne Cox becomes the first person to swim from the United States to the Soviet Union, crossing the Bering Strait from Little Diomede Island in Alaska to Big Diomede in the Soviet Union.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Lynne Cox
    
    Lynne Cox is an American long-distance open-water swimmer, writer and speaker. She is best known for being the first person to swim between the United States and the Soviet Union, in the Bering Strait, a feat which has been recognized for easing the Cold War tensions between US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
  3. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  4. Bering Strait
    
    The Bering Strait is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska. The present Russia-United States maritime boundary is at 168° 58' 37" W longitude, slightly south of the Arctic Circle at about 65° 40' N latitude. The Strait is named after Vitus Bering, a Danish explorer in the service of the Russian Empire.
  5. Little Diomede Island
    
    Little Diomede Island or “Yesterday Isle” is an island of Alaska, United States. It is the smaller of the two Diomede Islands located in the middle of the Bering Strait between the Alaska mainland and Siberia.
  6. Big Diomede
    
    Big Diomede Island is the western island of the two Diomede Islands in the middle of the Bering Strait. The island is a part of the Chukotsky District of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The border separating Russia and the United States runs north–south between the Diomede Islands.
1985
1. Five members of the Bamber family were found murdered at a farmhouse in Tolleshunt D'Arcy, England.
  1. White House Farm murders
    
    The White House Farm murders took place near the village of Tolleshunt D'Arcy, Essex, England, United Kingdom, during the night of 6–7 August 1985. Nevill and June Bamber were shot and killed inside their farmhouse at White House Farm along with their adopted daughter, Sheila Caffell, and Sheila's six-year-old twin sons, Daniel and Nicholas Caffell. The only surviving member of June and Nevill's immediate family was their adopted son, Jeremy Bamber, then 24 years old, who said he had been at home a few miles away when the shooting took place.
  2. Tolleshunt D'Arcy
    
    Tolleshunt D'Arcy is a small village situated on the Blackwater estuary, about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Colchester, 18.6 miles (30 km) east of Chelmsford and 29.6 miles (48 km) north of Southend-on-Sea, in the county of Essex in the East of England.
2. Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai are chosen to be Japan's first astronauts.
  1. Takao Doi
    
    Takao Doi is a Japanese astronaut, engineer and veteran of two NASA Space Shuttle missions.
  2. Mamoru Mohri
    
    Mamoru "Mark" Mohri , AM is a Japanese scientist, a former NASDA astronaut, and a veteran of two NASA Space Shuttle missions. He is the first Japanese astronaut who was part of an official Japanese space program. The first Japanese person in space, Toyohiro Akiyama, was a journalist who was trained in the Soviet Union.
  3. Chiaki Mukai
    
    Chiaki Mukai is a Japanese physician and JAXA astronaut. She was the first Japanese woman in space, the first Japanese citizen to have two spaceflights, and the first Asian woman in space. Both were Space Shuttle missions; her first was STS-65 aboard Space Shuttle Columbia in July 1994, which was a Spacelab mission. Her second spaceflight was STS-95 aboard Space Shuttle Discovery in 1998. In total she has spent 23 days in space.
  4. Astronaut
    
    An astronaut is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.
1981
1. The Washington Star ceases all operations after 128 years of publication.
  1. The Washington Star
    
    The Washington Star, previously known as the Washington Star-News and the Washington Evening Star, was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C., between 1852 and 1981. The Sunday edition was known as the Sunday Star. The paper was renamed several times before becoming Washington Star by the late 1970s. For most of that time, it was the city's newspaper of record, and the longtime home to columnist Mary McGrory and cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman. On August 7, 1981, after 128 years, the Washington Star ceased publication and filed for bankruptcy. In the bankruptcy sale, The Washington Post purchased the land and buildings owned by the Star, including its printing presses.
1978
1. U.S. President Jimmy Carter declares a federal emergency at Love Canal due to toxic waste that had been disposed of negligently.
  1. Jimmy Carter
    
    James Earl Carter Jr. is an American former politician who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 and as a Georgia state senator from 1963 to 1967. Since leaving office, Carter has remained engaged in political and social projects, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his humanitarian work.
  2. Love Canal
    
    Love Canal is a neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, United States, infamous as the location of a 0.28 km2 (0.11 sq mi) landfill that became the site of an enormous environmental disaster in the 1970s. Decades of dumping toxic chemicals harmed the health of hundreds of residents; the area was cleaned up over the course of 21 years in a Superfund operation.
  3. Toxic waste
    
    Toxic waste is any unwanted material in all forms that can cause harm. Mostly generated by industry, consumer products like televisions, computers and phones contain toxic chemicals that can pollute the air and contaminate soil and water. Disposing of such waste is a major public health issue.
1976
1. Viking program: Viking 2 enters orbit around Mars.
  1. Viking program
    
    The Viking program consisted of a pair of identical American space probes, Viking 1 and Viking 2, which landed on Mars in 1976. Each spacecraft was composed of two main parts: an orbiter designed to photograph the surface of Mars from orbit, and a lander designed to study the planet from the surface. The orbiters also served as communication relays for the landers once they touched down.
  2. Viking 2
    
    The Viking 2 mission was part of the American Viking program to Mars, and consisted of an orbiter and a lander essentially identical to that of the Viking 1 mission. Viking 2 was operational on Mars for 1281 sols. The Viking 2 lander operated on the surface for 1316 days, or 1281 sols, and was turned off on April 12, 1980, when its batteries failed. The orbiter worked until July 25, 1978, returning almost 16,000 images in 706 orbits around Mars.
  3. Mars
    
    Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, and has a crust primarily composed of elements similar to Earth's crust, as well as a core made of iron and nickel. Mars has surface features such as impact craters, valleys, dunes and polar ice caps. It has two small and irregularly shaped moons, Phobos and Deimos.
1974
1. Philippe Petit performs a high wire act between the twin towers of the World Trade Center 1,368 feet (417 m) in the air.
  1. Philippe Petit
    
    Philippe Petit is a French high-wire artist who gained fame for his unauthorized high-wire walks between the towers of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris in 1971 and of Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1973, as well as between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City on the morning of 7 August 1974. For his unauthorized feat 400 metres above the ground – which he referred to as "le coup" – he rigged a 200-kilogram (440-pound) cable and used a custom-made 8-metre (30-foot) long, 25-kilogram (55-pound) balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire.
  2. World Trade Center (1973–2001)
    
    The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center, 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.
1970
1. Jonathan Jackson kidnapped Harold Haley, a judge in Marin County, California, to coerce the release of the Soledad Brothers, including Jackson's brother George.
  1. Jonathan P. Jackson
    
    Jonathan Peter Jackson was an American youth, who died of gunshot wounds suffered during his armed invasion of a California courthouse. At age 17, Jackson stormed the Marin County Courthouse with automatic weapons, kidnapping Superior Court Judge Harold Haley, prosecutor Gary Thomas, and three jurors. Escaping with the hostages, Jackson demanded the Soledad Brothers' immediate release from prison. The Soledad Brothers, a group of African American inmates facing charges for allegedly throwing a white prison guard to his death at San Quentin, included Jackson's elder brother George Jackson. None of the Soledad defendants were at the courthouse on the day of the attack.
  2. Marin County Civic Center attacks
    
    The Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael, California, United States was the target of two related domestic terrorist attacks in 1970, tied to escalating racial tensions in the state's criminal justice system. On August 7, 17-year-old Jonathan P. Jackson attempted to coerce the release of the Soledad Brothers by kidnapping Superior Court judge Harold Haley from the Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael, California. As the kidnappers attempted to leave with five hostages by car, one of them fired at police, causing a shootout that left four people dead, including Jonathan Jackson. Judge Haley, who had a shotgun taped to his neck, was also killed. Three others were wounded. The event received intense media coverage, as did the subsequent manhunt and trial of Angela Davis, an ousted professor from UCLA with connections to George and Jonathan Jackson, and the Black Panthers. Davis owned the weapons used in the incident but stated that she had no knowledge of its happening. On October 8 of that year, the Weathermen detonated explosives in support of the earlier incident.
  3. Harold Haley
    
    Harold Joseph Haley was an American judge. He was a Superior Court judge in Marin County, California. He was taken hostage in his courtroom, along with several others, during the course of a trial, and was killed during the attempted escape of his captors with their hostages.
  4. Marin County, California
    
    Marin County is a county located in the northwestern part of the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 262,231. Its county seat and largest city is San Rafael. Marin County is across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco, and is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
  5. Soledad Brothers
    
    The Soledad Brothers were three inmates charged with the murder of a prison guard, John Vincent Mills, at California's Soledad Prison on January 16, 1970. George Jackson, Fleeta Drumgo, and John Clutchette were alleged to have murdered Mills in retaliation for the shooting deaths of three black prisoners during a prison fight in the exercise yard three days prior by another guard, Opie G. Miller. Clutchette and Drumgo were acquitted by a jury while Jackson was killed in a prison riot prior to trial.
  6. George Jackson (activist)
    
    George Lester Jackson was an American author, activist and prisoner. While serving an indeterminate sentence for the armed robbery of a gas station in 1961, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity and co-founded the prison gang Black Guerrilla Family.
2. California judge Harold Haley is taken hostage in his courtroom and killed during an effort to free George Jackson from police custody.
  1. Harold Haley
    
    Harold Joseph Haley was an American judge. He was a Superior Court judge in Marin County, California. He was taken hostage in his courtroom, along with several others, during the course of a trial, and was killed during the attempted escape of his captors with their hostages.
  2. George Jackson (activist)
    
    George Lester Jackson was an American author, activist and prisoner. While serving an indeterminate sentence for the armed robbery of a gas station in 1961, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity and co-founded the prison gang Black Guerrilla Family.
1969
1. Richard Nixon appoints Luis R. Bruce, a Mohawk-Oglala Sioux and co-founder of the National Congress of American Indians, as the new commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
  1. Richard Nixon
    
    Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
  2. Mohawk people
    
    The Mohawk people are the most easterly section of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy. They are an Iroquoian-speaking Indigenous people of North America, with communities in southeastern Canada and northern New York State, primarily around Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. As one of the five original members of the Iroquois League, the Kanienʼkehá꞉ka are known as the Keepers of the Eastern Door – the traditional guardians of the Iroquois Confederation against invasions from the east.
  3. Oglala
    
    The Oglala are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States.
  4. National Congress of American Indians
    
    The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entities. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized Indian tribes.
  5. Bureau of Indian Affairs
    
    The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and Alaska Natives, and administering and managing over 55,700,000 acres (225,000 km2) of land held in trust by the U.S. federal government for Indian Tribes. It renders services to roughly 2 million indigenous Americans across 574 federally recognized tribes. The BIA is governed by a director and overseen by the assistant secretary for Indian affairs, who answers to the secretary of the interior.
1964
1. Vietnam War: The U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on American forces.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  3. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
    
    The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Southeast Asia Resolution, Pub.L. 88–408, 78 Stat. 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
  4. Lyndon B. Johnson
    
    Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy, and was sworn in shortly after Kennedy's assassination. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. senator and the Senate's majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level.
  5. North Vietnam
    
    North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a socialist state supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976 and was recognized in 1954. Both the North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese states ceased to exist when they unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
1962
1. Canadian-born American pharmacologist Frances Oldham Kelsey is awarded the U.S. President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service for her refusal to authorize thalidomide.
  1. Frances Oldham Kelsey
    
    Frances Kathleen Kelsey was a Canadian-American pharmacologist and physician. As a reviewer for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), she refused to authorize thalidomide for market because she had concerns about the lack of evidence regarding the drug's safety. Her concerns proved to be justified when it was shown that thalidomide caused serious birth defects. Kelsey's career intersected with the passage of laws strengthening FDA oversight of pharmaceuticals. Kelsey was the second woman to receive the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service, awarded to her by John F. Kennedy in 1962.
  2. Thalidomide
    
    Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is a medication used to treat a number of cancers, graft-versus-host disease, and a number of skin conditions including complications of leprosy. While it has been used in a number of HIV-associated conditions, such use is associated with increased levels of the virus. It is taken by mouth.
1960
1. Ivory Coast becomes independent from France.
  1. Ivory Coast
    
    Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Christianity, Islam, and indigenous faiths.
1959
1. Explorer program: Explorer 6 launches from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
  1. Explorers Program
    
    The Explorers program is a NASA exploration program that provides flight opportunities for physics, geophysics, heliophysics, and astrophysics investigations from space. Launched in 1958, Explorer 1 was the first spacecraft of the United States to achieve orbit. Over 90 space missions have been launched since. Starting with Explorer 6, it has been operated by NASA, with regular collaboration with a variety of other institutions, including many international partners.
  2. Explorer 6
    
    Explorer 6, or S-2, was a NASA satellite, launched on 7 August 1959, at 14:24:20 GMT. It was a small, spheroidal satellite designed to study trapped radiation of various energies, galactic cosmic rays, geomagnetism, radio propagation in the upper atmosphere, and the flux of micrometeorites. It also tested a scanning device designed for photographing the Earth's cloud cover. On 14 August 1959, Explorer 6 took the first photos of Earth from a satellite.
  3. Eastern Range
    
    The Eastern Range (ER) is an American rocket range (Spaceport) that supports missile and rocket launches from the two major launch heads located at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida. The range has also supported Ariane launches from the Guiana Space Centre as well as launches from the Wallops Flight Facility and other lead ranges. The range also uses instrumentation operated by NASA at Wallops and KSC.
  4. Cape Canaveral, Florida
    
    Cape Canaveral is a city in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 9,912 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area.
1947
1. Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft, the Kon-Tiki, smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101-day, 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) journey across the Pacific Ocean in an attempt to prove that pre-historic peoples could have traveled from South America.
  1. Thor Heyerdahl
    
    Thor Heyerdahl KStJ was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography.
  2. Ochroma
    
    Ochroma pyramidale, commonly known as the balsa tree, is a large, fast-growing tree native to the Americas. It is the sole member of the genus Ochroma. The tree is famous for its wide usage in woodworking, with the name balsa being the Spanish word for "raft."
  3. Kon-Tiki expedition
    
    The Kon-Tiki expedition was a 1947 journey by raft across the Pacific Ocean from South America to the Polynesian islands, led by Norwegian explorer and writer Thor Heyerdahl. The raft was named Kon-Tiki after the Inca god Viracocha, for whom "Kon-Tiki" was said to be an old name. Kon-Tiki is also the name of Heyerdahl's book, the Academy Award–winning 1950 documentary film chronicling his adventures, and the 2012 dramatized feature film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
  4. Reef
    
    A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral or similar relatively stable material, lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water. Many reefs result from natural, abiotic processes—deposition of sand, wave erosion planing down rock outcrops, etc.—but there are also reefs such as the coral reefs of tropical waters formed by biotic processes dominated by corals and coralline algae, and artificial reefs such as shipwrecks and other anthropogenic underwater structures may occur intentionally or as the result of an accident, and sometimes have a designed role in enhancing the physical complexity of featureless sand bottoms, to attract a more diverse assemblage of organisms. Reefs are often quite near to the surface, but not all definitions require this.
  5. Raroia
    
    Raroia, or Raro-nuku, is an atoll of the Tuamotus chain in French Polynesia, located 740 km northeast of Tahiti and 6 km southwest of Takume. Administratively it is a part of the commune of Makemo.
  6. Tuamotus
    
    The Tuamotu Archipelago or the Tuamotu Islands are a French Polynesian chain of just under 80 islands and atolls in the southern Pacific Ocean. They constitute the largest chain of atolls in the world, extending over an area roughly the size of Western Europe. Their combined land area is 850 square kilometres. This archipelago's major islands are Anaa, Fakarava, Hao and Makemo.
2. The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST).
  1. Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
    
    The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, also known as the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), is the governing civic body of Mumbai, the capital city of Maharashtra. It is India's richest municipal corporation. The BMC's annual budget exceeds that of some of India's smaller states. It was established under the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act 1888. BMC is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city and some suburbs. Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation has been formed with functions to improve the infrastructure of town.
  2. Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport
    
    The Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport Undertaking (BEST) is a civic transport and electricity provider public body based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was originally set up in 1873 as a tramway company called "Bombay Tramway Company Limited". The company set up a captive thermal power station at the Wadi bunder in November 1905 to generate electricity for its trams and positioned it to also supply electricity to the city and re-branded itself to "Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways (BEST)" Company. In 1926, BEST also became an operator of motor buses. In 1947, the BEST became an undertaking of the Municipal Corporation and rebranded itself to "Bombay Electric Supply & Transport (BEST)". In 1995 the organisation was renamed to "Brihanmumbai Electric Supply & Transport (BEST)" alongside Mumbai. It now operates as an autonomous body under the Municipal Corporation.
1946
1. The Soviet Union informed Turkey that the way in which the latter was handling the Turkish Straits no longer represented the security interests of its fellow Black Sea nations, escalating the Turkish Straits crisis.
  1. Turkish straits
    
    The Turkish straits are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey. The straits create a series of international passages that connect the Aegean and Mediterranean seas to the Black Sea. They consist of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus. The straits are on opposite ends of the Sea of Marmara. The straits and the Sea of Marmara are part of the sovereign sea territory of Turkey and subject to the regime of internal waters.
  2. Black Sea
    
    The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube, Dnieper, and Don. Consequently, while six countries have a coastline on the sea, its drainage basin includes parts of 24 countries in Europe.
  3. Turkish straits crisis
    
    The Turkish Straits crisis was a Cold War-era territorial conflict between the Soviet Union and Turkey. Turkey had remained officially neutral throughout most of the Second World War. After the war ended, Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to institute joint military control of passage through Turkish Straits, which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. When the Turkish government refused, tensions in the region rose, leading to a Soviet show of force and demands for territorial concessions along the Georgia–Turkey border.
2. The government of the Soviet Union presented a note to its Turkish counterparts which refuted the latter's sovereignty over the Turkish Straits, thus beginning the Turkish Straits crisis.
  1. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  2. Turkey
    
    Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. It shares borders with the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest. Cyprus is located off the south coast. Turks form the vast majority of the nation's population and Kurds are the largest minority. Ankara is Turkey's capital, while Istanbul is its largest city and financial centre.
  3. Turkish straits
    
    The Turkish straits are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey. The straits create a series of international passages that connect the Aegean and Mediterranean seas to the Black Sea. They consist of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus. The straits are on opposite ends of the Sea of Marmara. The straits and the Sea of Marmara are part of the sovereign sea territory of Turkey and subject to the regime of internal waters.
  4. Turkish straits crisis
    
    The Turkish Straits crisis was a Cold War-era territorial conflict between the Soviet Union and Turkey. Turkey had remained officially neutral throughout most of the Second World War. After the war ended, Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to institute joint military control of passage through Turkish Straits, which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. When the Turkish government refused, tensions in the region rose, leading to a Soviet show of force and demands for territorial concessions along the Georgia–Turkey border.
1944
1. IBM presented the first program-controlled calculator to Harvard University, after which it became known as the Mark I.
  1. IBM
    
    The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 171 countries. The company began in 1911, founded in Endicott, New York, by trust businessman Charles Ranlett Flint, as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) and was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924. IBM is incorporated in New York.
  2. Programmable calculator
    
    Programmable calculators are calculators that can automatically carry out a sequence of operations under control of a stored program. Most are Turing complete, and, as such, are theoretically general-purpose computers. However, their user interfaces and programming environments are specifically tailored to make performing small-scale numerical computations convenient, rather than general-purpose use.
  3. Harvard University
    
    Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious and highly ranked universities in the world.
  4. Harvard Mark I
    
    The Harvard Mark I, or IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), was a general-purpose electromechanical computer used in the war effort during the last part of World War II.
2. IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).
  1. IBM
    
    The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 171 countries. The company began in 1911, founded in Endicott, New York, by trust businessman Charles Ranlett Flint, as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) and was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924. IBM is incorporated in New York.
  2. Calculator
    
    An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.
  3. Harvard Mark I
    
    The Harvard Mark I, or IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), was a general-purpose electromechanical computer used in the war effort during the last part of World War II.
1942
1. World War II: U.S. Marines initiated the first American offensive of the Guadalcanal campaign, with landings on Tulagi (pictured), Gavutu–Tanambogo and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. United States Marine Corps
    
    The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through combined arms, implementing its own infantry, artillery, aerial, and special operations forces. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.
  3. Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo
    
    The Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, between the forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied ground forces. It took place from 7–9 August 1942 on the Solomon Islands, during the initial Allied landings in the Guadalcanal campaign.
  4. Guadalcanal campaign
    
    The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was the first major land offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.
  5. Tulagi
    
    Tulagi, less commonly known as Tulaghi, is a small island—5.5 by 1 kilometre, area 2.08 square kilometres (0.80 sq mi)—in Solomon Islands, just off the south coast of Ngella Sule. The town of the same name on the island was the capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate from 1896 to 1942 and is today the capital of the Central Province. The capital of what is now the state of Solomon Islands moved to Honiara, Guadalcanal, after World War II.
  6. Gavutu
    
    Gavutu is a small islet in the Central Province of the Solomon Islands, some 500 metres in length. It is one of the Nggela Islands.
  7. Tanambogo
    
    Tanambogo is an islet in the Central Province of the Solomon Islands. It is one of the Florida Islands.
  8. Guadalcanal
    
    Guadalcanal is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. It is the largest island in the Solomon Islands by area, and the second by population. The island is mainly covered in dense tropical rainforest and has a mountainous hinterland.
2. World War II: The Battle of Guadalcanal begins as the United States Marines initiate the first American offensive of the war with landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Guadalcanal campaign
    
    The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was the first major land offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.
  3. United States Marine Corps
    
    The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through combined arms, implementing its own infantry, artillery, aerial, and special operations forces. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.
  4. Guadalcanal
    
    Guadalcanal is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. It is the largest island in the Solomon Islands by area, and the second by population. The island is mainly covered in dense tropical rainforest and has a mountainous hinterland.
  5. Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo
    
    The Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, between the forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied ground forces. It took place from 7–9 August 1942 on the Solomon Islands, during the initial Allied landings in the Guadalcanal campaign.
  6. Solomon Islands
    
    Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu. It has a land area of 28,400 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi), and a population of about 700,000. Its capital, Honiara, is located on the largest island, Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands, but excludes outlying islands, such as the Santa Cruz Islands and Rennell and Bellona.
1933
1. The Kingdom of Iraq slaughters over 3,000 Assyrians in the village of Simele. This date is recognized as Martyrs Day or National Day of Mourning by the Assyrian community in memory of the Simele massacre.
  1. Kingdom of Iraq
    
    The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was a state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958.
  2. Simele massacre
    
    The Simele massacre, also known as the Assyrian affair, was committed by the Kingdom of Iraq, led by Bakr Sidqi, during a campaign systematically targeting the Assyrians in and around Simele in August 1933. An estimated 600 to 6,000 Assyrians were killed and over 100 Assyrian villages were destroyed and looted.
1930
1. The last confirmed lynching of black people in the Northern United States occurs in Marion, Indiana; two men, Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, are killed.
  1. Lynching
    
    Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, punish a convicted transgressor, or intimidate people. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle for maximum intimidation. Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in every society.
  2. Marion, Indiana
    
    Marion is a city in Grant County, Indiana, United States. The population was 29,948 as of the 2010 United States Census. The city is the county seat of Grant County. It is named for Francis Marion, a brigadier general from South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War.
  3. Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
    
    J. Thomas Shipp and Abraham S. Smith were young African-American men who were murdered in a spectacle lynching by a mob of thousands on August 7, 1930, in Marion, Indiana. They were taken from jail cells, beaten, and hanged from a tree in the county courthouse square. They had been arrested that night as suspects in a robbery, murder and rape case. A third African-American suspect, 16-year-old James Cameron, had also been arrested and narrowly escaped being killed by the mob; an unknown woman and a local sports hero intervened, and he was returned to jail. Cameron later stated that Shipp and Smith had committed the murder but that he had run away before that event.
1927
1. The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York.
  1. Peace Bridge
    
    The Peace Bridge is an international bridge between Canada and the United States at the east end of Lake Erie at the source of the Niagara River, about 20 kilometres (12.4 mi) upriver of Niagara Falls. It connects Buffalo, New York, in the United States to Fort Erie, Ontario, in Canada. It is operated and maintained by the binational Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority.
  2. Fort Erie, Ontario
    
    Fort Erie is a town on the Niagara River in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. It is directly across the river from Buffalo, New York, and is the site of Old Fort Erie which played a prominent role in the War of 1812.
  3. Buffalo, New York
    
    Buffalo is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the seat of Erie County. It is at the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the head of the Niagara River, and is across the Canadian border from Southern Ontario. With a population of 278,349 according to the 2020 census, Buffalo is the 78th-largest city in the United States. The city and nearby Niagara Falls together make up the two-county Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which had an estimated population of 1.1 million in 2020, making it the 49th largest MSA in the United States. Buffalo is in Western New York, which is the largest population and economic center between Boston and Cleveland.
1914
1. The Battle of Mulhouse began with France's first attack of World War I in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the region of Alsace from Germany.
  1. Battle of Mulhouse
    
    The Battle of Mulhouse, also called the Battle of Alsace, which began on 7 August 1914, was the opening attack of the First World War by the French Army against Germany. The battle was part of a French attempt to recover the province of Alsace, which France had ceded to the new German Empire following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. The French occupied Mulhouse on 8 August and were then forced out by German counter-attacks on 10 August. The French retired to Belfort, where General Louis Bonneau, the VII Corps commander, was sacked along with the commander of the 8th Cavalry Division. Events further north led to the German XIV and XV corps being moved away from Belfort and a second French offensive by the French VII Corps, reinforced and renamed the French Army of Alsace, began on 14 August.
  2. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  3. Alsace
    
    Alsace is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland. In 2020, it had a population of 1,898,533. Alsatian culture is characterized by a blend of Germanic and French influences.
1909
1. Fifty-nine days after leaving New York City with three passengers, Alice Huyler Ramsey arrived in San Francisco to become the first woman to drive an automobile across the contiguous United States.
  1. Alice Huyler Ramsey
    
    Alice Huyler Ramsey was the first woman to drive an automobile across the United States from coast to coast, a feat she completed on August 7, 1909.
  2. San Francisco
    
    San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17th most populous in the United States, with 815,201 residents as of 2021. It covers a land area of 46.9 square miles, at the end of the San Francisco Peninsula, making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city after New York City, and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs. Among the 331 U.S. cities proper with more than 100,000 residents, San Francisco was ranked first by per capita income and fifth by aggregate income as of 2019. Colloquial nicknames for San Francisco include SF, San Fran, The City, Frisco, and Baghdad by the Bay.
  3. Contiguous United States
    
    The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states and the Federal District of the United States of America. The term excludes the only two non-contiguous states, Alaska and Hawaii, and all other offshore insular areas, such as American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The colloquial term "Lower 48", is used also, especially in relation to just Alaska.
2. Alice Huyler Ramsey and three friends become the first women to complete a transcontinental auto trip, taking 59 days to travel from New York, New York to San Francisco, California.
  1. Alice Huyler Ramsey
    
    Alice Huyler Ramsey was the first woman to drive an automobile across the United States from coast to coast, a feat she completed on August 7, 1909.
  2. New York City
    
    New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States, and is more than twice as populous as second-place Los Angeles. New York City lies at the southern tip of New York State, and constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.
  3. San Francisco
    
    San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17th most populous in the United States, with 815,201 residents as of 2021. It covers a land area of 46.9 square miles, at the end of the San Francisco Peninsula, making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city after New York City, and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs. Among the 331 U.S. cities proper with more than 100,000 residents, San Francisco was ranked first by per capita income and fifth by aggregate income as of 2019. Colloquial nicknames for San Francisco include SF, San Fran, The City, Frisco, and Baghdad by the Bay.
1890
1. Anna Månsdotter, found guilty of the 1889 Yngsjö murder, became the last woman to be executed in Sweden.[better source needed]
  1. Yngsjö murder
    
    The Yngsjö murder is the common name of one of Sweden's most notorious murder cases, which occurred on March 28, 1889 in Yngsjö, Skåne.
  2. Wikipedia:Verifiability
1858
1. The first Australian rules football match is played between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College.
  1. Australian rules football
    
    Australian football, also called Australian rules football or Aussie rules, or more simply football or footy, is a contact sport played between two teams of 18 players on an oval field, often a modified cricket ground. Points are scored by kicking the oval ball between the central goal posts, or between a central and outer post.
  2. Melbourne Grammar School
    
    Melbourne Grammar School is an Australian independent Anglican day and boarding school. It comprises a co-educational preparatory school from Prep to Year 6 and a middle school and senior school for boys from Years 7 to 12. The three campuses are Grimwade House in Caulfield, Wadhurst and Senior School, both in the suburb of South Yarra.
1819
1. Simón Bolívar triumphs over Spain in the Battle of Boyacá.
  1. Simón Bolívar
    
    Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire. He is known colloquially as El Libertador, or the Liberator of America.
  2. Battle of Boyacá
    
    The Battle of Boyacá (1819), was the decisive battle that ensured the success of Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada. The battle of Boyaca is considered the beginning of the independence of the north of South America, and is considered important because it led to the victories of the battle of Carabobo in Venezuela, Pichincha in Ecuador, and Junín and Ayacucho in Peru.
1794
1. U.S. president George Washington invoked the Militia Acts of 1792 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
  1. George Washington
    
    George Washington was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as the president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created the Constitution of the United States and the American federal government. Washington has been called the "Father of his Country" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country.
  2. Militia Acts of 1792
    
    Two Militia Acts were enacted by the 2nd United States Congress in 1792 that provided for the organization of militias and empowered the President of the United States to take command of the state militias in times of imminent invasion or insurrection.
  3. Whiskey Rebellion
    
    The Whiskey Rebellion was a violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. Beer was difficult to transport and spoiled more easily than rum and whiskey. Rum distillation in the United States had been disrupted during the American Revolutionary War, and whiskey distribution and consumption increased afterwards. The "whiskey tax" became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. The tax applied to all distilled spirits, but consumption of American whiskey was rapidly expanding in the late 18th century, so the excise became widely known as a "whiskey tax". Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye, barley, wheat, corn, or fermented grain mixtures to make whiskey. These farmers resisted the tax. In these regions, whiskey often served as a medium of exchange. Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution, in particular against taxation without local representation, while the federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of Congressional taxation powers.
  4. Western Pennsylvania
    
    Western Pennsylvania is a region in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, covering the western third of the state. Pittsburgh is the region's principal city, with a metropolitan area population of about 2.4 million people, and serves as its economic and cultural center. Erie, Altoona, and Johnstown are its other metropolitan centers. As of the 2010 census, Western Pennsylvania's total population is nearly 4 million.
2. U.S. President George Washington invokes the Militia Acts of 1792 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
  1. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  2. Militia Acts of 1792
    
    Two Militia Acts were enacted by the 2nd United States Congress in 1792 that provided for the organization of militias and empowered the President of the United States to take command of the state militias in times of imminent invasion or insurrection.
  3. Whiskey Rebellion
    
    The Whiskey Rebellion was a violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. Beer was difficult to transport and spoiled more easily than rum and whiskey. Rum distillation in the United States had been disrupted during the American Revolutionary War, and whiskey distribution and consumption increased afterwards. The "whiskey tax" became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. The tax applied to all distilled spirits, but consumption of American whiskey was rapidly expanding in the late 18th century, so the excise became widely known as a "whiskey tax". Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye, barley, wheat, corn, or fermented grain mixtures to make whiskey. These farmers resisted the tax. In these regions, whiskey often served as a medium of exchange. Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution, in particular against taxation without local representation, while the federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of Congressional taxation powers.
  4. Western Pennsylvania
    
    Western Pennsylvania is a region in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, covering the western third of the state. Pittsburgh is the region's principal city, with a metropolitan area population of about 2.4 million people, and serves as its economic and cultural center. Erie, Altoona, and Johnstown are its other metropolitan centers. As of the 2010 census, Western Pennsylvania's total population is nearly 4 million.
1791
1. American troops destroy the Miami town of Kenapacomaqua near the site of present-day Logansport, Indiana in the Northwest Indian War.
  1. Miami people
    
    The Miami are a Native American nation originally speaking one of the Algonquian languages. Among the peoples known as the Great Lakes tribes, they occupied territory that is now identified as North-central Indiana, southwest Michigan, and western Ohio. The Miami were historically made up of several prominent subgroups, including the Piankeshaw, Wea, Pepikokia, Kilatika, Mengakonkia, and Atchakangouen. In modern times, Miami is used more specifically to refer to the Atchakangouen. By 1846, most of the Miami had been forcefully displaced to Indian Territory. The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma are the federally recognized tribe of Miami Indians in the United States. The Miami Nation of Indiana, a nonprofit organization of descendants of Miamis who were exempted from removal, have unsuccessfully sought separate recognition.
  2. Battle of Kenapacomaqua
    
    The Battle of Kenapacomaqua, also called the Battle of Old Town, was a raid in 1791 by United States forces under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson on the Miami (Wea) town of Kenapacomaqua on the Eel River, approximately six miles upstream from present-day Logansport, Indiana.
  3. Logansport, Indiana
    
    Logansport is a city in and the county seat of Cass County, Indiana, United States. The population was 18,366 at the 2020 census. Logansport is located in northern Indiana at the junction of the Wabash and Eel rivers, northwest of Kokomo.
  4. Northwest Indian War
    
    The Northwest Indian War (1786–1795), also known by other names, was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory fought between the United States and a united group of Native American nations known today as the Northwestern Confederacy. The United States Army considers it the first of the American Indian Wars.
1789
1. The United States Department of War is established.
  1. United States Department of War
    
    The United States Department of War, also called the War Department, was the United States Cabinet department originally responsible for the operation and maintenance of the United States Army, also bearing responsibility for naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798, and for most land-based air forces until the creation of the Department of the Air Force on September 18, 1947.
1786
1. The first federal Indian Reservation is created by the United States.
  1. Indian reservation
    
    An Indian reservation is an area of land held and governed by a federally recognized Native American tribal nation whose government is accountable to the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs and not to the state government in which it is located. Some of the country's 574 federally recognized tribes govern more than one of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States, while some share reservations, and others have no reservation at all. Historical piecemeal land allocations under the Dawes Act facilitated sales to non–Native Americans, resulting in some reservations becoming severely fragmented, with pieces of tribal and privately held land being treated as separate enclaves. This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political and legal difficulties.
  2. United States
    
    The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
1782
1. The Badge of Military Merit (pictured), the precursor to the U.S. Purple Heart, was established as a military decoration of the Continental Army.
  1. Badge of Military Merit
    
    The Badge of Military Merit was a military award of the United States Armed Forces. It is largely considered America's first military decoration, and the second oldest in the world. The award was only given to non-commissioned officers and privates. The Purple Heart is the official successor decoration of the Badge of Military Merit.
  2. Purple Heart
    
    The Purple Heart (PH) is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after 5 April 1917, with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.
  3. Military awards and decorations
    
    Military awards and decorations are distinctions given as a mark of honor for military heroism, meritorious or outstanding service or achievement. A decoration is often a medal consisting of a ribbon and a medallion.
  4. Continental Army
    
    The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was established by a resolution of Congress on June 14, 1775. The Continental Army was created to coordinate military efforts of the Colonies in their war for independence against the British, who sought to keep their American lands under control. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.
2. George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle. It is later renamed to the more poetic Purple Heart.
  1. George Washington
    
    George Washington was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as the president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created the Constitution of the United States and the American federal government. Washington has been called the "Father of his Country" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country.
  2. Badge of Military Merit
    
    The Badge of Military Merit was a military award of the United States Armed Forces. It is largely considered America's first military decoration, and the second oldest in the world. The award was only given to non-commissioned officers and privates. The Purple Heart is the official successor decoration of the Badge of Military Merit.
  3. Purple Heart
    
    The Purple Heart (PH) is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after 5 April 1917, with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.
1743
1. The Treaty of Åbo ended the 1741–1743 Russo-Swedish War.
  1. Treaty of Åbo
    
    The Treaty of Åbo or the Treaty of Turku was a peace treaty signed between the Russian Empire and Sweden in Åbo on 18 August [O.S. 7 August] 1743 in the end of the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743.
  2. Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
    
    The Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 was instigated by the Hats, a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War, and by French diplomacy, which sought to divert Russia's attention from supporting its long-standing ally the Habsburg monarchy in the War of the Austrian Succession. The war was a disaster for Sweden, which lost more territory to Russia.
1714
1. The Battle of Gangut: The first important victory of the Russian Navy.
  1. Battle of Gangut
    
    The Battle of Gangut took place on 27 JulyJul./ 7 August 1714Greg. during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), in the waters of Riilahti Bay, north of the Hanko Peninsula, near the site of the modern-day city of Hanko, Finland, between the Swedish Navy and Imperial Russian Navy. It was the first important victory of the Russian fleet in its history.
  2. Russian Navy
    
    The Russian Navy is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces. It has existed in various forms since 1696; its present iteration was formed in January 1992 when it succeeded the Navy of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
1679
1. Le Griffon (depicted), a barque built by René-Robert de La Salle, began its journey to be the first sailing ship to navigate the upper Great Lakes.
  1. Le Griffon
    
    Le Griffon was a sailing vessel built by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1679.
  2. Barque
    
    A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen rigged fore and aft. Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, bearing a square-rigged sail above.
  3. René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
    
    René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, was a 17th-century French explorer and fur trader in North America. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. He is best known for an early 1682 expedition in which he canoed the lower Mississippi River from the mouth of the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico; there, on 9 April 1682, he claimed the Mississippi River basin for France after giving it the name La Louisiane. One source states that "he acquired for France the most fertile half of the North American continent".
  4. Sailing ship
    
    A sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of sail plans that propel sailing ships, employing square-rigged or fore-and-aft sails. Some ships carry square sails on each mast—the brig and full-rigged ship, said to be "ship-rigged" when there are three or more masts. Others carry only fore-and-aft sails on each mast, for instance some schooners. Still others employ a combination of square and fore-and-aft sails, including the barque, barquentine, and brigantine.
  5. Great Lakes
    
    The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America or the Laurentian Great Lakes, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes, which are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario and are in general on or near the Canada–United States border. Hydrologically, lakes Michigan and Huron are a single body joined at the Straits of Mackinac. The Great Lakes Waterway enables modern travel and shipping by water among the lakes.
2. The brigantine Le Griffon, commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the south-eastern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes of North America.
  1. Brigantine
    
    A brigantine is a two-masted sailing vessel with a fully square-rigged foremast and at least two sails on the main mast: a square topsail and a gaff sail mainsail. The main mast is the second and taller of the two masts.
  2. Le Griffon
    
    Le Griffon was a sailing vessel built by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1679.
  3. René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
    
    René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, was a 17th-century French explorer and fur trader in North America. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. He is best known for an early 1682 expedition in which he canoed the lower Mississippi River from the mouth of the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico; there, on 9 April 1682, he claimed the Mississippi River basin for France after giving it the name La Louisiane. One source states that "he acquired for France the most fertile half of the North American continent".
  4. Niagara River
    
    The Niagara River is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the province of Ontario in Canada and the state of New York in the United States. There are differing theories as to the origin of the river's name. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, Niagara is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the Niagagarega people on several late-17th-century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra, meaning "point of land cut in two".
  5. Great Lakes
    
    The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America or the Laurentian Great Lakes, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes, which are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario and are in general on or near the Canada–United States border. Hydrologically, lakes Michigan and Huron are a single body joined at the Straits of Mackinac. The Great Lakes Waterway enables modern travel and shipping by water among the lakes.
1479
1. Battle of Guinegate: French troops of King Louis XI were defeated by the Burgundians led by Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg.
  1. Battle of Guinegate (1479)
    
    The First Battle of Guinegate took place on 7 August 1479. French troops of King Louis XI were defeated by the Burgundians led by Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg. This battle was the first in which the innovative Swiss pike square formation was employed by a power that was not natively Swiss.
  2. Louis XI
    
    Louis XI, called "Louis the Prudent", was King of France from 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father, Charles VII.
  3. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Maximilian I was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. He was never crowned by the pope, as the journey to Rome was blocked by the Venetians. He proclaimed himself Elected Emperor in 1508 at Trent, thus breaking the long tradition of requiring a Papal coronation for the adoption of the Imperial title. Maximilian was the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Eleanor of Portugal. Since his coronation as King of the Romans in 1486, he ran a double government, or Doppelregierung, with his father until Frederick's death in 1493.
1461
1. Ming Chinese general Cao Qin staged a failed coup against the Tianshun Emperor.
  1. Ming dynasty
    
    The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
  2. Rebellion of Cao Qin
    
    The Rebellion of Cao Qin was a day-long uprising in the Ming dynasty capital of Beijing on August 7, 1461, staged by Chinese general Cao Qin and his Ming troops of Mongol and Han descent against the Tianshun Emperor Zhu Qizhen (1457–1464). Cao and his officers launched the insurrection out of fear of being persecuted by Tianshun. Tianshun had just gained back the throne from his half-brother the Jingtai Emperor, who rose to power during the 1449 Tumu Crisis.
  3. Emperor Yingzong of Ming
    
    Emperor Yingzong of Ming, personal name Zhu Qizhen, was the sixth and eighth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended the throne as the Zhengtong Emperor in 1435, but was forced to abdicate in 1449, in favour of his younger brother the Jingtai Emperor, after being captured by the Northern Yuan dynasty during the Tumu Crisis. In 1457, he deposed the Jingtai Emperor and ruled again as the Tianshun Emperor until his death in 1464.
2. The Ming dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor.
  1. Ming dynasty
    
    The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
  2. Military history of China before 1911
    
    The recorded military history of China extends from about 2200 BC to the present day. Chinese pioneered the use of crossbows, advanced metallurgical standardization for arms and armor, early gunpowder weapons, and other advanced weapons, but also adopted nomadic cavalry and Western military technology. China's armies also benefited from an advanced logistics system as well as a rich strategic tradition, beginning with Sun Tzu's The Art of War, that deeply influenced military thought.
  3. Rebellion of Cao Qin
    
    The Rebellion of Cao Qin was a day-long uprising in the Ming dynasty capital of Beijing on August 7, 1461, staged by Chinese general Cao Qin and his Ming troops of Mongol and Han descent against the Tianshun Emperor Zhu Qizhen (1457–1464). Cao and his officers launched the insurrection out of fear of being persecuted by Tianshun. Tianshun had just gained back the throne from his half-brother the Jingtai Emperor, who rose to power during the 1449 Tumu Crisis.
  4. Emperor Yingzong of Ming
    
    Emperor Yingzong of Ming, personal name Zhu Qizhen, was the sixth and eighth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended the throne as the Zhengtong Emperor in 1435, but was forced to abdicate in 1449, in favour of his younger brother the Jingtai Emperor, after being captured by the Northern Yuan dynasty during the Tumu Crisis. In 1457, he deposed the Jingtai Emperor and ruled again as the Tianshun Emperor until his death in 1464.
936
1. Coronation of King Otto I of Germany.
  1. Otto the Great
    
    Otto I, traditionally known as Otto the Great, was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973. He was the oldest son of Henry the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim.
768
1. The papacy of Stephen III, who convened the Lateran Council of 769, began.
  1. Pope Stephen III
    
    Pope Stephen III was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 7 August 768 to his death. Stephen was a Benedictine monk who worked in the Lateran Palace during the reign of Pope Zachary. In the midst of a tumultuous contest by rival factions to name a successor to Pope Paul I, Stephen was elected with the support of the Roman officials. He summoned the Lateran Council of 769, which sought to limit the influence of the nobles in papal elections. The Council also opposed iconoclasm.
  2. Lateran Council (769)
    
    The Lateran Council of 769 was a synod held in the Basilica of St. John Lateran to rectify perceived abuses in the papal electoral process which had led to the elevation of the antipopes Constantine II and Philip. It also condemned the rulings of the Council of Hieria. It is perhaps the most important Roman council held during the 8th century.
2. Pope Stephen III is elected to office, and quickly seeks Frankish protection against the Lombard threat, since the Byzantine Empire is no longer able to help.
  1. Pope Stephen III
    
    Pope Stephen III was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 7 August 768 to his death. Stephen was a Benedictine monk who worked in the Lateran Palace during the reign of Pope Zachary. In the midst of a tumultuous contest by rival factions to name a successor to Pope Paul I, Stephen was elected with the support of the Roman officials. He summoned the Lateran Council of 769, which sought to limit the influence of the nobles in papal elections. The Council also opposed iconoclasm.
626
1. The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Constantinople.
  1. Pannonian Avars
    
    The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins. The peoples were also known as the Obri in chronicles of Rus, the Abaroi or Varchonitai, or Pseudo-Avars in Byzantine sources, and the Apar to the Göktürks. They established the Avar Khaganate, which spanned the Pannonian Basin and considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe from the late 6th to the early 9th century.
  2. Slavs
    
    Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group. They speak the various Slavic languages, belonging to the larger Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout northern Eurasia, mainly inhabiting Central and Eastern Europe, and the Balkans to the west; and Siberia to the east. A large Slavic minority is also scattered across the Baltic states and Central Asia, while a substantial Slavic diaspora is found throughout the Americas, as a result of immigration.
  3. Siege of Constantinople (626)
    
    The siege of Constantinople in 626 by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by large numbers of allied Slavs, ended in a strategic victory for the Byzantines. The failure of the siege saved the empire from collapse, and, combined with other victories achieved by Emperor Heraclius the previous year and in 627, enabled Byzantium to regain its territories and end the destructive Roman–Persian Wars by enforcing a treaty with borders status quo c. 590.
461
1. Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the magister militum Ricimer.
  1. Majorian
    
    Majorian was the western Roman emperor from 457 to 461. A prominent general of the Roman army, Majorian deposed Emperor Avitus in 457 and succeeded him. Majorian was the last emperor to make a concerted effort to restore the Western Roman Empire with its own forces. Possessing little more than Italy, Dalmatia, and some territory in northern Gaul, Majorian campaigned rigorously for three years against the Empire's enemies. His successors until the fall of the Empire, in 476–480, were actually instruments of their barbarian generals, or emperors chosen and controlled by the Eastern Roman court.
  2. Staffora
    
    The Staffora is a river of the Oltrepò Pavese in the Province of Pavia, north-west Italy and a right-side tributary of the Po. It is probably the river known to the Romans as the Iria.
  3. Ricimer
    
    Flavius Ricimer was a Romanized Germanic general who effectively ruled the remaining territory of the Western Roman Empire from 461 until his death in 472, with a brief interlude in which he contested power with Anthemius. Deriving his power from his position as magister militum of the Western Empire, Ricimer exercised political control through a series of puppet emperors.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. David McCullough, American historian and author (b. 1933) deaths
  1. David McCullough
    
    David Gaub McCullough was an American popular historian. He was a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. In 2006, he was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award.
2021
1. Markie Post, American actress (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Markie Post
    
    Marjorie Armstrong "Markie" Post was an American actress. She is known for her roles as bail bondswoman Terri Michaels in The Fall Guy on ABC from 1982 to 1985, as public defender Christine Sullivan on the NBC sitcom Night Court from 1985 to 1992, as Georgie Anne Lahti Hartman on the CBS sitcom Hearts Afire from 1992 to 1995, and as Barbara ‘Bunny’ Fletcher, mother of Sophia Bush’s character, Detective Erin Lindsay, from 2014 to 2017 in 18 episodes of Chicago P.D. across seasons 2-4.
2020
1. Lê Khả Phiêu, Vietnamese politician (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Lê Khả Phiêu
    
    Lê Khả Phiêu was a Vietnamese politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam from December 1997 to April 2001. Lê Khả Phiêu served in the Vietnam People's Army during the First and Second Indochina Wars, join in the Cambodian war, and was Head of the General Political Department of the Vietnam People's Army.
2019
1. David Berman, American musician, singer, poet and cartoonist (b. 1967) deaths
  1. David Berman (musician)
    
    David Cloud Berman was an American musician, singer and poet. In 1989, he founded the indie rock band Silver Jews with Pavement's Stephen Malkmus and Bob Nastanovich, and he was its only constant member until its dissolution in 2009. Berman wrote Silver Jews' lyrics; further, with Malkmus, he developed the simple country-rock sound that characterized their early lo-fi recordings. His abstract and autobiographical lyrics, which he extensively labored over, were his creative priority.
  2. Cartoonist
    
    A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons or comics. Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comic book illustrators in that they produce both the literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice. Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, webcomics, and video game packaging.
2018
1. M. Karunanidhi, Indian politician, former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and prominent leader of Tamils (b. 1924) deaths
  1. M. Karunanidhi
    
    Muthuvel Karunanidhi was an Indian writer and politician who served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for almost two decades over five terms between 1969 and 2011. He was popularly referred to as Kalaignar (Artist) and Mutthamizh Arignar for his contributions to Tamil literature. He had the longest tenure as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu with 6,863 days in office. He was also a long-standing leader of the Dravidian movement and ten-time president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam political party. Karunanidhi has the record of never losing an election to the Tamil Nadu Assembly, having won 13 times since his first victory in 1957. Before entering politics, he worked in the Tamil film industry as a screenwriter. He also made contributions to Tamil literature, having written stories, plays, novels, and a multiple-volume memoir. Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018 at Kauvery Hospital in Chennai after a series of prolonged, age-related illnesses.
2. Stan Mikita, Slovak hockey player (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Stan Mikita
    
    Stanley Mikita was a Slovak-born Canadian ice hockey player for the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League, generally regarded as the best centre of the 1960s. In 2017, he was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players. In 1961, he became the first Slovak-born player to win the Stanley Cup.
2017
1. Don Baylor, American baseball player (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Don Baylor
    
    Don Edward Baylor was an American professional baseball player and manager. During his 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), Baylor was a power hitter known for standing very close to home plate and was a first baseman, left fielder, and designated hitter. He played for six different American League (AL) teams, primarily the Baltimore Orioles and California Angels, but he also played for the Oakland Athletics, New York Yankees, Minnesota Twins, and Boston Red Sox. In 1979, Baylor was an All-Star and won the AL Most Valuable Player Award. He won three Silver Slugger Awards, the Roberto Clemente Award, and was a member of the 1987 World Series champion Minnesota Twins.
2. David Maslanka, American composer (b. 1943) deaths
  1. David Maslanka
    
    David Maslanka was an American composer of Polish descent who wrote for a variety of genres, including works for choir, wind ensemble, chamber music, and symphony orchestra.
2016
1. Bryan Clauson, American racing driver (b. 1989) deaths
  1. Bryan Clauson
    
    Bryan Clauson was an American professional auto racing driver. Best known for his achievements in dirt track open-wheel racing, such as USAC Silver Crown, Midget and Sprint cars. Bryan was seen more and more competing with the World of Outlaws (WoO) sprint cars in his last couple of years. Clauson was a dirt track icon who also competed in the NASCAR Nationwide Series, Indy Lights, and IndyCar Series and was a development driver for Chip Ganassi Racing.
2015
1. Manuel Contreras, Chilean general (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Manuel Contreras
    
    Juan Manuel "Mamo" Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda was a Chilean Army officer and the former head of the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), Chile's secret police during the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. In 1995, he was sentenced to seven years in prison for the murder in Washington, DC, of the Chilean diplomat Dr. Orlando Letelier, which he served until 2001.
2. Frances Oldham Kelsey, Canadian pharmacologist and physician (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Frances Oldham Kelsey
    
    Frances Kathleen Kelsey was a Canadian-American pharmacologist and physician. As a reviewer for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), she refused to authorize thalidomide for market because she had concerns about the lack of evidence regarding the drug's safety. Her concerns proved to be justified when it was shown that thalidomide caused serious birth defects. Kelsey's career intersected with the passage of laws strengthening FDA oversight of pharmaceuticals. Kelsey was the second woman to receive the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service, awarded to her by John F. Kennedy in 1962.
3. Louise Suggs, American golfer, co-founded LPGA (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Louise Suggs
    
    Mae Louise Suggs was an American professional golfer, one of the founders of the LPGA Tour and thus modern ladies' golf.
  2. LPGA
    
    The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) is an American organization for female golfers. The organization is headquartered at the LPGA International in Daytona Beach, Florida, and is best known for running the LPGA Tour, a series of weekly golf tournaments for elite female professional golfers from around the world.
2014
1. Víctor Fayad, Argentine lawyer and politician (b. 1955) deaths
  1. Víctor Fayad
    
    Víctor Manuel Federico Fayad was an Argentine politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Radical Civic Union.
2. Perry Moss, American football player and coach (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Perry Moss
    
    Perry Lee Moss was an American football player, coach, and executive. Moss played tailback at the University of Tulsa and quarterback at Illinois during the 1940s. As a Tulsa tailback, he was on the Orange Bowl team that beat Georgia Tech, 26–12, in the 1945 Orange Bowl and later as an Illinois T-quarterback, he directed a Rose Bowl team which routed UCLA, 45–14, in 1947. Moss served two years in the United States Air Force between his playing time at Tulsa and Illinois. At Illinois, he was named to All-Big Ten Conference and All-American teams. He was drafted in 1948 by the Green Bay Packers in the 13th round and played at the professional level for one year before returning to Illinois as an assistant. He started one game at quarterback for the Packers.
3. Henry Stone, American record producer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Henry Stone
    
    Henry Stone, born Henry David Epstein, was an American record company executive and producer whose career spanned the era from R&B in the early 1950s through the disco boom of the 1970s to the 2010s. He was best known as co-owner and president of TK Records, but reportedly set up more than 100 record labels, and generated more than $100 million in record sales across the world. Stone was described as "an acute businessman who always made sure that contracts and publishing agreements were written in his favor."
2013
1. Samuel G. Armistead, American linguist, historian, and academic (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Samuel G. Armistead
    
    Samuel Gordon Armistead was an American ethnographer, linguist, folklorist, historian, literary critic and professor of Spanish. He is considered one of the most notable Hispanist scholars of the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.
2. Almir Kayumov, Russian footballer (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Almir Kayumov
    
    Almir Izmailovich Kayumov was a Russian football player and referee.
3. Anthony Pawson, English-Canadian biologist, chemist, and academic (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Tony Pawson (biochemist)
    
    Anthony James Pawson was a British-born Canadian scientist whose research revolutionised the understanding of signal transduction, the molecular mechanisms by which cells respond to external cues, and how they communicate with each other. He identified the phosphotyrosine-binding Src homology 2 as the prototypic non-catalytic interaction module. SH2 domains serve as a model for a large family of protein modules that act together to control many aspects of cellular signalling. Since the discovery of SH2 domains, hundreds of different modules have been identified in many proteins.
4. Margaret Pellegrini, American actress and dancer (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Margaret Pellegrini
    
    Margaret Pellegrini was an American actress, vaudeville performer and dancer, best known for playing one of the Munchkins from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. Until her death in 2013, she was one of the three surviving munchkins, the other two being Jerry Maren and Ruth Robinson Duccini.
5. Meeli Truu, Estonian architect (d. 1946) deaths
  1. Meeli Truu
    
    Meeli Truu was an Estonian architect.
6. Alexander Yagubkin, Russian boxer (b. 1961) deaths
  1. Alexander Yagubkin
    
    Alexander Gennadiyevich Yagubkin was a Ukrainian Olympic boxer, who competed between 1979 and 1988. The only Soviet boxer to become the World heavyweight champion (1982,) never turned pro for political restrictions imposed by the Soviet government. He was ranked the world's #2 amateur heavyweight by the AIBA in 1984, and #1 in 1986.
2012
1. Murtuz Alasgarov, Azerbaijani academic and politician, Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Murtuz Alasgarov
    
    Murtuz Najaf oglu Alasgarov, also spelled as Murtuz Aleskerov, was an Azerbaijani politician who served as the Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan from 1996 to 2005.
  2. Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan
    
    The Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan Republic, also called Chairman of the National Assembly is the Speaker of Azerbaijani Parliament. The current Speaker is Sahiba Gafarova. According to the amendments to the Azerbaijani Constitution of 1995 and 2016, the Speaker is the forth in line of succession to presidency after the Vice President of Azerbaijan and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan, in that sequence.
2. Judith Crist, American critic and academic (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Judith Crist
    
    Judith Crist was an American film critic and academic.
3. Vladimir Kobzev, Russian footballer and coach (b. 1959) deaths
  1. Vladimir Kobzev
    
    Vladimir Vasilyevich Kobzev was a Russian professional football coach and player.
4. Anna Piaggi, Italian journalist and author (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Anna Piaggi
    
    Anna Maria Piaggi was an Italian fashion writer. She was known for her bright blue hair, liberal use of make-up, and her sense of style that mixed vintage and contemporary fashion.
5. Mayer Zald, American sociologist and academic (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Mayer Zald
    
    Mayer Nathan Zald was an American sociologist. He was a professor of sociology, social work and business administration at the University of Michigan, noted for contributions to the sociology of organizations and social movements.
6. Dušan Zbavitel, Czech indologist and author (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Dušan Zbavitel
    
    Dušan Zbavitel was a Czech indologist.
2011
1. Mark Hatfield, American soldier, academic, and politician, 29th Governor of Oregon (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Mark Hatfield
    
    Mark Odom Hatfield was an American politician and educator from the state of Oregon. A Republican, he served for 30 years as a United States senator from Oregon, and also as chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee. A native Oregonian, he served in the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater during World War II after graduating from Willamette University. After the war he earned a graduate degree from Stanford University before returning to Oregon and Willamette as a professor.
  2. Governor of Oregon
    
    The governor of Oregon is the head of government of Oregon and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments.
2. Nancy Wake, New Zealand-English captain and spy (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Nancy Wake
    
    Nancy Grace Augusta Wake,, also known as Madame Fiocca and Nancy Fiocca, was a nurse and journalist who joined the French Resistance and later the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during World War II, and briefly pursued a post-war career as an intelligence officer in the Air Ministry. The official historian of the SOE, M. R. D. Foot, said that "her irrepressible, infectious, high spirits were a joy to everyone who worked with her". Many stories about her World War II activities come from her autobiography, The White Mouse, and are not verifiable from other sources.
2010
1. John Nelder, English mathematician and statistician (b. 1924) deaths
  1. John Nelder
    
    John Ashworth Nelder was a British statistician known for his contributions to experimental design, analysis of variance, computational statistics, and statistical theory.
2009
1. Louis E. Saavedra, American educator and politician, 48th Mayor of Albuquerque (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Louis E. Saavedra
    
    Louis Emilio Saavedra was an American politician and educator who served as the 25th mayor of Albuquerque, New Mexico. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as mayor from December 1989 until November 1993.
  2. List of mayors of Albuquerque
    
    The mayor of Albuquerque, New Mexico is the chief executive officer of the city, elected for a four-year term. There are no term limits for the mayor. Under the New Mexico State Constitution, municipal elections are nonpartisan. The 30th and current Mayor is Tim Keller, a Democrat.
2. Mike Seeger, American singer-songwriter (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Mike Seeger
    
    Mike Seeger was an American folk musician and folklorist. He was a distinctive singer and an accomplished musician who played autoharp, banjo, fiddle, dulcimer, guitar, mouth harp, mandolin, dobro, jaw harp, and pan pipes. Seeger, a half-brother of Pete Seeger, produced more than 30 documentary recordings, and performed in more than 40 other recordings. He desired to make known the caretakers of culture that inspired and taught him.
2008
1. Bernie Brillstein, American talent agent and producer (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Bernie Brillstein
    
    Bernard Jules Brillstein was an American film and television producer, executive producer, and talent agent.
2. Andrea Pininfarina, Italian engineer and businessman (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Andrea Pininfarina
    
    Andrea Pininfarina was an Italian engineer and manager, former CEO of the Italian coachbuilder Pininfarina, founded by his grandfather Battista "Pinin" Farina in 1930 and still controlled by the family. He was the son of Sergio Pininfarina and was married to Italian aristocrat Cristina Maddalena Pellion di Persano, with whom he had three children, Benedetta, Sergio and Luca.
2007
1. Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, and producer (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ernesto Alonso
    
    Ernesto Alonso was a Mexican producer, director, cinematographer and actor. He was nicknamed "El Señor Telenovela" because most of his work centered on telenovelas known around the world.
2. Angus Tait, New Zealand businessman, founded Tait Communications (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Angus Tait
    
    Sir Angus McMillan Tait was a New Zealand electronics innovator and businessman.
  2. Tait Communications
    
    Tait Communications is a multinational radio communications company with headquarters based in Christchurch, New Zealand. The company has offices in 17 countries and employs 869 staff (2011). Tait develops voice and data radio technologies, exporting about 95% of products from its Christchurch manufacturing base. Customers include London Buses, Country Fire Authority and Basin Electric Power Cooperative. Competitors include Motorola, Harris Corporation, E.F. Johnson Company, Raytheon, HYT, Selex and EMC spa.
2006
1. Mary Anderson Bain, American lawyer and politician (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Mary Anderson Bain
    
    Mary Anderson Bain was a New Deal politician best known for her 33 years of service as Chief of Staff for Representative Sidney R. Yates, of Illinois.
2005
1. Peter Jennings, Canadian-American journalist and author (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Peter Jennings
    
    Peter Charles Archibald Ewart Jennings was a Canadian-born American television journalist who served as the sole anchor of ABC World News Tonight from 1983 until his death from lung cancer in 2005. He dropped out of high school, yet he transformed himself into one of American television's most prominent journalists.
2004
1. Red Adair, American firefighter (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Red Adair
    
    Paul Neal "Red" Adair was an American oil well firefighter. He became notable internationally as an innovator in the highly specialized and hazardous profession of extinguishing and capping oil well blowouts, both land-based and offshore.
2. Colin Bibby, English ornithologist and academic (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Colin Bibby
    
    Colin Joseph Bibby was a British ornithologist and conservationist.
2003
1. K. D. Arulpragasam, Sri Lankan zoologist and academic (b. 1931) deaths
  1. K. D. Arulpragasam
    
    Professor Kandiah David Arulpragasam was a Sri Lankan Tamil academic. He was the first vice-chancellor of Eastern University, Sri Lanka.
2. Mickey McDermott, American baseball player and coach (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Mickey McDermott
    
    Maurice Joseph "Mickey" McDermott Jr. was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball.
2001
1. Algirdas Lauritėnas, Lithuanian basketball player (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Algirdas Lauritėnas
    
    Algirdas Teodoras Lauritėnas was a Lithuanian basketball player. He was a member of the Soviet team during the 1950s, and won a silver medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was also part of the team that became European champion in 1953 and 1957 and won a bronze medal in 1955.
1998
1. Vladimir Barbu, Italian diver births
  1. Vladimir Barbu
    
    Vladimir Barbu is an Italian diver.
2. María Bazo, Peruvian windsurfer births
  1. María Bazo
    
    María Bazo is a Peruvian windsurfer.
1997
1. Matty Cash, Polish footballer births
  1. Matty Cash
    
    Matthew Stuart Cash is a professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Premier League club Aston Villa and the Poland national team.
2. Kyler Murray, American football player births
  1. Kyler Murray
    
    Kyler Cole Murray is an American football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). Following a stint at Texas A&M, Murray played college football at Oklahoma, where he won the Heisman Trophy as a junior. Murray was selected first overall by the Cardinals in the 2019 NFL Draft. He was also selected ninth overall by the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the 2018 draft, making him the first player to be drafted in the first round of both sports.
1995
1. Brigid Brophy, English author and critic (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Brigid Brophy
    
    Brigid Antonia Brophy, Lady Levey was a British writer and campaigner for social reforms, including the rights of authors, and animal rights. The first of her seven novels was Hackenfeller's Ape (1953), a story concerning the ethics of sending a captive ape, Percy, into space. Brophy's The Snow Ball (1964), is considered her masterpiece: set at a costume ball on New Year's Eve, it is a glittering piece which weaves together sex, death and Mozart. In Transit (1969), is her most radical fiction in form and handling, and was in the vanguard of gender-fluid literary conceptualisations. The novel is considered to be a pioneering work of post-modernism and an iconic feminist surrealist fantasia.
1994
1. Larry Martyn, English actor (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Larry Martyn
    
    Lawrence Martyn was a British film and television actor known for his comedy performances.
1993
1. Martti Nõmme, Estonian ski jumper births
  1. Martti Nõmme
    
    Martti Nõmme is an Estonian ski jumper. He was born in Võru.
2. Karol Zalewski, Polish sprinter births
  1. Karol Zalewski
    
    Karol Zalewski is a Polish athlete who specialises in the sprinting events. He reached the semifinals of the 2013 World Championships in the 200 metres. He is also the 2013 European U23 champion over that distance.
1992
1. Adam Yates, English cyclist births
  1. Adam Yates
    
    Adam Richard Yates is a British road and track racing cyclist who currently rides for Ineos Grenadiers. He placed fourth overall at the 2016 Tour de France and became the first British rider to win the young rider classification, one year ahead of his twin brother Simon.
2. Simon Yates, English cyclist births
  1. Simon Yates (cyclist)
    
    Simon Philip Yates is a British road and track racing cyclist who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Team BikeExchange–Jayco. His twin brother is Adam Yates, who is also a professional cyclist. He won the gold medal in the points race at the 2013 Track Cycling World Championships. Following a doping ban in 2016, he won the young rider classification in the 2017 Tour de France and the general classification in the 2018 Vuelta a España. Yates has also won multiple stages at each of cycling's three grand tours.
3. E. J. Tackett, American bowler births
  1. E. J. Tackett
    
    Edward Dean Tackett Jr. is an American professional ten-pin bowler from Huntington, Indiana, now residing in Bluffton, Indiana. A member of the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) since 2012, Tackett has won 16 PBA Tour titles, including two major championships. He was named PBA Player of the Year for the 2016 season, and was runner-up for the award in 2017 and 2018. Tackett is right-handed and uses a cranker-style delivery. He is a pro staff member for MOTIV bowling balls, Turbo Grips, and Genesis kinesiology tape.
1991
1. Luis Salom, Spanish motorcycle racer (d. 2016) births
  1. Luis Salom
    
    Luis Jaime Salom Horrach was a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer. Salom died after a practice accident at Circuit de Catalunya, when making contact with his bike and the wall after a high-speed accident. Racing in the Moto2 class since 2014, he finished 41 races, with 3 podium appearances, including a second-place finish at the 2016 Qatar season opener. At the time of his death, Salom ranked 10th in the 2016 Moto2 Championship point standings. Previously he had competed in Moto3, accumulating nine race victories, finishing 2nd and 3rd in the 2012 and 2013 championships, respectively.
2. Mitchell te Vrede, Dutch footballer births
  1. Mitchell te Vrede
    
    Mitchell te Vrede is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Al Dhafra. He formerly played for Excelsior, Feyenoord, Heerenveen, Boluspor, NAC Breda, Al-Fateh and Abha. Born in the Netherlands, he represents the Suriname national team.
3. Mike Trout, American baseball player births
  1. Mike Trout
    
    Michael Nelson Trout is an American professional baseball center fielder for the Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball (MLB). Trout is a ten-time MLB All-Star, three-time American League (AL) Most Valuable Player (MVP), and is a nine-time winner of the Silver Slugger Award.
1990
1. Josh Franceschi, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Josh Franceschi
    
    Joshua James Alphonse Franceschi is an English singer and songwriter. He is lead vocalist of rock band You Me at Six.
1989
1. DeMar DeRozan, American basketball player births
  1. DeMar DeRozan
    
    DeMar Darnell DeRozan is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the USC Trojans and was selected ninth overall by the Toronto Raptors in the 2009 NBA draft. He is a five-time NBA All-Star and a three-time All-NBA Team member. He spent nine seasons with the Raptors, including five playoff runs, before being traded to the Spurs in the summer of 2018 and the Bulls in 2021. DeRozan has played for the United States national team in the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics.
2. Mickey Leland, American lawyer and politician (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Mickey Leland
    
    George Thomas "Mickey" Leland III was an anti-poverty activist who later became a congressman from the Texas 18th District and chair of the Congressional Black Caucus. He was a Democrat.
1988
1. Jonathan Bernier, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Jonathan Bernier
    
    Jonathan Bernier is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, of the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the Los Angeles Kings, the team with whom he played his first four NHL seasons. Bernier won the Stanley Cup with the Kings in 2012.
2. Mohamed Coulibaly, Senegalese footballer births
  1. Mohamed Coulibaly (footballer, born 1988)
    
    Mohamed Aly Coulibaly is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a winger or striker for Swiss 1. Liga side Dornach.
3. Anisa Mohammed, West Indian cricketer births
  1. Anisa Mohammed
    
    Anisa Mohammed is a Trinidadian cricketer who plays for Trinidad and Tobago, Trinbago Knight Riders and the West Indies. She plays as a right-arm off spin bowler. Since her international debut at 15 years of age she has played in 122 One Day International (WODI) and 111 Twenty20 International (WT20I) matches. Mohammed was the first cricketer, male or female, to take 100 wickets in T20Is. In WODIs, she is currently fifth on the all-time dismissals list with 151 wickets to her name. She was also the first bowler for the West Indies to take 100 wickets in WODIs, and the first for the West Indies to take a hat-trick in a Women's Twenty20 International match.
4. Melody Oliveria, American blogger births
  1. Melody Oliveria
    
    Melody Oliveria, also known by their handle bowiechick, is an American video blog contributor, most popularly to YouTube. They were listed as a notable contributor to YouTube in 2006.
5. Erik Pieters, Dutch footballer births
  1. Erik Pieters
    
    Erik Pieters is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a left back for West Bromwich Albion.
6. Beanie Wells, American football player births
  1. Beanie Wells
    
    Christopher Michael Wells, known as Chris Wells or Beanie Wells, is a former American football running back. He was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft out of Ohio State University.
1987
1. Sidney Crosby, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Sidney Crosby
    
    Sidney Patrick Crosby is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre and captain of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). Nicknamed "Sid the Kid" and dubbed "The Next One", he was selected first overall by the Penguins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Crosby is widely regarded as one of the greatest ice hockey players of all time.
2. Mustapha Dumbuya, Sierra Leonean footballer births
  1. Mustapha Dumbuya
    
    Mustapha Sima Michael Dumbuya is a Sierra Leonean professional footballer who plays as a defender.
3. Ryan Lavarnway, American baseball player births
  1. Ryan Lavarnway
    
    Ryan Cole Lavarnway is an American-Israeli professional baseball catcher who is a free agent. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, Atlanta Braves, Oakland Athletics, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, Miami Marlins, and Cleveland Indians. In international competition, he has played for Team Israel.
4. Rouven Sattelmaier, German footballer births
  1. Rouven Sattelmaier
    
    Rouven Kai Sattelmaier is a German former professional footballer who played as goalkeeper.
5. Camille Chamoun, Lebanese lawyer and politician, 7th President of Lebanon (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Camille Chamoun
    
    Camille Nimr Chamoun OM, ONC was a Lebanese politician who served as President of Lebanon from 1952 to 1958. He was one of the country's main Christian leaders during most of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990).
  2. President of Lebanon
    
    The president of the Lebanese Republic is the head of state of Lebanon. The president is elected by the parliament for a term of six years, which cannot be renewed immediately because they can only be renewed non-consecutively. By convention, the president is always a Maronite Christian who fulfills the same requirements as a candidate for the house of representatives, as per article 49 of the Lebanese constitution.
1986
1. Paul Biedermann, German swimmer births
  1. Paul Biedermann
    
    Paul Biedermann is a German retired competitive swimmer, a 200 and 400 metre freestyle long course world champion. He holds the long course and short course world records in the 200 meters freestyle, and the long course world record in the 400 meters freestyle.
2. Valter Birsa, Slovenian footballer births
  1. Valter Birsa
    
    Valter Birsa is a retired Slovenian footballer who played as a winger.
3. Altaír Jarabo, Mexican model and actress births
  1. Altaír Jarabo
    
    Altaír Jarabo García is a Mexican actress and fashion model. She is best known for her antagonistic roles in Mexican telenovelas including Inocente de ti, Al diablo con los guapos, En nombre del amor, Abismo de pasión, Mentir para vivir, Que te perdone Dios, Vencer el desamor and Corazón guerrero. She has a brother named Jorge Jarabo Garcia.
4. Juan de la Rosa, Mexican boxer births
  1. Juan de la Rosa
    
    Juan Pedro de la Rosa is a Mexican professional boxer, and is the brother of welterweight boxer James de la Rosa.
1985
1. Grayson Hall, American actress (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Grayson Hall
    
    Grayson Hall was an American television, film, and stage actress. She was widely regarded for her avant-garde theatrical performances from the 1960s to the 1980s. Hall was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Golden Globe Award for the John Huston film The Night of the Iguana (1964).
1984
1. Stratos Perperoglou, Greek basketball player births
  1. Stratos Perperoglou
    
    Efstratios "Stratos" Perperoglou is a Greek former professional basketball player. He is 2.03 m (6'8") tall and he played mainly at the small forward position.
2. Tooba Siddiqui, Pakistani model and actress births
  1. Tooba Siddiqui
    
    Tooba Siddiqui is a Pakistani actress and model. Siddiqui started her career by starring in a Music Video "My Love" for pop singer Yasir Akhtar. She began modeling for the Pakistani fashion industry in the early 2000s. She has appeared in campaigns for Deevees and Diva. After a break from acting, Tooba returned to the screen for Hit Thriller Series Dushman-e-Jaan.
3. Yun Hyon-seok, South Korean poet and author (d. 2003) births
  1. Yun Hyon-seok
    
    Yun Hyon-seok was a South Korean LGBT poet, writer and LGBT activist. He committed suicide in protest against discrimination against homosexuals in South Korea. During his life, he fought against social discrimination, racism and homophobia.
1983
1. Christian Chávez, Mexican singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Christian Chávez
    
    José Christian Chávez Garza, most often known as Christian Chávez is a Mexican singer, songwriter and actor, best known for his role as Giovanni Méndez López in the telenovela Rebelde and its spin-off pop group RBD.
2. Murat Dalkılıç, Turkish singer-songwriter births
  1. Murat Dalkılıç
    
    Sırrı Murat Dalkılıç is a Turkish pop singer, songwriter, music producer, film and animation producer, director and actor.
3. Danny, Portuguese footballer births
  1. Danny (footballer)
    
    Daniel Miguel Alves Gomes, commonly known as Danny, is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. Also a winger, he was known for his dribbling and key passes.
4. Andriy Hrivko, Ukrainian cyclist births
  1. Andriy Hrivko
    
    Andriy Askoldovich Hrivko is a Ukrainian former racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2005 and 2018. Since retiring from racing, Hrivko currently serves as the president of the Ukrainian Cycling Federation.
5. Mark Pettini, English cricketer and journalist births
  1. Mark Pettini
    
    Mark Lewis Pettini is an English cricketer who has played domestically for Essex and from 2016 for Leicestershire. He is a right-handed batsman and very occasional wicket-keeper and right-arm medium-pace bowler.
1982
1. Ángeles Balbiani, Argentine actress and singer births
  1. Ángeles Balbiani
    
    Ángeles Constanza Balbiani Morea better known as Angie Balbiani is an Argentine actress, model, television presenter and journalist.
2. Abbie Cornish, Australian actress births
  1. Abbie Cornish
    
    Abbie Cornish is an Australian actress. Cornish is best known for her film roles as Heidi in Somersault (2004), Fanny Brawne in Bright Star (2009), Sweet Pea in Sucker Punch (2011), Lindy in Limitless (2011), Clara Murphy in RoboCop (2014), as Sarah in Geostorm (2017) and for her work with writer/director Martin McDonagh in Seven Psychopaths (2012) and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017). For the latter, Cornish won her first Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the cast. In 2018, she portrayed Cathy Mueller in the first season of Amazon Video series Jack Ryan opposite John Krasinski. She also played Dixy in the film The Virtuoso (2021) alongside Anthony Hopkins.
3. Juan Martín Hernández, Argentine rugby player births
  1. Juan Martín Hernández
    
    Juan Martín Hernández is a retired Argentine rugby union player. A mainstay of the Argentina national team The Pumas. He played for the club Toulon in the French Top 14 competition. His 2010 move to Racing brought him back to the city where he had begun his professional career in 2003 with Stade Français. He has also played in the South African Currie Cup with the Sharks, and was slated to play with the Sharks in Super Rugby in 2010, but suffered a back injury that knocked him out of the Super Rugby season. Hernández is a "utility back" capable of playing at fly-half, centre, or fullback, though he generally prefers fly-half.
4. Marquise Hill, American football player (d. 2007) births
  1. Marquise Hill
    
    Marquise Hill was an American football defensive end for the New England Patriots of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Patriots in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at LSU.
5. Vassilis Spanoulis, Greek basketball player births
  1. Vassilis Spanoulis
    
    Vassilis "Billy" Spanoulis is a Greek former professional basketball player and current basketball coach for Peristeri of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League. Spanoulis spent the majority of his playing career in the Greek Basket League, winning four titles as a member of Panathinaikos and three titles as a member of Olympiacos. He also won three EuroLeague titles, one with the former club (2009) and two consecutive with the latter.
6. Martin Vučić, Macedonian singer and drummer births
  1. Martin Vučić
    
    Martin Vučić is a Macedonian pop musician.
1981
1. David Testo, American soccer player births
  1. David Testo
    
    David Testo is an American retired soccer player who, after his playing career ended in 2011, became the first male American professional player of that sport to come out as gay. Testo played professionally from 2003 to 2011, including two years in with the Columbus Crew from 2004 to 2005. He began his career with the Richmond Kickers, and also played for the Vancouver Whitecaps and Montreal Impact before he was released by the Impact in 2011. He played collegiately for South Carolina and North Carolina.
2. Randy Wayne, American actor and producer births
  1. Randy Wayne
    
    Randy Wayne Frederick is an American actor.
3. Gunnar Uusi, Estonian chess player (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Gunnar Uusi
    
    Gunnar Uusi was an Estonian chess player who won the Estonian Chess Championship six times.
1980
1. Carsten Busch, German footballer births
  1. Carsten Busch
    
    Carsten Busch is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
2. Aurélie Claudel, French model and actress births
  1. Aurélie Claudel
    
    Aurélie Claudel is a French model and actress.
3. Tácio Caetano Cruz Queiroz, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Tácio
    
    Tácio Caetano Cruz Queiroz, better known as just Tácio, is a professional Brazilian footballer who plays as defensive midfielder. In 1997, he was part of the Brazilian team that won the 1997 South American Under-17 Football Championship.
4. Seiichiro Maki, Japanese footballer births
  1. Seiichiro Maki
    
    Seiichiro Maki is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played for the Japan national team.
1979
1. Eric Johnson, American actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Eric Johnson (actor)
    
    Eric Johann Johnson is a Canadian actor known for playing Flash Gordon on the eponymous 2007–2008 television series, Whitney Fordman on the superhero series Smallville, Detective Luke Callaghan on the police drama Rookie Blue, and Jack Hyde in the Fifty Shades film series. Since 2022, he has played a misogynist corrupt sheriff in the HBO Max horror series Pretty Little Liars: Original Sin.
2. Miguel Llera, Spanish footballer births
  1. Miguel Llera
    
    Miguel Ángel Llera Garzón is a Spanish football manager and former professional player who played as a centre back. He was recently academy manager for English club Walsall.
3. Birgit Zotz, Austrian anthropologist and author births
  1. Birgit Zotz
    
    Birgit Zotz is an Austrian writer, cultural anthropologist and an expert on the subject of hospitality management studies.
1978
1. Alexandre Aja, French director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Alexandre Aja
    
    Alexandre Jouan-Arcady, known professionally as Alexandre Aja, is a French filmmaker best known for his work in the horror genre. He rose to international stardom for his 2003 horror film Haute Tension. He has also directed the films The Hills Have Eyes (2006), Mirrors (2008), Piranha 3D (2010), Horns (2013) and Crawl (2019).
2. Jamey Jasta, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Jamey Jasta
    
    James Shanahan, known professionally as Jamey Jasta, is an American vocalist, best known as the lead singer of metalcore band Hatebreed and sludge metal band Kingdom of Sorrow. Jasta also fronts metalcore band Icepick. Prior to Hatebreed, he fronted the hardcore band Jasta 14.
3. Mark McCammon, English-Barbadian footballer births
  1. Mark McCammon
    
    Mark Jason McCammon is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in England, he represented the Barbados national national team at international level.
4. Cirroc Lofton, American actor births
  1. Cirroc Lofton
    
    Cirroc Lofton is an American actor and podcaster who started his career at nine years of age with many minor roles. He got his start in the 1989 child education program Econ and Me, which teaches kids economics. He is best known for playing Jake Sisko on the 1990s TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
5. Eddie Calvert, English trumpeter (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Eddie Calvert
    
    Albert Edward "Eddie" Calvert was an English trumpeter, who enjoyed his greatest success in the 1950s. Between 1953 and 1958, Calvert achieved seven instrumental hits on the UK Singles Chart, including two chart-toppers": "Oh, Mein Papa" in 1953 and "Cherry Pink " in 1955.
1977
1. Charlotte Ronson, English fashion designer births
  1. Charlotte Ronson
    
    Charlotte Julia Ronson is an English fashion designer, currently based in Los Angeles, US.
2. Samantha Ronson, English singer-songwriter and DJ births
  1. Samantha Ronson
    
    Samantha Ronson is an English DJ, singer, and songwriter who lives in Santa Monica, California, United States.
3. Justin Brooker, Rugby League Player births
  1. Justin Brooker
    
    Justin 'Brash' Brooker is an Indigenous Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at club level for Eastern Suburbs, Western Suburbs Magpies, the Bradford Bulls, the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the South Sydney Rabbitohs, as a centre.
1976
1. Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos, Greek footballer and manager births
  1. Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos
    
    Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos is a Greek professional football manager and former player.
2. Shane Lechler, American football player births
  1. Shane Lechler
    
    Edward Shane Lechler is an American former professional football player who played as punter for 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas A&M University and was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the fifth round of the 2000 NFL Draft.
1975
1. Koray Candemir, Turkish singer-songwriter births
  1. Koray Candemir
    
    Koray Candemir is a Turkish musician, songwriter, and record producer. He used to be the lead singer of the Turkish rock band Kargo. Towards the end of 2008, Koray Candemir and Serkan Celikoz, has decided to end their involvement with Kargo, due to vision and opinion differences with the other members of Kargo. They have formed their new band which is named 'maSKott'. They are currently in Seattle working on their new projects and released their debut album in 2010. Besides singing, Koray also plays the guitar in Kargo and maSKott. In addition to his musical work, he is known for his acting and charity work.
2. Gerard Denton, Australian cricketer births
  1. Gerard Denton
    
    Gerard John Denton is an Australian former first-class cricketer who played for Tasmania. The right-arm fast-medium bowler began his first-class cricket for Tasmania, despite having been born in Queensland. He switched to the Victoria for two seasons, before returning to Tasmania for the 2007/08 season.
3. Megan Gale, Australian model and actress births
  1. Megan Gale
    
    Megan Kate Gale is an Australian model and actress. Born in Perth, Western Australia, Gale won a model contest when she was 18 in her home town. In 1999 she was cast in a series of commercials for the Italian telecommunications company Vodafone. This led to wide exposure in both Italy and her homeland Australia, and she appeared in those advertising until 2006. Gale has also appeared in Italian movies and television shows, and as an actress, Gale recently played "Fatma" in Russell Crowe's The Water Diviner (2014) and "Valkyrie" in George Miller's Mad Max: Fury Road (2015).
4. Ray Hill, American football player (d. 2015) births
  1. Ray Hill (American football)
    
    Raymond Millous Hill was a college and professional American football player. He was a defensive back at Michigan State, and played four seasons in the National Football League (NFL), splitting three seasons between the Miami Dolphins and the Buffalo Bills. He was signed by the New England Patriots as a free agent in 2001, and was part of their Super Bowl XXXVI championship season. He suffered a leg injury during the 2001 preseason, and was placed on injured reserve for the entire season. His younger brother Renaldo Hill, also played in the NFL.
5. Rebecca Kleefisch, American journalist and politician, 44th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin births
  1. Rebecca Kleefisch
    
    Rebecca Ann Kleefisch is an American politician and former television reporter who served as the 44th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, she was elected to the position on November 2, 2010, as the running mate of Governor Scott Walker; the pair narrowly lost reelection to a third term in 2018.
  2. Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
    
    The lieutenant governor of Wisconsin is the first person in the line of succession of Wisconsin's executive branch, thus serving as governor in the event of the death, resignation, removal, impeachment, absence from the state, or incapacity due to illness of the governor of Wisconsin. Forty-one individuals have held the office of lieutenant governor since Wisconsin's admission to the Union in 1848, two of whom—Warren Knowles and Jack Olson—have served for non-consecutive terms. The first lieutenant governor was John Holmes, who took office on June 7, 1848. The current lieutenant governor is Mandela Barnes, who took office on January 7, 2019. In 2022, Barnes unsuccessfully sought election to the United States Senate; in November Sara Rodriguez was elected to take his place.
6. Édgar Rentería, Colombian baseball player births
  1. Édgar Rentería
    
    Édgar Enrique Rentería Herazo, nicknamed "The Barranquilla Baby", is a Colombian former professional baseball shortstop. He threw and batted right-handed. He played for the Florida Marlins, the St. Louis Cardinals, the Boston Red Sox, the Atlanta Braves, the Detroit Tigers, San Francisco Giants and Cincinnati Reds.
7. Charlize Theron, South African actress births
  1. Charlize Theron
    
    Charlize Theron is a South African and American actress and producer. One of the world's highest-paid actresses, she is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. In 2016, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world.
1974
1. Chico Benymon, American actor births
  1. Chico Benymon
    
    Chico Benymon is an American actor, singer, musician, and fashion designer best known for his role as Andre "Spencer" Williams on the UPN comedy Half & Half. He also starred in the Nickelodeon TV series The Haunted Hathaways.
2. Michael Shannon, American actor births
  1. Michael Shannon
    
    Michael Corbett Shannon is an American actor, producer, musician, and theater director. He has been nominated twice for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his roles in the Sam Mendes period drama Revolutionary Road (2008) and the Tom Ford psychological thriller Nocturnal Animals (2016). He earned Screen Actors Guild Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for his role in 99 Homes (2014), and a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play for the Broadway revival of Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night (2016).
3. Rosario Castellanos, Mexican poet and author (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Rosario Castellanos
    
    Rosario Castellanos Figueroa was a Mexican poet and author. She was one of Mexico's most important literary voices in the last century. Throughout her life, she wrote eloquently about issues of cultural and gender oppression, and her work has influenced Mexican feminist theory and cultural studies. Though she died young, she opened the door of Mexican literature to women, and left a legacy that still resonates today.
4. Sylvio Mantha, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Sylvio Mantha
    
    Joseph Sylvio Theobald Mantha was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played fourteen seasons in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens and Boston Bruins. Elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1960, he was regarded as one of the best two-way defencemen of his day.
1973
1. Mikhail Gorsheniov, Russian singer-songwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Mikhail Gorsheniov
    
    Mikhail "The Pot" Gorsheniov was a lead singer and composer of Russian horror punk/hard rock band Korol i Shut.
2. Danny Graves, Vietnamese-American baseball player births
  1. Danny Graves
    
    Daniel Peter Graves is a Vietnamese-born American former Major League Baseball pitcher. Born to a Vietnamese mother and an American serviceman father, he is the only Vietnam-born player in the history of the major leagues and one of the few American players of Vietnamese descent. Graves pitched for most of his career for the Cincinnati Reds, where he was team's saves leader each year from 1999–2004, except for 2003 when he was a starting pitcher.
3. Kevin Muscat, English-Australian footballer, coach, and manager births
  1. Kevin Muscat
    
    Kevin Vincent Muscat is an Australian former association football player and the current manager of Yokohama F. Marinos. As a player, he represented the Australia national team at international level winning 46 caps and scoring 10 goals between 1994 and 2006.
4. Jack Gregory, Australian cricketer (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Jack Gregory (cricketer)
    
    Jack Morrison Gregory was an Australian cricketer.
1972
1. Gerry Peñalosa, Filipino boxer and promoter births
  1. Gerry Peñalosa
    
    Geronimo "Gerry" J. Peñalosa is a Filipino former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 2010. He is a two-weight world champion, having held the WBC super-flyweight title from 1997 to 1998, and the WBO bantamweight title from 2007 to 2009. Originally from the city of San Carlos, Negros Occidental, Peñalosa currently resides in Manila. He was trained mainly by Freddie Roach, and went on to become a boxing trainer himself after retirement. Peñalosa's older brother, Dodie Boy Peñalosa, is also a former boxer and world champion.
2. Joi Lansing, American model, actress, and singer (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Joi Lansing
    
    Joi Lansing was an American model, film and television actress, and nightclub singer. She was noted for her pin-up photos and roles in B-movies, as well as a prominent role in the famous opening "tracking shot" in Orson Welles' 1958 crime drama Touch of Evil.
1971
1. Dominic Cork, England cricketer and sportscaster births
  1. Dominic Cork
    
    Dominic Gerald Cork is a former English county and international cricketer. Cork was a right-handed lower-order batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium, and was renowned for his swing and seam control. In 1995, he took the best figures for an England bowler on Test debut, with 7 for 43 in the second innings against the West Indies.
2. Rachel York, American actress and singer births
  1. Rachel York
    
    Rachel York is an American actress and singer. She is known for stage roles in City of Angels, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Les Misérables, Victor/Victoria, Kiss Me, Kate, Sly Fox, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels and Anything Goes. She also has many film and television credits, including her portrayal of Lucille Ball in the CBS biographical film Lucy.
1970
1. Eric Namesnik, American swimmer (d. 2006) births
  1. Eric Namesnik
    
    Eric John Namesnik, nicknamed "Snik," was an American competition swimmer and Olympic medalist.
2. Harold Haley, American lawyer and judge (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Harold Haley
    
    Harold Joseph Haley was an American judge. He was a Superior Court judge in Marin County, California. He was taken hostage in his courtroom, along with several others, during the course of a trial, and was killed during the attempted escape of his captors with their hostages.
3. Jonathan P. Jackson, American bodyguard and kidnapper (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Jonathan P. Jackson
    
    Jonathan Peter Jackson was an American youth, who died of gunshot wounds suffered during his armed invasion of a California courthouse. At age 17, Jackson stormed the Marin County Courthouse with automatic weapons, kidnapping Superior Court Judge Harold Haley, prosecutor Gary Thomas, and three jurors. Escaping with the hostages, Jackson demanded the Soledad Brothers' immediate release from prison. The Soledad Brothers, a group of African American inmates facing charges for allegedly throwing a white prison guard to his death at San Quentin, included Jackson's elder brother George Jackson. None of the Soledad defendants were at the courthouse on the day of the attack.
1969
1. Paul Lambert, Scottish footballer and manager births
  1. Paul Lambert
    
    Paul Lambert is a Scottish professional football manager and former player, who was most recently the manager of Ipswich Town.
2. Dana G. Peleg, Israeli writer and LGBT activist births
  1. Dana G. Peleg
    
    Dana G. Peleg is an Israeli writer, poet, journalist, translator and editor. She is an activist for women's and LGBT rights. She wrote the first regular column in the Israeli press on the subject of lesbian, bisexual and pansexual women.
3. Jean Bastien, French professional footballer (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Jean Bastien
    
    Jean Bastien was a professional French footballer. He was born in Oran, French Algeria, and died, aged 54, in Marseille.
4. Joseph Kosma, Hungarian-French composer (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Joseph Kosma
    
    Joseph Kosma was a Hungarian-French composer.
1968
1. Francesca Gregorini, Italian-American director and screenwriter births
  1. Francesca Gregorini
    
    Francesca McKnight Donatella Romana Gregorini di Savignano di Romagna, known professionally as Francesca Gregorini, is an Italian-American screenwriter and film director.
2. Trevor Hendy, Australian surfer and coach births
  1. Trevor Hendy
    
    Trevor Ronald Hendy, AM is a former Australian professional surf lifesaver.
3. Sophie Lee, Australian actress and author births
  1. Sophie Lee
    
    Sophie Lee is an Australian film, stage and television actress and author.
4. Giovanni Bracco, Italian race car driver (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Giovanni Bracco
    
    Giovanni Bracco was an Italian racing car driver.
1967
1. Jason Grimsley, American baseball player births
  1. Jason Grimsley
    
    Jason Alan Grimsley is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for seven teams during a 15-year career. He was a member of both the 1999 and 2000 World Series champion New York Yankees.
1966
1. David Cairns, Scottish laicised priest and politician, Minister of State for Scotland (d. 2011) births
  1. David Cairns (politician)
    
    John David Cairns was a Scottish politician who served as Minister of State for Scotland from 2005 to 2008. A member of Scottish Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Inverclyde, formerly Greenock and Inverclyde, from 2001 until his death in 2011.
  2. Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland
    
    The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland is a junior ministerial post in the Government of the United Kingdom, supporting the Secretary of State for Scotland. The post is also known as Deputy Secretary of State for Scotland.
2. Shobna Gulati, British actress births
  1. Shobna Gulati
    
    Shobna Gulati is an English actress and presenter. Gulati is known for her roles as Anita in dinnerladies, and Sunita Alahan in the soap opera Coronation Street from 2001 to 2013. From 2013 to 2014, Gulati appeared as a panellist on the lunchtime talk show Loose Women.
3. Kristin Hersh, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Kristin Hersh
    
    Martha Kristin Hersh is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter known for her solo work and with her rock bands Throwing Muses and 50FootWave. She has released eleven solo albums. Her guitar work and composition style ranges from jaggedly dissonant to traditional folk. Hersh's lyrics have a stream-of-consciousness style, reflecting her personal experiences.
4. Jimmy Wales, American-British entrepreneur, co-founder of Wikipedia births
  1. Jimmy Wales
    
    Jimmy Donal Wales, also known on Wikipedia by the pseudonym Jimbo, is an American-British Internet entrepreneur, webmaster, and former financial trader. He is a co-founder of the online non-profit encyclopedia Wikipedia and the for-profit wiki hosting service Fandom. He has worked on other online projects, including Bomis, Nupedia, WikiTribune, and WT Social.
  2. Wikipedia
    
    Wikipedia is a multilingual free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers through open collaboration and a wiki-based editing system. Its editors are known as Wikipedians. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. It is consistently one of the 10 most popular websites ranked by Similarweb and formerly Alexa; as of 2022, Wikipedia was ranked the 5th most popular site in the world. It is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit organization funded mainly through donations.
1965
1. Raul Malo, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Raul Malo
    
    Raúl Francisco Martínez-Malo Jr., known professionally as Raúl Malo, is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and record producer. He is the lead singer of country music band The Mavericks and the co-writer of many of their singles, as well as Rick Trevino's 2003 single "In My Dreams". After the disbanding of The Mavericks in the early 2000s, Malo pursued a solo career. He has also participated from 2001 in the Los Super Seven supergroup. The Mavericks re-formed in 2012 and continue to tour extensively. In 2015 they won the Americana music award for duo/group of the year.
2. Elizabeth Manley, Canadian figure skater births
  1. Elizabeth Manley
    
    Elizabeth Ann Manley, CM is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. She is the 1988 Olympic silver medallist, the 1988 World silver medalist and a three-time Canadian national champion.
1964
1. John Birmingham, English-Australian journalist and author births
  1. John Birmingham
    
    John Birmingham is a British-born Australian author, known for the 1994 memoir He Died with a Felafel in His Hand, and his Axis of Time trilogy.
2. Ian Dench, English guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Ian Dench
    
    Ian Alec Harvey Dench is an English songwriter and musician. He was the guitarist and principal songwriter for EMF, who scored a major international hit reaching number 1 in the United States with "Unbelievable" in 1991. It was voted one of BBC Radio 2's 'Greatest Guitar Riffs'.
3. Peter Niven, Scottish jockey births
  1. Peter Niven
    
    Peter Niven is a retired British jump jockey in National Hunt racing. In May 2001 he became the first Scotsman and sixth jockey to ride over 1,000 winners, eventually retiring in September that year with 1002 winners. At the time of his retirement he was the only jockey to have won five races in a day on four occasions. He is now a racehorse trainer.
1963
1. Paul Dunn, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Paul Dunn (rugby league)
    
    Paul Dunn is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. A New South Wales State of Origin and Australian international representative forward, he played club football in Sydney for Eastern Suburbs, Canterbury-Bankstown, Parramatta and Penrith.
2. Nick Gillespie, American journalist and author births
  1. Nick Gillespie
    
    Nicholas John Gillespie is an American libertarian journalist who was editor-in-chief of Reason magazine from 2000 to 2008 and editor-in-chief of Reason.com and Reason TV from 2008 to 2017. Gillespie originally joined Reason's staff in 1993 as an assistant editor and ascended to the top slot in 2000. He is currently an editor-at-large at Reason. Gillespie has edited one anthology, Choice: The Best of Reason.
3. Marcus Roberts, American pianist and educator births
  1. Marcus Roberts
    
    Marthaniel "Marcus" Roberts is an American jazz pianist, composer, arranger, bandleader, and teacher.
4. Ramon Vila Capdevila, last of the Spanish Maquis, holding out after the end of the Spanish Civil War (b.1908) deaths
  1. Ramon Vila Capdevila
    
    Ramon Vila Capdevila, sometimes known by various nicknames, including Caracremada, was a Catalan anarchist, member of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, and guerrilla fighter.
  2. Spanish Maquis
    
    The Maquis were Spanish guerrillas who waged an irregular warfare against the Francoist dictatorship within Spain following the Republican defeat in the Spanish Civil War until the early 1960s, carrying out sabotage, robberies and assassinations of Francoists as well as contributing to the fight against Nazi Germany and the Vichy regime in France during World War II. They also took part in occupations of the Spanish embassy in France.
  3. Spanish Civil War
    
    The Spanish Civil War was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, and consisted of various socialist, communist, separatist, anarchist, and republican parties, some of which had opposed the government in the pre-war period. The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and traditionalists led by a military junta among whom General Francisco Franco quickly achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a religious struggle, a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between fascism and communism. According to Claude Bowers, U.S. ambassador to Spain during the war, it was the "dress rehearsal" for World War II. The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975.
1962
1. Alison Brown, American banjo player, songwriter, and producer births
  1. Alison Brown
    
    Alison Brown is an American banjo player, guitarist, composer, and producer. She has won and has been nominated for several Grammy awards and is often compared to another banjo prodigy, Béla Fleck, for her unique style of playing. In her music, she blends jazz, bluegrass, rock, blues as well as other styles of music.
1961
1. Brian Conley, English actor and singer births
  1. Brian Conley
    
    Brian Paul Conley is an English actor, comedian, singer and television presenter. Conley has been the host of The Brian Conley Show, as well as presenting the Royal Variety Performance on eight occasions. In his 40-year television career, he has starred in multiple award-winning television sitcoms including Time After Time and The Grimleys. In the West End, he has played the lead role in musicals such as Me and My Girl, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, Hairspray, Oliver!, The Music Man, Barnum and Jolson for which he was nominated for a prestigious Laurence Olivier Award. As a musician, he has released five albums, including Brian Conley Sings, Let the Good Times Roll, and Stage to Stage. He has won numerous awards in his career including The National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performer, Best Live Performer in Manchester Evening News and a British Comedy Award.
2. Yelena Davydova, Russian gymnast births
  1. Yelena Davydova
    
    Yelena Viktorovna Davydova is a Russian-Canadian gymnastics coach and judge who competed for the former Soviet Union. She was the women's artistic individual all-around champion at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. She's the owner and head coach at Gemini Gymnastics, a gymnastics club in Oshawa, Ontario. In July 2012, Davydova was one of the coaches of the Canadian Women's Artistic Gymnastics Team. In 2016 Davydova was head floor judge at the 2016 Rio Olympics.
3. Walter Swinburn, English jockey and trainer (d. 2016) births
  1. Walter Swinburn
    
    Walter Robert John Swinburn was a flat racing jockey and trainer who competed in Great Britain and internationally.
4. Carlos Vives, Colombian singer, songwriter, and actor births
  1. Carlos Vives
    
    Carlos Alberto Vives Restrepo is a Colombian singer, songwriter and actor. He is known for his interpretation of traditional music styles of Colombia such as vallenato, cumbia, champeta, bambuco and porro as well as genres such as Latin pop, reggaeton, dance pop and tropical music.
1960
1. David Duchovny, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. David Duchovny
    
    David William Duchovny is an American actor, writer, producer, director, novelist, and singer-songwriter. He is known for portraying FBI agent Fox Mulder on the television series The X-Files (1993–2002) and as writer Hank Moody on the television series Californication (2007–2014), both of which have earned him Golden Globe awards. Duchovny appeared in both X-Files films, the 1998 science fiction-thriller of the same name and the supernatural-thriller The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008). He executive-produced and starred in the historically based cop drama Aquarius (2015–2016).
2. Luis Ángel Firpo, Argentine boxer (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Luis Ángel Firpo
    
    Luis Ángel Firpo was an Argentine boxer. Born in Junín, Argentina, he was nicknamed The Wild Bull of the Pampas.
1959
1. Koenraad Elst, Belgian orientalist and author births
  1. Koenraad Elst
    
    Koenraad Elst is a Flemish right wing Hindutva author, known primarily for his support of the Out of India theory and the Hindutva movement. Scholars have accused him of harboring Islamophobia.
2. Ali Shah, Zimbabwean cricketer and coach births
  1. Ali Shah
    
    Ali Hassimshah Omarshah, known as Ali Shah, is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer. An all-rounder who batted left-handed and bowled right-arm medium pace, Shah played in three Test matches and 28 One Day Internationals (ODIs) for Zimbabwe between 1983 and 1996, and was the first non-white player to represent the country. He was educated at Morgan High School.
1958
1. Russell Baze, Canadian-American jockey births
  1. Russell Baze
    
    Russell Avery Baze is a retired horse racing jockey. He holds the record for the most race wins in North American horse racing history, and is a member of the United States Racing Hall of Fame and the State of Washington Sports Hall of Fame.
2. Bruce Dickinson, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Bruce Dickinson
    
    Paul Bruce Dickinson is an English singer who has been the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden from 1981 to 1993 and 1999–present. He is known for his wide-ranging operatic vocal style and energetic stage presence.
3. Alberto Salazar, Cuban-American runner and coach births
  1. Alberto Salazar
    
    Alberto Salazar is an American former track coach and long-distance runner. Born in Cuba, Salazar immigrated to the United States as a child with his family, living in Connecticut and then in Wayland, Massachusetts, where Salazar competed in track and field in high school. Salazar won the New York City Marathon three times in the early 1980s, and won the 1982 Boston Marathon in a race known as the "Duel in the Sun". He set American track records for 5,000 m and 10,000 m in 1982. Salazar was later the head coach of the Nike Oregon Project. He won the IAAF Coaching Achievement Award in 2013.
4. Elizabeth Foreman Lewis, American author and educator (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Foreman Lewis
    
    Elizabeth Foreman Lewis was an American children's writer. She received the Newbery Award and the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award.
1957
1. Daire Brehan, Irish journalist, lawyer, and actress (d. 2012) births
  1. Daire Brehan
    
    Daire Brehan was an Irish actress, broadcaster and barrister who presented a variety of BBC Radio programmes during the 1990s including Language Live, for BBC Radio 5, You and Yours, The Afternoon Shift (1995–98) and Pick of the Week for BBC Radio 4, a documentary Too Many Songs on American comic songster Tom Lehrer for BBC Radio 2, Pick of the World for BBC World Service, and Today’s Agenda for BBC Radio Kent.
2. Alexander Dityatin, Russian gymnast and colonel births
  1. Alexander Dityatin
    
    Aleksandr Nikolaevich Dityatin is a retired Soviet/Russian gymnast, three-time Olympic champion, and Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR. Winning eight medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics, he set the record for achieving the most medals of any type at a single Olympic Games. The American swimmer Michael Phelps has now twice equalled this record, at Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008. Dityatin competed for the Leningrad Dinamo sports society.
3. Oliver Hardy, American actor, singer, and director (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Oliver Hardy
    
    Oliver Norvell Hardy was an American comic actor and one half of Laurel and Hardy, the double act that began in the era of silent films and lasted from 1926 to 1957. He appeared with his comedy partner Stan Laurel in 107 short films, feature films, and cameo roles. He was credited with his first film, Outwitting Dad, in 1914. In most of his silent films before joining producer Hal Roach, he was billed on screen as Babe Hardy.
1955
1. Wayne Knight, American actor, comedian and voice actor births
  1. Wayne Knight
    
    Wayne Elliot Knight is an American actor. In television, he played Newman on Seinfeld (1992–1998) and Officer Don Orville on 3rd Rock from the Sun (1996–2001). He also voiced Igor on Toonsylvania (1998–1999), Mr. Blik on Catscratch (2005–2007) and Baron Von Sheldgoose on Legend of the Three Caballeros (2018).
2. Greg Nickels, American lawyer and politician, 51st Mayor of Seattle births
  1. Greg Nickels
    
    Gregory J. Nickels is an American politician who served as the 51st mayor of Seattle, Washington. He took office on January 1, 2002 and was reelected to a second term in 2005. In August 2009, Nickels finished third in the primary election for Seattle mayor, failing to qualify for the November 2009 general election, and losing his bid for a third term as mayor. He left office on January 1, 2010.
  2. Mayor of Seattle
    
    The Mayor of Seattle is the head of the executive branch of the city government of Seattle, Washington. The mayor is authorized by the city charter to enforce laws enacted by the Seattle City Council, as well as direct subordinate officers in city departments.
3. Vladimir Sorokin, Russian author and playwright births
  1. Vladimir Sorokin
    
    Vladimir Georgiyevich Sorokin is a contemporary postmodern Russian writer and dramatist. He has been described as one of the most popular writers in modern Russian literature.
1954
1. Valery Gazzaev, Russian footballer, manager and politician births
  1. Valery Gazzaev
    
    Valery Georgiyevich Gazzaev is a Russian politician, football manager and former footballer of Ossetian descent. As a Soviet footballer he played the position of a striker enjoying successes with his team FC Dynamo Moscow as well as the USSR national football team in the Olympics.
2. Jonathan Pollard, Israeli spy births
  1. Jonathan Pollard
    
    Jonathan Jay Pollard is a former intelligence analyst for the United States government. In 1987, as part of a plea agreement, Pollard pleaded guilty to spying for and providing top-secret classified information to Israel. He was sentenced to life in prison for violations of the Espionage Act, making him the only American to receive a life sentence for passing classified information to an ally of the U.S.
3. Alan Reid, Scottish politician births
  1. Alan Reid (politician)
    
    Alan Reid is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician who has been a councillor in the East Dunbartonshire ward of Bearsden North since 2022.
1953
1. Anne Fadiman, American journalist and author births
  1. Anne Fadiman
    
    Anne Fadiman is an American essayist and reporter. Her interests include literary journalism, essays, memoir, and autobiography. She has received the National Book Critics Circle Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Current Interest, and the Salon Book Award.
2. Abner Powell, American baseball player and manager (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Abner Powell
    
    Abner Charles Powell was a Major League Baseball player who was a member of the Washington Nationals of the Union Association in 1884. He later played for the Baltimore Orioles and the Cincinnati Red Stockings in 1886. He also managed and owned several teams, and he is best known for his innovations as a manager.
1952
1. Caroline Aaron, American actress and producer births
  1. Caroline Aaron
    
    Caroline Sidney Aaron is an American actress.
2. Eamonn Darcy, Irish golfer births
  1. Eamonn Darcy
    
    Eamonn Christopher Darcy is an Irish professional golfer. He won four times on the European Tour and played in the Ryder Cup four times.
3. Kees Kist, Dutch footballer births
  1. Kees Kist
    
    Cornelis Kist is a Dutch former professional footballer and manager. He played as a striker, and most notably won the European Golden Shoe for the 1978–79 season.
4. Alexei Sayle, English comedian, actor, and author births
  1. Alexei Sayle
    
    Alexei David Sayle is an English actor, author, stand-up comedian, television presenter and former recording artist. He was a leading figure in the British alternative comedy movement in the 1980s. He was voted the 18th greatest stand-up comic of all time on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-ups in 2007. In an updated 2010 poll he came 72nd.
1950
1. Rodney Crowell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Rodney Crowell
    
    Rodney Crowell is an American musician, known primarily for his work as a singer and songwriter in country music. Crowell has had five number one singles on Hot Country Songs, all from his 1988 album Diamonds & Dirt. He has also written songs and produced for other artists.
2. Alan Keyes, American politician and diplomat, 16th Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs births
  1. Alan Keyes
    
    Alan Lee Keyes is an American politician, political activist, author, and perennial candidate who served as the Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs from 1985 to 1987. A member of the Republican Party, Keyes sought the nomination for President of the United States in 1996, 2000, and 2008.
  2. Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs
    
    The Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs is the head of the Bureau of International Organization Affairs within the United States Department of State that creates and executes policy in international organizations such as the United Nations. The U.S. Department of State created the position of Assistant Secretary of State for United Nations Affairs in February 1949, using one of the six Assistant secretary positions originally authorized by Congress in 1944. On August 25, 1954, a Department administrative action changed the incumbent's designation to Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs. The current head of the Bureau is Ambassador Michele J. Sison.
3. S. Thandayuthapani, Sri Lankan educator and politician births
  1. S. Thandayuthapani
    
    Singaravelu Thandayuthapani is a Sri Lankan Tamil teacher, civil servant, politician and provincial minister.
1949
1. Walid Jumblatt, Lebanese journalist and politician births
  1. Walid Jumblatt
    
    Walid Kamal Jumblatt is a Lebanese Druze politician and former militia commander who has been leading the Progressive Socialist Party since 1977. While leading the Lebanese National Resistance Front and allying with the Amal Movement during the Lebanese Civil War, he worked closely with Suleiman Frangieh to oppose Amine Gemayel's rule as president in 1983. After the civil war, he initially supported Syria but later led an anti-Assad stance during the start of the Syrian Civil War. He is still active in politics, most recently leading his party, the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) in the 2022 Lebanese general election.
2. Matthew Parris, South African-English journalist and politician births
  1. Matthew Parris
    
    Matthew Francis Parris is a British political writer and broadcaster, formerly a Conservative Member of Parliament. He was born in South Africa to British parents.
1948
1. Marty Appel, American businessman and author births
  1. Marty Appel
    
    Martin E. Appel, is an American public relations and sports management executive, television executive producer, and author.
2. Greg Chappell, Australian cricketer and coach births
  1. Greg Chappell
    
    Gregory Stephen Chappell is a former cricketer who represented Australia at international level in both Tests and One-Day Internationals (ODI). The second of three brothers to play Test cricket, Chappell was the pre-eminent Australian batsman of his time who allied elegant stroke making to fierce concentration. An exceptional all round player who bowled medium pace and, at his retirement, held the world record for the most catches in Test cricket, Chappell's career straddled two eras as the game moved toward a greater level of professionalism after the WSC schism.
3. Charles Bryant, English-American actor and director (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Charles Bryant (actor)
    
    Charles Bryant was a British actor and film director.
1947
1. Franciscus Henri, Dutch-Australian singer-songwriter births
  1. Franciscus Henri
    
    Franciscus Henricus Antheunis, professionally known as Franciscus Henri, is a musician and children's entertainer. He has dual Dutch and Australian nationality. In 1970 he gained national prominence when he competed in the TV talent quest New Faces, which led to a recording contract with the Melbourne-based independent label Fable Records. From 1997, he also performs as Mister Whiskers, a travelling singer who loves children and performs for them with his dog companion, Smiggy.
2. Sofia Rotaru, Ukrainian singer-songwriter, producer, and actress births
  1. Sofia Rotaru
    
    Sofiia Mykhailivna Yevdokymenko-Rotaru, known as Sofia Rotaru, is a former Ukrainian pop singer of Romanian origin.
1945
1. Kenny Ireland, Scottish actor and director (d. 2014) births
  1. Kenny Ireland
    
    George Ian Kenneth "Kenny" Ireland was a Scottish actor and theatre director. Ireland was best known to television viewers for his role in Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV in the 1980s, and for playing Donald Stewart in Benidorm from 2007 until his death in 2014.
2. Alan Page, American football player and jurist births
  1. Alan Page
    
    Alan Cedric Page is an American retired judge and former professional football player.
1944
1. John Glover, American actor births
  1. John Glover (actor)
    
    John Soursby Glover Jr. is an American actor, known for a range of villainous roles in films and television, including Daniel Clamp in Gremlins 2: The New Batch and Lionel Luthor on the Superman-inspired television series Smallville. He is also the voice of Riddler in the DC Animated Universe making appearances in Batman: The Animated Series, The New Batman Adventures and Superman: The Animated Series.
2. Robert Mueller, American soldier and lawyer, 6th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation births
  1. Robert Mueller
    
    Robert Swan Mueller III is an American lawyer and government official who served as the sixth director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013.
  2. Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
    
    The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, a United States' federal law enforcement agency, and is responsible for its day-to-day operations. The FBI Director is appointed for a single 10-year term by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. The FBI is an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ), and thus the Director reports to the Attorney General of the United States.
1943
1. Mohammed Badie, Egyptian religious leader births
  1. Mohammed Badie
    
    Mohammed Badie is the eighth Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood.
2. Lana Cantrell, Australian singer-songwriter and lawyer births
  1. Lana Cantrell
    
    Lana Eleanor Cantrell AM is an Australian-American singer and entertainment lawyer. She was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in the Grammy Awards of 1968.
3. Alain Corneau, French director and screenwriter (d. 2010) births
  1. Alain Corneau
    
    Alain Corneau was a French film director and writer.
1942
1. Garrison Keillor, American humorist, novelist, short story writer, and radio host births
  1. Garrison Keillor
    
    Gary Edward "Garrison" Keillor is an American author, singer, humorist, voice actor, and radio personality. He created the Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) show A Prairie Home Companion, which he hosted from 1974 to 2016. Keillor created the fictional Minnesota town Lake Wobegon, the setting of many of his books, including Lake Wobegon Days and Leaving Home: A Collection of Lake Wobegon Stories. Other creations include Guy Noir, a detective voiced by Keillor who appeared in A Prairie Home Companion comic skits. Keillor is also the creator of the five-minute daily radio/podcast program The Writer's Almanac, which pairs one or two poems of his choice with a script about important literary, historical, and scientific events that coincided with that date in history.
2. Carlos Monzon, Argentinian boxer and actor (d. 1995) births
  1. Carlos Monzón
    
    Carlos Roque Monzón, nicknamed Escopeta, was an Argentine professional boxer who held the undisputed world middleweight championship for 7 years. He successfully defended his title 14 times against 11 different fighters and is widely regarded as not only one of the best middleweights in history but also one of the greatest boxers of all time pound-for-pound. Known for his speed, punching power and relentless work rate, Monzon ended his career with a record of 87-3-9-1 with 59 knockouts, each one of his losses were early in his career and were avenged. Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990, he was chosen by The Ring magazine in 2002 as the 11th greatest fighter of the last 80 years and voted him as the best middleweight title holder of the last 50 years in 2011. As of January 2018, Monzón holds the 2nd longest unified championship reign in middleweight history at 9 consecutive defenses. Monzón spent five and a half years in prison for killing his wife Alicia by throwing her off a balcony, and admitted that he had hit every single woman that he had dated.
3. Caetano Veloso, Brazilian singer-songwriter, writer and producer births
  1. Caetano Veloso
    
    Caetano Emanuel Viana Teles Veloso is a Brazilian composer, singer, guitarist, writer, and political activist. Veloso first became known for his participation in the Brazilian musical movement Tropicalismo, which encompassed theatre, poetry and music in the 1960s, at the beginning of the Brazilian military dictatorship that took power in 1964. He has remained a constant creative influence and best-selling performing artist and composer ever since. Veloso has won nine Latin Grammy Awards and two Grammy Awards. On November 14, 2012, Veloso was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year.
4. Richard Sykes, English biochemist and academic births
  1. Richard Sykes (microbiologist)
    
    Sir Richard Brook Sykes, is a British microbiologist, the chair of the Royal Institution, the UK Stem Cell Foundation, and the trustees at King Edward VII's Hospital, and chancellor of Brunel University. As of June 2021, he is chair of the UK's Vaccine Taskforce, where he is responsible for overseeing the delivery of the COVID-19 vaccination programme, including preparations for booster programmes and encouraging vaccine innovation in the UK.
5. B. J. Thomas, American singer (d. 2021) births
  1. B. J. Thomas
    
    Billy Joe Thomas was an American singer widely known for his pop, country and Christian hits of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
1941
1. Matthew Evans, Baron Evans of Temple Guiting, English publisher and politician (d. 2016) births
  1. Matthew Evans, Baron Evans of Temple Guiting
    
    Matthew Evans, Baron Evans of Temple Guiting, was a British Labour Party politician. Evans' father was the writer George Ewart Evans.
2. Rabindranath Tagore, Indian author, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861) deaths
  1. Rabindranath Tagore
    
    Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who worked as a poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter. He reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali, he became in 1913 the first non-European and the first lyricist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal. He was a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal", Tagore was known by sobriquets: Gurudev, Kobiguru, Biswakobi.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1940
1. Jean-Luc Dehaene, French-Belgian lawyer and politician, 63rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2014) births
  1. Jean-Luc Dehaene
    
    Jean Luc Joseph Marie "Jean-Luc" Dehaene was a Belgian politician who served as the prime minister of Belgium from 1992 until 1999. During his political career, he was nicknamed "The Plumber" and "The Minesweeper" for his ability to negotiate political deadlocks. A member of the Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams (CD&V) party and its antecedents, Dehaene gained his first ministerial appointment in 1981. Dehaene's first government (1992–1995) included both Christian and Social Democrats and presided over the creation of a new constitution, effectively transforming Belgium into a federal state. His second government (1995–1999) coincided with a number of crises in Belgium including the Dutroux scandal. The Dioxin Affair, occurring shortly before the 1999 election, led to a swing against the major parties and Dehaene's government fell. Following his final term as Prime Minister he was active in both Belgian and European politics. He was also on UEFA's financial fair play regulatory body and managed Dexia Bank during the financial crisis. He was the last prime minister of King Baudouin's reign.
  2. Prime Minister of Belgium
    
    The Prime Minister of Belgium or the Premier of Belgium is the head of the federal government of Belgium, and the most powerful person in Belgian politics.
2. Uwe Nettelbeck, German record producer, journalist and film critic (d. 2007) births
  1. Uwe Nettelbeck
    
    Uwe Nettelbeck was a German record producer, journalist and film critic. He was best known as the creator and producer of the German krautrock band Faust and changed the face of German rock music in the early 1970s. He was also one of Germany's leading film critics in the 1960s.
1938
1. Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor and director (b. 1863) deaths
  1. Konstantin Stanislavski
    
    Konstantin Sergeyevich Stanislavski was a seminal Soviet and Russian theatre practitioner. He was widely recognized as an outstanding character actor and the many productions that he directed garnered him a reputation as one of the leading theatre directors of his generation. His principal fame and influence, however, rests on his "system" of actor training, preparation, and rehearsal technique.
1937
1. Zoltán Berczik, Hungarian table tennis player and coach (d. 2011) births
  1. Zoltán Berczik
    
    Zoltán Berczik was a Hungarian table tennis player. In the late fifties he was ranked among the best European table tennis players and won, with his athletic play, the first two titles at the Table Tennis European Championships.
2. Don Wilson, English cricketer and coach (d. 2012) births
  1. Don Wilson (cricketer)
    
    Donald Wilson was an English cricketer, who played in six Test matches for England from 1964 to 1971. His first-class cricket career, which lasted from 1957 to 1974, was spent with Yorkshire County Cricket Club and he later became a noted cricket coach. He was born in Settle, Yorkshire and died at York.
1935
1. Lee Corso, American college football coach and broadcaster births
  1. Lee Corso
    
    Lee Richard Corso is an American sports broadcaster and football analyst for ESPN and a former coach. He has been a featured analyst on ESPN's College GameDay program since its inception in 1987. Corso served as the head football coach at the University of Louisville from 1969 to 1972, at Indiana University Bloomington from 1973 to 1982, and at Northern Illinois University in 1984, compiling a career college football coaching record of 73–85–6. He was the head coach for the Orlando Renegades of the United States Football League in 1985, tallying a mark of 5–13.
2. Rahsaan Roland Kirk, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1977) births
  1. Rahsaan Roland Kirk
    
    Rahsaan Roland Kirk, known earlier in his career simply as Roland Kirk, was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist who played tenor saxophone, flute, and many other instruments. He was renowned for his onstage vitality, during which virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting, and the ability to play several instruments simultaneously.
1934
1. Sándor Simó, Hungarian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2001) births
  1. Sándor Simó
    
    Sándor Simó was a Hungarian film producer, director and screenwriter. He produced 25 films and directed a further seven. His 1969 film Those Who Wear Glasses won the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival. His 1977 film My Father's Happy Years was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival.
1933
1. Eddie Firmani, South African footballer and manager births
  1. Eddie Firmani
    
    Edwin Ronald "Eddie" Firmani is a former professional football player and manager. A former forward, he spent most of his career in Italy and England. Born in South Africa, he represented the Italy national team internationally.
2. Elinor Ostrom, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) births
  1. Elinor Ostrom
    
    Elinor Claire "Lin" Ostrom was an American political scientist and political economist whose work was associated with New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy. In 2009, she was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for her "analysis of economic governance, especially the commons", which she shared with Oliver E. Williamson. She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economics.
  2. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.
3. Jerry Pournelle, American journalist and author (d. 2017) births
  1. Jerry Pournelle
    
    Jerry Eugene Pournelle was an American scientist in the area of operations research and human factors research, a science fiction writer, essayist, journalist, and one of the first bloggers. In the 1960s and early 1970s, he worked in the aerospace industry, but eventually focused on his writing career. In an obituary in Gizmodo, he is described as "a tireless ambassador for the future."
4. Alberto Romulo, Filipino politician and diplomat births
  1. Alberto Romulo
    
    Alberto Gatmaitan Romulo is a Filipino politician and diplomat. He served in the Philippine in various capacities as Executive Secretary, Finance Secretary, Foreign Affairs Secretary, and Budget Secretary. His most recent office is his leadership of the Department of Foreign Affairs before and during the early period of the administration of President Benigno Aquino III.
1932
1. Abebe Bikila, Ethiopian runner (d. 1973) births
  1. Abebe Bikila
    
    Shambel Abebe Bikila was an Ethiopian marathon runner who was a back-to-back Olympic marathon champion. He is the first Ethiopian Olympic gold medalist, winning his and Africa's first gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome while running barefoot. At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, he won his second gold medal. In turn, he became the first athlete to successfully defend an Olympic marathon title. In both victories, he ran in world record time.
2. Edward Hardwicke, English actor (d. 2011) births
  1. Edward Hardwicke
    
    Edward Cedric Hardwicke was an English actor, who had a distinguished career on the stage and on-screen. He was best known for playing Captain Pat Grant in Colditz (1972-73), and Dr. Watson in Granada Television's Sherlock Holmes (1986-94).
3. Rien Poortvliet, Dutch painter and illustrator (d. 1995) births
  1. Rien Poortvliet
    
    Rien Poortvliet was a Dutch draughtsman and painter.
4. Maurice Rabb, Jr., American ophthalmologist and academic (d. 2005) births
  1. Maurice Rabb Jr.
    
    Maurice F. Rabb Jr. was an American ophthalmologist. He is widely known for his pioneering work in cornea and retinal vascular diseases.
1931
1. Jack Good, British television producer (d. 2017) births
  1. Jack Good (producer)
    
    Jack Good was a British television producer, musical theatre producer, record producer, musician and painter of icons. As a television producer, he was responsible for the early popular music shows Six-Five Special, Oh Boy!, Boy Meets Girls and Wham!! TV series, the first UK teenage music programmes. Good managed some of the UK's first rock and roll stars, including Tommy Steele, Marty Wilde, Billy Fury, Jess Conrad and Cliff Richard.
2. Charles E. Rice, American scholar and author (d. 2015) births
  1. Charles E. Rice
    
    Charles Edward Rice was an American legal scholar, Catholic apologist, and author of several books. He is best known for his career at the Notre Dame Law School at Notre Dame, Indiana. He began teaching there in 1969, and in 2000 earned professor emeritus status. During the time he was retired, he continued to teach classes at the University of Notre Dame until 2014.
1930
1. Togrul Narimanbekov, Azerbaijani-French painter and academic (d. 2013) births
  1. Togrul Narimanbekov
    
    Togrul Farman oglu Narimanbekov was one of the prominent modern Azerbaijani artists.
2. Veljo Tormis, Estonian composer and educator (d. 2017) births
  1. Veljo Tormis
    
    Veljo Tormis was an Estonian composer, regarded as one of the great contemporary choral composers and one of the most important composers of the 20th century in Estonia. Internationally, his fame arises chiefly from his extensive body of choral music, which exceeds 500 individual choral songs, most of it a cappella. The great majority of these pieces are based on traditional ancient Estonian folksongs (regilaulud), either textually, melodically, or merely stylistically.
1929
1. Don Larsen, American baseball player (d. 2020) births
  1. Don Larsen
    
    Don James Larsen was an American professional baseball pitcher. During a 15-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he pitched from 1953 to 1967 for seven different teams: the St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles, New York Yankees (1955–1959), Kansas City Athletics (1960–1961), Chicago White Sox (1961), San Francisco Giants (1962–1964), Houston Colt .45's / Astros (1964–65), and Chicago Cubs (1967).
1928
1. Betsy Byars, American author and academic (d. 2020) births
  1. Betsy Byars
    
    Betsy Byars was an American author of children's books. Her novel Summer of the Swans won the 1971 Newbery Medal. She has also received a National Book Award for Young People's Literature for The Night Swimmers (1980) and an Edgar Award for Wanted ... Mud Blossom (1991).
2. Owen Luder, English architect, designed Tricorn Centre and Trinity Square (d. 2021) births
  1. Owen Luder
    
    Harold Owen Luder was a British architect who designed a number of notable and sometimes controversial buildings in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and 1970s, many now demolished. He served as chairman of the Architects Registration Board and twice as President of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1981–1983 and 1995–1997. He established his own practice Owen Luder Partnership in 1957, and left in 1987 to form the consultancy Communication In Construction.
  2. Tricorn Centre
    
    The Tricorn Centre was a shopping, nightclub and car park complex in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. It was designed in the Brutalist style by Owen Luder and Rodney Gordon and took its name from the site's shape which from the air resembled a tricorn hat. Constructed in the mid-1960s, it was demolished in 2004. It was home to one of the first Virgin Megastores and housed the largest Laser Quest arena in Europe.
  3. Trinity Square, Gateshead
    
    Trinity Square is a shopping and leisure centre in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. The new centre was constructed on the site of former multi-storey car park and shopping complex going by the same name, which originally opened in 1967.
3. James Randi, Canadian-American stage magician and author (d. 2020) births
  1. James Randi
    
    James Randi was a Canadian-American stage magician, author and scientific skeptic who extensively challenged paranormal and pseudoscientific claims. He was the co-founder of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), and founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi began his career as a magician under the stage name The Amazing Randi and later chose to devote most of his time to investigating paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims, which he collectively called "woo-woo". Randi retired from practicing magic at age 60, and from his foundation at 87.
1927
1. Rocky Bridges, American baseball player and coach (d. 2015) births
  1. Rocky Bridges
    
    Everett Lamar "Rocky" Bridges was a middle infielder and third baseman with an 11-year career in Major League Baseball from 1951 to 1961. Bridges played for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Cincinnati Redlegs and St. Louis Cardinals of the National League, and the Washington Senators, Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians and Los Angeles Angels of the American League.
2. Edwin Edwards, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 50th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2021) births
  1. Edwin Edwards
    
    Edwin Washington Edwards was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the U.S. representative for Louisiana's 7th congressional district from 1965 to 1972 and as the 50th governor of Louisiana for four terms, twice as many elected terms as any other Louisiana chief executive. He served a total of 16 years in gubernatorial office, which at 5,784 days is the sixth-longest such tenure in post-Constitutional U.S. history.
  2. List of governors of Louisiana
    
    The governor of Louisiana is the head of state and head of government of the U.S. state of Louisiana. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Louisiana's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.
3. Art Houtteman, American baseball player and journalist (d. 2003) births
  1. Art Houtteman
    
    Arthur Joseph Houtteman was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for 12 seasons in the American League with the Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians and Baltimore Orioles. In 325 career games, Houtteman pitched 1,555 innings and posted a win–loss record of 87–91, with 78 complete games, 14 shutouts, and a 4.14 earned run average (ERA).
1926
1. Stan Freberg, American puppeteer, voice actor, and singer (d. 2015) births
  1. Stan Freberg
    
    Stan Freberg was an American actor, author, comedian, musician, radio personality, puppeteer and advertising creative director.
1925
1. Felice Bryant, American songwriter (d. 2003) births
  1. Felice and Boudleaux Bryant
    
    Felice Bryant and Diadorius Boudleaux Bryant were an American husband-and-wife country music and pop songwriting team. They were best known for songs such as "Rocky Top," "We Could", "Love Hurts", and numerous hits by the Everly Brothers, including "All I Have to Do Is Dream", "Bye Bye Love", and "Wake Up Little Susie".
1924
1. Kenneth Kendall, Indian-English journalist and actor (d. 2012) births
  1. Kenneth Kendall
    
    Kenneth Kendall was a British broadcaster. He worked for many years as a newsreader for the BBC, where he was a contemporary of fellow newsreaders Richard Baker and Robert Dougall. He is also remembered as the host of the Channel 4 game show Treasure Hunt, which ran between 1982 and 1989, as well as the host of The World Tonight in the 1968 science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey.
1921
1. Manitas de Plata, French guitarist (d. 2014) births
  1. Manitas de Plata
    
    Ricardo Baliardo, better known as Manitas de Plata, was a flamenco guitarist of Spanish Gitano descent born in southern France. Despite achieving worldwide fame, he was criticized for not following certain rhythmic rules (compás) that are traditional in flamenco.
2. Karel Husa, Czech-American composer and conductor (d. 2016) births
  1. Karel Husa
    
    Karel Husa was a Czech-born classical composer and conductor, winner of the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Music and 1993 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition. In 1954, he emigrated to the United States and became an American citizen in 1959.
1918
1. C. Buddingh', Dutch poet and translator (d. 1985) births
  1. C. Buddingh'
    
    Cornelis "Kees" Buddingh' was a Dutch poet, TV-presenter, translator. Amongst others he translated A Clockwork Orange and the complete works of William Shakespeare into Dutch. His son Wiebe Buddingh‘ later became the translator of Harry Potter into the Dutch language. The C. Buddingh'-prijs literary award is named after him.
2. Gordon Zahn, American sociologist and author (d. 2007) births
  1. Gordon Zahn
    
    Gordon Zahn was an American sociologist, pacifist, professor, and author.
1917
1. Edwin Harris Dunning, South African-English commander and pilot (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Edwin Harris Dunning
    
    Squadron Commander Edwin Harris Dunning, DSC, of the British Royal Naval Air Service, was the first pilot to land an aircraft on a moving ship.
1916
1. Kermit Love, American actor, puppeteer, and costume designer (d. 2008) births
  1. Kermit Love
    
    Kermit Ernest Hollingshead Love was an American puppet maker, puppeteer, costume designer, and actor in children's television and on Broadway. He was best known as a designer and builder with the Muppets, in particular those on Sesame Street.
1913
1. George Van Eps, American guitarist (d. 1998) births
  1. George Van Eps
    
    George Abel Van Eps was an American swing and mainstream jazz guitarist.
1912
1. François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss limnologist and academic (b. 1841) deaths
  1. François-Alphonse Forel
    
    François-Alphonse Forel was a Swiss physician and scientist who pioneered the study of lakes, and is thus considered the founder, and the Father of limnology. Limnology is the study of bodies of fresh water and their biological, chemical, and physical features.
1911
1. István Bibó, Hungarian lawyer and politician (d. 1979) births
  1. István Bibó
    
    István Bibó was a Hungarian lawyer, civil servant, politician and political theorist.
2. Nicholas Ray, American director and screenwriter (d. 1979) births
  1. Nicholas Ray
    
    Nicholas Ray was an American film director, screenwriter, and actor best known for the 1955 film Rebel Without a Cause. He is appreciated for many narrative features produced between 1947 and 1963 including They Live By Night, In A Lonely Place, Johnny Guitar, and Bigger Than Life, as well as an experimental work produced throughout the 1970s titled We Can't Go Home Again, which was unfinished at the time of Ray's death.
1910
1. Freddie Slack, American pianist and bandleader (d. 1965) births
  1. Freddie Slack
    
    Frederick Charles Slack was an American swing and boogie-woogie pianist and bandleader.
1907
1. Albert Kotin, Belarusian-American soldier and painter (d. 1980) births
  1. Albert Kotin
    
    Albert Kotin belonged to the early generation of New York School Abstract Expressionist artists whose artistic innovation by the 1950s had been recognized across the Atlantic, including in Paris. The New York School Abstract Expressionism, represented by Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, and others became a leading art movement of the post-World War II era.
1904
1. Ralph Bunche, American political scientist, academic, and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) births
  1. Ralph Bunche
    
    Ralph Johnson Bunche was an American political scientist, diplomat, and leading actor in the mid-20th-century decolonization process and US civil rights movement, who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel. Among black Nobel laureates he is the first African American and first person of African descent to be awarded a Nobel Prize. He was involved in the formation and early administration of the United Nations, and played a major role in both the decolonization process and numerous UN peacekeeping operations.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1903
1. Louis Leakey, Kenyan-English palaeontologist and archaeologist (d. 1972) births
  1. Louis Leakey
    
    Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey was a Kenyan-British palaeoanthropologist and archaeologist whose work was important in demonstrating that humans evolved in Africa, particularly through discoveries made at Olduvai Gorge with his wife, fellow palaeoanthropologist Mary Leakey. Having established a programme of palaeoanthropological inquiry in eastern Africa, he also motivated many future generations to continue this scholarly work. Several members of the Leakey family became prominent scholars themselves.
1901
1. Ann Harding, American actress and singer (d. 1981) births
  1. Ann Harding
    
    Ann Harding was an American theatre, motion picture, radio, and television actress. A regular player on Broadway and in regional theater in the 1920s, in the 1930s Harding was one of the first actresses to gain fame in the new medium of "talking pictures," and she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1931 for her work in Holiday.
1900
1. Wilhelm Liebknecht, German lawyer and politician (b. 1826) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Liebknecht
    
    Wilhelm Martin Philipp Christian Ludwig Liebknecht was a German socialist and one of the principal founders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). His political career was a pioneering project combining Marxist revolutionary theory with practical legal political activity. Under his leadership, the SPD grew from a tiny sect to become Germany's largest political party. He was the father of Karl Liebknecht and Theodor Liebknecht.
1899
1. Jacob Maris, Dutch painter and educator (b. 1837) deaths
  1. Jacob Maris
    
    Jacob Hendricus Maris was a Dutch painter, who with his brothers Willem and Matthijs belonged to what has come to be known as the Hague School of painters. He was considered to be the most important and influential Dutch landscape painter of the last quarter of the nineteenth century. His first teacher was painter J.A.B. Stroebel who taught him the art of painting from 1849 to 1852. Jacob Maris's most known works are the series of portraits of the royal House of Orange, he worked on these with his brother Matthijs Maris. He is also known for landscapes such as Ship on the Scheveningen beach.
1893
1. Alfredo Catalani, Italian composer and academic (b. 1854) deaths
  1. Alfredo Catalani
    
    Alfredo Catalani was an Italian operatic composer. He is best remembered for his operas Loreley (1890) and La Wally (1892). La Wally was composed to a libretto by Luigi Illica, and features Catalani's most famous aria "Ebben? Ne andrò lontana." This aria, sung by American soprano Wilhelmenia Fernandez, was at the heart of Jean-Jacques Beineix's 1981 film Diva. Catalani's other operas were much less successful.
1890
1. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, American author and activist (d. 1964) births
  1. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
    
    Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was a labor leader, activist, and feminist who played a leading role in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Flynn was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a visible proponent of women's rights, birth control, and women's suffrage. She joined the Communist Party USA in 1936 and late in life, in 1961, became its chairwoman. She died during a visit to the Soviet Union, where she was accorded a state funeral with processions in Red Square attended by over 25,000 people.
1887
1. Anna Elisabet Weirauch, German author and playwright (d. 1970) births
  1. Anna Elisabet Weirauch
    
    Anna Elisabet Weirauch was a German author. Weirauch was an important figure for lesbians in Germany in the early 1900s, as well as for lesbians in the 1970s-1980s following an English translation. Her most well-known work is Der Skorpion, which was a significant piece of lesbian literature which broke from traditional peers in the genre.
1884
1. Billie Burke, American actress and singer (d. 1970) births
  1. Billie Burke
    
    Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke was an American actress who was famous on Broadway and radio, and in silent and sound films. She is best known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer movie musical The Wizard of Oz (1939).
2. Nikolai Triik, Estonian painter and illustrator (d. 1940) births
  1. Nikolai Triik
    
    Nikolai Voldemar Triik was an Estonian Modernist painter, graphic artist, printmaker and professor. His work displays elements of Symbolism and Expressionism.
1879
1. Johannes Kotze, South African cricketer (d. 1931) births
  1. Johannes Kotze
    
    Johannes Jacobus "Kodgee" Kotze was a South African cricketer who played in three Test matches from 1902 to 1907. He was considered one of the fastest bowlers of his period.
1876
1. Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy (d. 1917) births
  1. Mata Hari
    
    Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod, better known by the stage name Mata Hari, was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy for Germany during World War I. She was executed by firing squad in France. The idea of a beautiful exotic dancer using her powers of seduction as a spy made her name synonymous with the femme fatale. Her story has served as an inspiration for many books, films and other works.
1869
1. Mary Frances Winston, American mathematician (d. 1959) births
  1. Mary Frances Winston Newson
    
    Mary Frances Winston Newson was an American mathematician. She became the first female American to receive a PhD in mathematics from a European university, namely the University of Göttingen in Germany. She was also the first person to translate Hilbert's problems into English.
1868
1. Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Russian-German economist and statistician (d. 1931) births
  1. Ladislaus Bortkiewicz
    
    Ladislaus Josephovich Bortkiewicz was a Russian economist and statistician of Polish ancestry. He wrote a book showing how the Poisson distribution, a discrete probability distribution, can be useful in applied statistics, and he made contributions to mathematical economics. He lived most of his professional life in Germany, where he taught at Strassburg University and Berlin University (1901–1931).
2. Huntley Wright, English actor (d. 1941) births
  1. Huntley Wright
    
    Huntley Wright was an English stage and film actor, comedian, dancer and singer, best known for creating roles in many important Edwardian musical comedies.
1867
1. Emil Nolde, Danish-German painter and illustrator (d. 1956) births
  1. Emil Nolde
    
    Emil Nolde was a German-Danish painter and printmaker. He was one of the first Expressionists, a member of Die Brücke, and was one of the first oil painting and watercolor painters of the early 20th century to explore color. He is known for his brushwork and expressive choice of colors. Golden yellows and deep reds appear frequently in his work, giving a luminous quality to otherwise somber tones. His watercolors include vivid, brooding storm-scapes and brilliant florals.
1864
1. Li Xiucheng, Chinese field marshal (b. 1823) deaths
  1. Li Xiucheng
    
    Li Xiucheng was a military rebel commander opposing the Qing dynasty during the Taiping Rebellion. He was born to a peasant family. In 1864, he was captured and interrogated following the third and final Battle of Nanjing. He was then executed by Zeng Guofan.
1862
1. Henri Le Sidaner, French painter (d. 1939) births
  1. Henri Le Sidaner
    
    Henri Eugène Augustin Le Sidaner who was a contemporary of the Post-impressionists, was an intimist painter known for his paintings of domestic interiors and quiet street scenes. His style contained elements of impressionism with the influences of Édouard Manet, Monet and of the Pointillists discernible in his work. Le Sidaner favoured a subdued use of colour, preferring nuanced greys and opals applied with uneven, dappled brushstrokes to create atmosphere and mysticism. A skilled nocturne painter, he travelled widely throughout France and Europe before settling at Gerberoy in the Picardy countryside from where he painted for over thirty years.
2. Victoria of Baden (d. 1931) births
  1. Victoria of Baden
    
    Sophie Marie Victoria of Baden was Queen of Sweden from 8 December 1907 until her death in 1930 as the wife of King Gustaf V. She was politically active in a conservative fashion during the development of democracy and known to be pro-German during the First World War.
1860
1. Alan Leo, English astrologer and author (d. 1917) births
  1. Alan Leo
    
    Alan Leo, born William Frederick Allan, was an English astrologer, author, publisher, astrological data collector and theosophist. He is often referred to as "the father of modern astrology".
1855
1. Mariano Arista, Mexican general and politician, 19th President of Mexico (b. 1802) deaths
  1. Mariano Arista
    
    José Mariano Arista was a Mexican soldier and politician.
  2. President of Mexico
    
    The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.
1848
1. Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Swedish chemist and academic (b. 1779) deaths
  1. Jöns Jacob Berzelius
    
    Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist. Berzelius is considered, along with Robert Boyle, John Dalton, and Antoine Lavoisier, to be one of the founders of modern chemistry. Berzelius became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1808 and served from 1818 as its principal functionary. He is known in Sweden as the "Father of Swedish Chemistry". Berzelius Day is celebrated on 20 August in honour of him.
1844
1. Auguste Michel-Lévy, French geologist and author (d. 1911) births
  1. Auguste Michel-Lévy
    
    Auguste Michel-Lévy was a French geologist. He was born in Paris.
1834
1. Joseph Marie Jacquard, French weaver and inventor, invented the Jacquard loom (b. 1752) deaths
  1. Joseph Marie Jacquard
    
    Joseph Marie Charles dit Jacquard was a French weaver and merchant. He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom, which in turn played an important role in the development of other programmable machines, such as an early version of digital compiler used by IBM to develop the modern day computer.
  2. Jacquard machine
    
    The Jacquard machine is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé. The resulting ensemble of the loom and Jacquard machine is then called a Jacquard loom. The machine was patented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804, based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728), and Jacques Vaucanson (1740). The machine was controlled by a "chain of cards"; a number of punched cards laced together into a continuous sequence. Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card, with one complete card corresponding to one row of the design.
1826
1. August Ahlqvist, Finnish professor, poet, scholar of the Finno-Ugric languages, author, and literary critic (d. 1889) births
  1. August Ahlqvist
    
    Karl August Engelbrekt Ahlqvist, who wrote as A. Oksanen, was a Finnish professor, poet, scholar of the Finno-Ugric languages, author, and literary critic. Today, he is best remembered as the sharpest critic of writer Aleksis Kivi, who later rose to the position of the national author of Finland.
  2. Finno-Ugric languages
    
    Finno-Ugric or Finno-Ugrian (Fenno-Ugrian), is a traditional grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except the Samoyedic languages. Its formerly commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and is criticized by some contemporary linguists such as Tapani Salminen and Ante Aikio as inaccurate and misleading. The three most-spoken Uralic languages, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, are all included in Finno-Ugric, although linguistic roots common to both branches of the traditional Finno-Ugric language tree are distant.
1817
1. Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French economist and politician (b. 1739) deaths
  1. Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
    
    Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours was a French-American writer, economist, publisher and government official. During the French Revolution, he, his two sons and their families immigrated to the United States.
1787
1. Francis Blackburne, English Anglican churchman and activist (b. 1705) deaths
  1. Francis Blackburne (priest)
    
    Francis Blackburne was an English Anglican clergyman, archdeacon of Cleveland and an activist against the requirement of subscription to the Thirty Nine Articles.
1779
1. Carl Ritter, German geographer and academic (d. 1859) births
  1. Carl Ritter
    
    Carl Ritter was a German geographer. Along with Alexander von Humboldt, he is considered one of the founders of modern geography. From 1825 until his death, he occupied the first chair in geography at the University of Berlin.
1751
1. Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange (d. 1820) births
  1. Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange
    
    Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia was the consort of William V of Orange and the de facto leader of the dynastic party and counter-revolution in the Netherlands. She was the daughter of Prince Augustus William of Prussia and Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Wilhelmina was the longest-serving Princess consort of Orange.
1742
1. Nathanael Greene, American general (d. 1786) births
  1. Nathanael Greene
    
    Nathanael Greene was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He emerged from the war with a reputation as General George Washington's most talented and dependable officer, and is known for his successful command in the southern theater of the war.
1726
1. James Bowdoin, American banker and politician, 2nd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1790) births
  1. James Bowdoin
    
    James Bowdoin II was an American political and intellectual leader from Boston, Massachusetts, during the American Revolution and the following decade. He initially gained fame and influence as a wealthy merchant. He served in both branches of the Massachusetts General Court from the 1750s to the 1770s. Although he was initially supportive of the royal governors, he opposed British colonial policy and eventually became an influential advocate of independence. He authored a highly political report on the 1770 Boston Massacre that has been described by historian Francis Walett as one of the most influential pieces of writing that shaped public opinion in the colonies.
  2. Governor of Massachusetts
    
    The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.
1702
1. Muhammad Shah, Mughal emperor of India (d. 1748) births
  1. Muhammad Shah
    
    Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah was the 13th Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1719 to 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. With the help of the Sayyid brothers, he ascended the throne at the young age of 16. He later got rid of them with the help of Asaf Jah I – Syed Hussain Ali Khan was murdered at Fatehpur Sikri in 1720 and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha was fatally poisoned in 1722. Muhammad Shah was a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments. His pen-name was Sadā Rangīla (Ever Joyous) and he is often referred to as "Muhammad Shah Rangila", also sometimes as "Bahadur Shah Rangila" after his grand father Bahadur Shah I.
1661
1. Jin Shengtan, Chinese journalist and critic (b. 1608) deaths
  1. Jin Shengtan
    
    Jin Shengtan, former name Jin Renrui (金人瑞), also known as Jin Kui (金喟), was a Chinese editor, writer and critic, who has been called the champion of Vernacular Chinese literature.
1639
1. Martin van den Hove, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (b. 1605) deaths
  1. Martin van den Hove
    
    Martin (Maarten) van den Hove was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician. His adopted Latin name is a translation of the Dutch hof ("garden"), in Latin horta.
1635
1. Friedrich Spee, German poet and academic (b. 1591) deaths
  1. Friedrich Spee
    
    Friedrich Spee was a German Jesuit priest, professor, and poet, most well known as a forceful opponent of witch trials and one who was an insider writing from the epicenter of the European witch-phobia. Spee argued strongly against the use of torture, and as an eyewitness he gathered a book full of details regarding its cruelty and unreliability. He wrote, "Torture has the power to create witches where none exist."
1632
1. Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford, English soldier (b. 1575) deaths
  1. Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford
    
    Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford was a British soldier, and the penultimate Earl of Oxford.
1616
1. Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect, designed Teatro Olimpico (b. 1548) deaths
  1. Vincenzo Scamozzi
    
    Vincenzo Scamozzi was an Italian architect and a writer on architecture, active mainly in Vicenza and Republic of Venice area in the second half of the 16th century. He was perhaps the most important figure there between Andrea Palladio, whose unfinished projects he inherited at Palladio's death in 1580, and Baldassarre Longhena, Scamozzi's only pupil.
  2. Teatro Olimpico
    
    The Teatro Olimpico is a theatre in Vicenza, northern Italy, constructed in 1580–1585. The theatre was the final design by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio and was not completed until after his death. The trompe-l'œil onstage scenery, designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi, to give the appearance of long streets receding to a distant horizon, was installed in 1585 for the first performance held in the theatre, and is the oldest surviving stage set still in existence. The full Roman-style scaenae frons back screen across the stage is made from wood and stucco imitating marble. It was the home of the Accademia Olimpica, which was founded there in 1555.
1613
1. William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Dutch stadtholder (d. 1664) births
  1. William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz
    
    William Frederick, Count of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe.
2. Thomas Fleming, English judge and politician, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1544) deaths
  1. Thomas Fleming (judge)
    
    Sir Thomas Fleming was an English judge and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1581 and 1611. He was judge in the trial of Guy Fawkes following the Gunpowder Plot. He held several important offices, including Lord Chief Justice, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer and Solicitor General for England and Wales.
  2. Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
    
    The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales is the Head of the Judiciary of England and Wales and the President of the Courts of England and Wales.
1598
1. Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish poet and linguist (d. 1672) births
  1. Georg Stiernhielm
    
    Georg Stiernhielm was a Swedish civil servant, mathematician, linguist and poet.
1574
1. Robert Dudley, English explorer and cartographer (d. 1649) births
  1. Robert Dudley (explorer)
    
    Sir Robert Dudley was an English explorer and cartographer. In 1594, he led an expedition to the West Indies, of which he wrote an account. The illegitimate son of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, he inherited the bulk of the Earl's estate in accordance with his father's will, including Kenilworth Castle. In 1603–1605, he tried unsuccessfully to establish his legitimacy in court. After that he left England forever, finding a new existence in the service of the grand dukes of Tuscany. There, he worked as an engineer and shipbuilder, and designed and published Dell'Arcano del Mare (1645-1646), the first maritime atlas to cover the whole world. He was also a skilled navigator and mathematician. In Italy, he styled himself "Earl of Warwick and Leicester", as well as "Duke of Northumberland", a title recognized by Emperor Ferdinand II.
1571
1. Thomas Lupo, English viol player and composer (d. 1627) births
  1. Thomas Lupo the elder
    
    Thomas Lupo was an English composer and viol player of the late Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. Along with Orlando Gibbons, John Coprario, and Alfonso Ferrabosco, he was one of the principal developers of the repertory for viol consort.
  2. Viol
    
    The viol, viola da gamba, or informally gamba, is any one of a family of bowed, fretted, and stringed instruments with hollow wooden bodies and pegboxes where the tension on the strings can be increased or decreased to adjust the pitch of each of the strings. Frets on the viol are usually made of gut, tied on the fingerboard around the instrument's neck, to enable the performer to stop the strings more cleanly. Frets improve consistency of intonation and lend the stopped notes a tone that better matches the open strings. Viols first appeared in Spain in the mid-to-late 15th century, and were most popular in the Renaissance and Baroque (1600–1750) periods. Early ancestors include the Arabic rebab and the medieval European vielle, but later, more direct possible ancestors include the Venetian viole and the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish vihuela, a six-course plucked instrument tuned like a lute that looked like but was quite distinct from the four-course guitar.
1560
1. Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian aristocrat and purported serial killer (d. 1614) births
  1. Elizabeth Báthory
    
    Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed was a Hungarian noblewoman and alleged serial killer from the family of Báthory, who owned land in the Kingdom of Hungary.
1547
1. Cajetan, Italian priest and saint (b. 1480) deaths
  1. Saint Cajetan
    
    Gaetano dei Conti di Thiene, known as Saint Cajetan, was an Italian Catholic priest and religious reformer, co-founder of the Theatines. He is recognised as a saint in the Catholic Church, and his feast day is 7 August.
1533
1. Alonso de Ercilla, Spanish soldier and poet (d. 1595) births
  1. Alonso de Ercilla
    
    Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga was a Spanish soldier and poet, born in Madrid. While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanians (Mapuche), and there he began the epic poem La Araucana, considered one of the greatest epics of the Spanish Golden Age. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It celebrates both the violence of the conquistadors and the courage of the Araucanians.
1485
1. Alexander Stewart, duke of Albany (b. 1454) deaths
  1. Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany
    
    Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, was a Scottish prince and the second surviving son of King James II of Scotland. He fell out with his older brother, King James III, and fled to France, where he unsuccessfully sought help. In 1482 he invaded Scotland with the army of King Edward IV of England and assumed control of the country. Scottish lords turned against him in 1483 and he fled after King Edward died. The second invasion, in 1484, was not supported by the new English king, King Richard III, and failed. He died in a duel with Louis XII of France, Duke of Orléans, by a splinter from Louis' lance.
1385
1. Joan of Kent, mother of Richard II (b. 1328) deaths
  1. Joan of Kent
    
    Joan, Countess of Kent, known as The Fair Maid of Kent, was the mother of King Richard II of England, her son by her third husband, Edward the Black Prince, son and heir apparent of King Edward III. Although the French chronicler Jean Froissart called her "the most beautiful woman in all the realm of England, and the most loving", the appellation "Fair Maid of Kent" does not appear to be contemporary. Joan inherited the titles 4th Countess of Kent and 5th Baroness Wake of Liddell after the death of her brother John, 3rd Earl of Kent, in 1352. Joan was made a Lady of the Garter in 1378.
  2. Richard II of England
    
    Richard II, also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan, Countess of Kent. Richard's father died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent to his grandfather, King Edward III; upon the latter's death, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne.
1296
1. Heinrich II von Rotteneck, prince-bishop of Regensburg deaths
  1. Heinrich II von Rotteneck
    
    Heinrich II von Rotteneck was prince-bishop of Regensburg from 1277 to 1296.
1282
1. Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (d. 1316) births
  1. Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
    
    Elizabeth of Rhuddlan was the eighth and youngest daughter of King Edward I of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile. Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother King Edward II, as they were only two years apart in age.
1272
1. Richard Middleton, English Lord Chancellor deaths
  1. Richard Middleton (Lord Chancellor)
    
    Richard Middleton was an English ecclesiastic and Lord Chancellor of England.
  2. Lord Chancellor
    
    The lord chancellor, formally the lord high chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest-ranking traditional minister among the Great Officers of State in Scotland and England in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking the prime minister. The lord chancellor is appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister. Prior to their Union into the Kingdom of Great Britain, there were separate lord chancellors for the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland; there were lord chancellors of Ireland until 1922.
1234
1. Hugh Foliot, bishop of Hereford (b. c. 1155) deaths
  1. Hugh Foliot
    
    Hugh Foliot was a medieval Bishop of Hereford. Related somehow to his predecessor at Hereford, he served as a priest and papal judge as well as being an unsuccessful candidate as Bishop of St David's in Wales. In 1219, he was appointed Bishop of Hereford. During his time in office, he mostly attended to ecclesiastical duties, but did occasionally serve as a royal administrator. He helped found a hospital and a priory, and died in 1234 after a months-long illness.
1106
1. Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1050) deaths
  1. Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Henry IV was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105, King of Germany from 1054 to 1105, King of Italy and Burgundy from 1056 to 1105, and Duke of Bavaria from 1052 to 1054. He was the son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor—the second monarch of the Salian dynasty—and Agnes of Poitou. After his father's death on 5 October 1056, Henry was placed under his mother's guardianship. She made grants to German aristocrats to secure their support. Unlike her late husband, she could not control the election of the popes, thus the idea of the "liberty of the Church" strengthened during her rule. Taking advantage of her weakness, Archbishop Anno II of Cologne kidnapped Henry in April 1062. He administered Germany until Henry came of age in 1065.
1028
1. Alfonso V, king of León (b. 994) deaths
  1. Alfonso V of León
    
    Alfonso V, called the Noble, was King of León from 999 to 1028. Like other kings of León, he used the title emperor to assert his standing among the Christian rulers of Spain. He succeeded his father, Bermudo II, in 999. His mother Elvira García and count Menendo González, who raised him in Galicia, acted as his co-regents. Upon the count's death in 1008, Alfonso ruled on his own.
707
1. Li Chongjun, Chinese prince deaths
  1. AD 707
    
    Year 707 (DCCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 707 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Li Chongjun
    
    Li Chongjun (李重俊), formally Crown Prince Jiemin (節愍太子), was a crown prince of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, during the second reign of his father Emperor Zhongzong. He was made crown prince because the only son of his father's wife Empress Wei, Li Chongrun, had been killed before his father's return to the throne, but on account of his mother's low birth, he was often humiliated by Empress Wei's daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle and her husband Wu Chongxun (武崇訓). In 707, in anger, he started a coup and killed Wu Chongxun and his father Wu Sansi the Prince of Dejing, but his subsequent attempt to arrest Empress Wei, Li Guo'er, and Consort Shangguan Wan'er was thwarted, and he was killed in flight.
461
1. Majorian, Roman emperor (b. 420) deaths
  1. Majorian
    
    Majorian was the western Roman emperor from 457 to 461. A prominent general of the Roman army, Majorian deposed Emperor Avitus in 457 and succeeded him. Majorian was the last emperor to make a concerted effort to restore the Western Roman Empire with its own forces. Possessing little more than Italy, Dalmatia, and some territory in northern Gaul, Majorian campaigned rigorously for three years against the Empire's enemies. His successors until the fall of the Empire, in 476–480, were actually instruments of their barbarian generals, or emperors chosen and controlled by the Eastern Roman court.
317
1. Constantius II, Roman emperor (d. 361) births
  1. Constantius II
    
    Constantius II was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues, and usurpations. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death.

Holidays

Assyrian Martyrs Day (Assyrian community)
1. Assyrian culture
  
  The culture of the Assyrians is both distinct from those of neighbouring ethnic groups as well as ancient. Many Assyrians still speak, read and write various Akkadian-influenced dialects of Eastern Aramaic, labelled by linguists as Northeastern Neo-Aramaic and Central Neo-Aramaic. They are predominantly adherents of several denominations of Syriac Christianity, notably the Ancient Church of the East, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church and the Syriac Orthodox Church. Some are followers of the Assyrian Pentecostal Church and Assyrian Evangelical Church. A minority are secular or irreligious.
2. Assyrian people
  
  Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Assyria in West Asia. Modern Assyrians descend from their ancient counterparts, originating of the ancient indigenous Mesopotamians of Akkad and Sumer, who first developed the civilisation in northern Mesopotamia that would become Assyria in 2600 BCE. Assyrians have been speaking dialects of Suret, a Semitic language of the Neo-Aramaic branch, since approximately 1000 BCE. Some Modern Assyrians may culturally self-identify as Syriacs, Chaldeans, or Arameans for religious, geographic and tribal identification.
Battle of Boyacá Day (Colombia)
1. Public holidays in Colombia
  
  Colombia has 18 holidays, plus Palm and Easter Sunday. The city of Barranquilla has 2 extra holidays celebrating Monday and Tuesday of Carnival.
2. Colombia
  
  Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with an insular region in North America. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and Panama to the northwest. Colombia comprises 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), with a population of 50 million. Colombia's cultural heritage reflects influences by various Amerindian civilizations, European settlement, enslaved Africans, as well as immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Spanish is the nation's official language, besides which over 70 languages are spoken.
Christian feast day: Albert of Trapani
1. Albert of Trapani
  
  Albert of Trapani was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Carmelites. He practiced great austerities upon himself to make himself poor in the spirit of Jesus Christ and went out preaching and evangelizing; he was known for working and maintaining a positive relationship with Jews as well as for his powers of healing. The saint was likewise attributed for the 1301 lifting of the siege in Messina that could have seen hundreds die from starvation had it not been for his intervention.
Christian feast day: Cajetan of Thienna
1. Saint Cajetan
  
  Gaetano dei Conti di Thiene, known as Saint Cajetan, was an Italian Catholic priest and religious reformer, co-founder of the Theatines. He is recognised as a saint in the Catholic Church, and his feast day is 7 August.
Christian feast day: Carpophorus and companions
1. Carpophorus, Exanthus, Cassius, Severinus, Secundus, and Licinius
  
  Carpophorus, Exanthus, Cassius, Severinus, Secundus and Licinius were Christian soldiers who, according to tradition, were martyred at Como during the reign of Maximian.
Christian feast day: Dometius of Persia
1. Dometius of Persia
  
  Saint Dometius (Domitius) the Persian is venerated as a Christian martyr and saint. According to tradition, he was martyred by lapidation during the reign of Julian the Apostate with two companions. He was killed at Nisibis in Mesopotamia.
Christian feast day: Donatus of Arezzo
1. Donatus of Arezzo
  
  Saint Donatus of Arezzo is the patron saint of Arezzo, and considered a bishop of the city.
Christian feast day: Donatus of Besançon
1. Donatus of Besançon
  
  Donatus was a bishop of Besançon, founder of the monastery Palatium in Besançon and author of a rule for nuns. He is venerated as a saint since the 11th century; his feast day is August 7.
Christian feast day: Donatus of Muenstereifel
1. Donatus of Muenstereifel
  
  Donatus of Muenstereifel is a catacomb saint whose relics are found in the Jesuit church in Bad Muenstereifel. He is widely venerated in the Rhine valley region of Germany and the Low Countries, and he is a patron saint of Buda and of protection against lightning. His relics were translated to Muenster Eifel in the 17th century from the Catacombs of Rome, where he had been originally buried.
Christian feast day: John Mason Neale and Catherine Winkworth (Episcopal Church (USA))
1. John Mason Neale
  
  John Mason Neale was an English Anglican priest, scholar and hymnwriter. He worked and wrote on a wide range of holy Christian texts, including obscure medieval hymns, both Western and Eastern. Among his most famous hymns is the 1853 Good King Wenceslas, set on Boxing Day. An Anglo-Catholic, Neale's works have found positive reception in high-church Anglicanism and Western Rite Orthodoxy.
2. Catherine Winkworth
  
  Catherine Winkworth was an English hymnwriter and educator. She translated the German chorale tradition of church hymns for English speakers, for which she is recognized in the calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. She also worked for wider educational opportunities for girls, and translated biographies of two founders of religious sisterhoods. When 16, Winkworth appears to have coined a once well-known political pun, peccavi, "I have Sindh", relating to the British occupation of Sindh in colonial India.
3. Episcopal Church (United States)
  
  The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.
Christian feast day: Nantovinus
1. Nantovinus
  
  Nantovinus was, according to legend, a pious Christian pilgrim who died as a martyr. He is venerated as a saint and his feast day is 7 August.
Christian feast day: Pope Sixtus II
1. Pope Sixtus II
  
  Pope Sixtus II, also written as Pope Xystus II, was bishop of Rome from 31 August 257 until his death on 6 August 258. He was martyred along with seven deacons, including Lawrence of Rome, during the persecution of Christians by the Emperor Valerian.
Christian feast day: August 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. August 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  August 6 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - August 8
Christian feast day: Filseta (Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church)
1. Filseta
  
  Filseta is a feast day observed by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church in commemoration of the Dormition and Assumption of Mary. The fasting and liturgy extends for two weeks starting from 7 August to 22 August. Filseta means movement in the ancient Ethiopian language of Ge’ez and is used Tewahedo Church in reference to The Assumption of Saint Mary into Heaven. Divine liturgy is conducted during all the days of the fast culminating in the final liturgy on the 15th day revering Saint Mary.
2. Orthodox Tewahedo
  
  Orthodox Tewahedo refers to two Oriental Orthodox Christian denominations with shared beliefs, liturgy, and history. The Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon is common to both churches, as is Orthodox Tewahedo music.The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, autocephalous since 1959. The Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, autocephalous since 1993.
Emancipation Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
1. Public holidays in Saint Kitts and Nevis
Republic Day (Ivory Coast)
1. Public holidays in Ivory Coast
  
  This is a list of public holidays in Ivory Coast.
Youth Day (Kiribati)
1. Youth Day
  
  National Youth Day is a holiday dedicated to the youths of a country. It is observed by 18 countries, on many dates throughout the year. The United Nations agreed on the date of 12 August in 1999 in South Africa.
2. Kiribati
  
  Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island country in Oceania in the central Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is over 119,000 (2020), more than half of whom live on Tarawa atoll. The state comprises 32 atolls and one remote raised coral island, Banaba. There is a total land area of 811 square kilometres dispersed over 3.5 million km2 (1.4 million sq mi) of ocean.
National Purple Heart Day (United States)
1. Purple Heart
  
  The Purple Heart (PH) is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after 5 April 1917, with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.
2. United States
  
  The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.

Important events in history on August 7 th

Events

Air India Express Flight 1344

Calicut International Airport

Malappuram district

Kerala

India

Russo-Georgian War

South Ossetia

Oracle Park

Barry Bonds

Home run

Hank Aaron

Chechnya

Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade

War of Dagestan

Dagestan

1998 United States embassy bombings

List of diplomatic missions of the United States

Dar es Salaam

Nairobi

1998 United States embassy bombings

Dar es Salaam

Nairobi

Space Shuttle program

Space Shuttle

Space Shuttle Discovery

STS-85

Kennedy Space Center

Fine Air Flight 101

Miami International Airport

State of emergency

White Earthquake

Ada Deer

Menominee

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Gulf War

Mickey Leland

Texas

Aviation accidents and incidents

Ethiopia

Lynne Cox

Little Diomede Island

Big Diomede

Bering Strait

Cold War

Lynne Cox

Soviet Union

Bering Strait

Little Diomede Island

Big Diomede

White House Farm murders

Tolleshunt D'Arcy

Takao Doi

Mamoru Mohri

Chiaki Mukai

Astronaut

The Washington Star

Jimmy Carter

Love Canal

Toxic waste

Viking program

Viking 2

Mars

Philippe Petit

World Trade Center (1973–2001)

Jonathan P. Jackson

Marin County Civic Center attacks

Harold Haley

Marin County, California

Soledad Brothers

George Jackson (activist)

Harold Haley

George Jackson (activist)

Richard Nixon

Mohawk people

Oglala

National Congress of American Indians

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Vietnam War

Important events in history
on August 7 ^th