On This Day /

Important events in history
on April 5 th

Events

  1. 2021

    1. Nguyễn Xuân Phúc took office as President of Vietnam after dismissing the title of Prime Minister.

      1. President of Vietnam since 2021

        Nguyễn Xuân Phúc

        Nguyễn Xuân Phúc is a Vietnamese politician currently serving as the President of Vietnam, one of the highest-ranked officials in Vietnam along with Nguyễn Phú Trọng, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Nguyễn Xuân Phúc ranked 2nd in the Communist Party's 13th Politburo behind Nguyễn Phú Trọng and was ranked 3rd in the 12th Politburo. Nguyễn Xuân Phúc is also a full member of the National Assembly, serving in its 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th terms. He was elected to the post by the National Assembly of Vietnam on 5 April 2021 after serving 5 years as Prime Minister of the country. Nguyễn Xuân Phúc became a member of the Communist Party of Vietnam on 12 November 1983.

      2. Head of state of Vietnam

        President of Vietnam

        The president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the head of state of Vietnam, elected by the Vietnam National Assembly from delegates of the National Assembly. Since Vietnam is a single-party state, the president is generally considered to hold the second highest position in the political system, formally after the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. In addition, the president appoints the head of government, the Prime Minister. As head of state, the President represents Vietnam both domestically and internationally, and maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country.

      3. Head of government of Vietnam

        Prime Minister of Vietnam

        The prime minister of Vietnam, officially styled as the Prime Minister of the Government of the Socialist Republic, is the head of government of Vietnam who presides over the meetings of the Central Government. The prime minister directs the work of government members, and may propose deputy prime ministers to the National Assembly.

  2. 2010

    1. An explosion at a coal mine in West Virginia killed 29 miners in the United States' worst mining disaster in 40 years.

      1. Process of getting coal out of the ground

        Coal mining

        Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production. In the United Kingdom and South Africa, a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine is called a 'pit', and the above-ground structures are a 'pit head'. In Australia, "colliery" generally refers to an underground coal mine.

      2. U.S. state

        West Virginia

        West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north and east, Maryland to the east and northeast, Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, and Ohio to the northwest. West Virginia is the 10th-smallest state by area and ranks as the 12th-least populous state, with a population of 1,793,716 residents. The capital and largest city is Charleston.

      3. 2010 coal mine explosion in Montcoal, West Virginia, USA

        Upper Big Branch Mine disaster

        The Upper Big Branch Mine disaster occurred on April 5, 2010 roughly 1,000 feet (300 m) underground in Raleigh County, West Virginia at Massey Energy's Upper Big Branch coal mine located in Montcoal. Twenty-nine out of thirty-one miners at the site were killed. The coal dust explosion occurred at 3:27 pm. The accident was the worst in the United States since 1970, when 38 miners were killed at Finley Coal Company's No. 15 and 16 mines in Hyden, Kentucky. A state funded independent investigation later found Massey Energy directly responsible for the blast.

    2. Twenty-nine coal miners are killed in an explosion at the Upper Big Branch Mine in West Virginia.

      1. 2010 coal mine explosion in Montcoal, West Virginia, USA

        Upper Big Branch Mine disaster

        The Upper Big Branch Mine disaster occurred on April 5, 2010 roughly 1,000 feet (300 m) underground in Raleigh County, West Virginia at Massey Energy's Upper Big Branch coal mine located in Montcoal. Twenty-nine out of thirty-one miners at the site were killed. The coal dust explosion occurred at 3:27 pm. The accident was the worst in the United States since 1970, when 38 miners were killed at Finley Coal Company's No. 15 and 16 mines in Hyden, Kentucky. A state funded independent investigation later found Massey Energy directly responsible for the blast.

  3. 2009

    1. The North Korean satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was launched from the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground and passed over Japan, sparking concerns it may have been a trial run of technology that could be used to launch intercontinental ballistic missiles.

      1. North Korean satellite

        Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2

        Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was a satellite launched by North Korea on April 5, 2009.

      2. Rocket launching site in North Korea

        Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground

        The Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground, also known as Musudan-ri, is a rocket launching site in North Korea.

      3. Ballistic missile with a range of more than 5,500 kilometres

        Intercontinental ballistic missile

        An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range greater than 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi), primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery. Conventional, chemical, and biological weapons can also be delivered with varying effectiveness, but have never been deployed on ICBMs. Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry several warheads, each of which can strike a different target. Russia, the United States, China, France, India, the United Kingdom, and North Korea are the only countries known to have operational ICBMs.

    2. North Korea launches its controversial Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 rocket. The satellite passed over mainland Japan, which prompted an immediate reaction from the United Nations Security Council, as well as participating states of Six-party talks.

      1. Country in East Asia

        North Korea

        North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea's border with South Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.

      2. North Korean satellite

        Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2

        Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was a satellite launched by North Korea on April 5, 2009.

      3. Island country in East Asia

        Japan

        Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 6852 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers (145,937 sq mi); the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.

      4. One of the six principal organs of the UN, charged with the maintenance of international security

        United Nations Security Council

        The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter. Its powers include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions on member states.

      5. Meetings on North Korea nuclear program

        Six-party talks

        The six-party talks aimed to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program. There was a series of meetings with six participating states in Beijing: China Japan North Korea South Korea Russia United States

  4. 2007

    1. The cruise ship MS Sea Diamond strikes a volcanic reef near Nea Kameni and sinks the next day. Two passengers were never recovered and are presumed dead.

      1. Passengers ship used for pleasure voyages

        Cruise ship

        Cruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing. Unlike ocean liners, which are used for transport, cruise ships typically embark on round-trip voyages to various ports-of-call, where passengers may go on tours known as "shore excursions". On "cruises to nowhere" or "nowhere voyages", cruise ships make two- to three-night round trips without visiting any ports of call.

      2. Cruise ship built in 1984

        MS Sea Diamond

        MS Sea Diamond was a cruise ship operated by Louis Hellenic Cruise Lines. She was built in 1984 by Valmet, Finland for Birka Line as Birka Princess. The ship ran aground near the Greek island of Santorini 5 April 2007, and sank the next day leaving two passengers missing and presumed dead.

      3. Nea Kameni

        Nea Kameni is a small uninhabited Greek island of volcanic origin located in the Aegean Sea, within the flooded Santorini caldera. Nea Kameni and the neighbouring small island Palea Kameni have formed over the past two millennia through repeated eruptions of dacite lava and ash. The Roman historian Cassius Dio records in the year 47 CE "This year a small islet, hitherto unknown, made an appearance close to the island of Thera." Cassius' report may refer to Palaia Kameni. Pliny the Elder reports a new island emerging on July 8, in the year of the consulship of M. Junius Silanus and L. Balbus, thus 19 CE.

  5. 2000

    1. Fan violence broke out before a UEFA Cup semi-final in Istanbul, Turkey, resulting in two Leeds United supporters being stabbed to death and Galatasaray supporters being banned from attending the second leg in England.

      1. 2000 fights between English and Turkish football fans

        2000 UEFA Cup semi-final violence

        The 2000 UEFA Cup semi-final violence in Istanbul, Turkey, between fans of English football team Leeds United and Turkish team Galatasaray before the first match of the UEFA Cup semi-final on 5 April 2000, led to two Leeds fans being stabbed to death by Galatasaray fans. Four men were arrested and charged with their murders. The deaths led to an angry reaction in England with Galatasaray fans being banned from attending the second leg in England.

      2. Annual association football competition in Europe

        UEFA Europa League

        The UEFA Europa League, formerly the UEFA Cup, is an annual football club competition organised since 1971 by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) for eligible European football clubs. It is the second-tier competition of European club football, ranking below the UEFA Champions League and above the UEFA Europa Conference League. The UEFA Cup was the third-tier competition from 1971 to 1999 before the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was discontinued, and it is still often referred to as the “C3” in reference of this. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions.

      3. Association football club in England

        Leeds United F.C.

        Leeds United Football Club is a professional football club based in Leeds, West Yorkshire in England. The club competes in the Premier League, the highest level of England's football league system, and plays its home matches at Elland Road Stadium.

      4. Turkish professional football club

        Galatasaray S.K. (football)

        Galatasaray Spor Kulübü, also known as Galatasaray AŞ in UEFA competitions, is a Turkish professional football club based on the European side of the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It is the association football branch of the larger Galatasaray Sports Club of the same name, itself a part of the Galatasaray Community Cooperation Committee which includes Galatasaray High School where the football club was founded in October 1905 consisting entirely of student members. The team traditionally play in dark shades of red and yellow at home, with the shirts split down the middle between the two colours.

  6. 1999

    1. Two Libyans suspected of bringing down Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 are handed over for eventual trial in the Netherlands.

      1. History of Libya (1969–2011)

        History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

        Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état. After the king had fled the country, the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and established the Libyan Arab Republic, with the motto "freedom, socialism and unity".

      2. Transatlantic flight terrorist bombed in 1988

        Pan Am Flight 103

        Pan Am Flight 103 was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via a stopover in London and another in New York City. The transatlantic leg of the route was operated by Clipper Maid of the Seas, a Boeing 747-121 registered N739PA. Shortly after 19:00 on 21 December 1988, while the aircraft was in flight over the Scottish town of Lockerbie, it was destroyed by a bomb that had been planted on board, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew in what became known as the Lockerbie bombing. Large sections of the aircraft crashed in a residential street in Lockerbie, killing 11 residents. With a total of 270 fatalities, it is the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of the United Kingdom, as well as its deadliest aviation disaster.

      3. Calendar year

        1988

        1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1988th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 988th year of the 2nd millennium, the 88th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1980s decade.

  7. 1998

    1. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge, linking Awaji Island and Kobe in Japan, opened to traffic.

      1. Suspension bridge in Kobe, Japan

        Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

        The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is a suspension bridge which links the city of Kobe on the Japanese island of Honshu to Iwaya on Awaji Island. It is part of the Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway, and crosses the busy and turbulent Akashi Strait. It was completed in 1998, and has the second longest central span of any suspension bridge in the world, at 1,991 metres (6,532 ft), only behind the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge that was opened in March 2022.

      2. List of longest suspension bridge spans

        The world's longest suspension bridges are listed according to the length of their main span. The length of main span is the most common method of comparing the sizes of suspension bridges, often correlating with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge. If one bridge has a longer span than another it does not necessarily mean that the bridge is longer from shore to shore.

      3. Island in the Seto Inland Sea

        Awaji Island

        Awaji Island is an island in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea between the islands of Honshū and Shikoku. The island has an area of 592.17 square kilometres. It is the largest island of the Seto Inland Sea.

      4. City in the Kansai region, Japan

        Kobe

        Kobe is Japan's seventh-largest city after Kawasaki, the third-largest port city after Yokohama, and the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture. It is located on the southern side of the main island of Honshū, on the north shore of Osaka Bay and about 30 km (19 mi) west of Osaka. With a population around 1.5 million, the city is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto.

    2. In Japan, the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge opens to traffic, becoming the longest bridge span in the world.

      1. Island country in East Asia

        Japan

        Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 6852 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers (145,937 sq mi); the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.

      2. Suspension bridge in Kobe, Japan

        Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

        The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is a suspension bridge which links the city of Kobe on the Japanese island of Honshu to Iwaya on Awaji Island. It is part of the Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway, and crosses the busy and turbulent Akashi Strait. It was completed in 1998, and has the second longest central span of any suspension bridge in the world, at 1,991 metres (6,532 ft), only behind the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge that was opened in March 2022.

  8. 1992

    1. Alberto Fujimori, president of Peru, dissolves the Peruvian congress by military force.

      1. President of Peru (1990–2000)

        Alberto Fujimori

        Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto is a Peruvian statesman, professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator, he remains a controversial figure in Peruvian politics; his government is credited with the creation of Fujimorism, defeating the Shining Path insurgency and restoring Peru's macroeconomic stability, though Fujimori ended his presidency by fleeing Peru for Japan amid a major scandal involving corruption and human rights abuses. Even amid his prosecution in 2008 for crimes against humanity relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.

      2. Constitutional crisis after the dissolution of the Peruvian legislature and judiciary

        1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état

        The 1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état, also known as the Fujimorazo, was a self-coup performed during a constitutional crisis that occurred in Peru after President Alberto Fujimori dissolved the Congress of Peru as well as the judiciary of Peru and assumed full legislative and judicial powers. With the collaboration of the military, the Fujimori government subsequently began to implement objectives of Plan Verde following the coup.

    2. Peace protesters Suada Dilberovic and Olga Sučić are killed on the Vrbanja Bridge in Sarajevo, becoming the first casualties of the Bosnian War.

      1. Battle of the Bosnian War (1992–1996)

        Siege of Sarajevo

        The Siege of Sarajevo was a prolonged blockade of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the Bosnian War. After it was initially besieged by the forces of the Yugoslav People's Army, the city was then besieged by the Army of Republika Srpska from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996. It lasted three times longer than the Battle of Stalingrad, more than a year longer than the siege of Leningrad, a few months longer than the siege of Madrid and the Siege of Deir ez-Zor, and was the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare.

      2. Bridge in Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina

        Suada and Olga bridge

        Suada and Olga Bridge, also known by its old name Vrbanja Bridge is a bridge across the Miljacka river in Sarajevo.

      3. Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina

        Sarajevo

        Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo Canton, East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities is home to 555,210 inhabitants. Located within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of the Balkans, a region of Southern Europe.

      4. 1992–1995 armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina

        Bosnian War

        The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992, following a number of earlier violent incidents. The war ended on 14 December 1995 when the Dayton accords were signed. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of Herzeg-Bosnia and Republika Srpska, proto-states led and supplied by Croatia and Serbia, respectively.

  9. 1991

    1. An ASA EMB 120 crashes in Brunswick, Georgia, killing all 23 aboard including Sen. John Tower and astronaut Sonny Carter.

      1. Former regional U.S. airline based in College Park, Georgia (1979—2010)

        Atlantic Southeast Airlines

        Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA) was a regional U.S. airline based in the A-Tech Center in College Park, Georgia, flying to 144 destinations as a Delta Connection carrier on behalf of Delta Air Lines via a code sharing agreement and, as of February 2010, commenced service as a United Express carrier on behalf of United Airlines via a separate code sharing agreement. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of SkyWest, Inc. ASA operated nearly 900 flights each day. Its main hub was located at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) which is also a hub for Delta. After a 2010 merger with ExpressJet, ASA adopted the ExpressJet name and branding in 2011.

      2. Commuter airliner by Embraer

        Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia

        The Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia is a twin-turboprop 30-passenger commuter airliner designed and manufactured by the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer.

      3. 1991 passenger plane crash in Brunswick, Georgia, USA

        Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311

        Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 was a regularly scheduled commuter flight in Georgia in the southeastern United States, from Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport to Glynco Jetport in Brunswick on April 5, 1991.

      4. City in Georgia, United States

        Brunswick, Georgia

        Brunswick is a city in and the county seat of Glynn County in the U.S. state of Georgia. As the primary urban and economic center of the lower southeast portion of Georgia, it is the second-largest urban area on the Georgia coastline after Savannah and contains the Brunswick Old Town Historic District. At the 2020 U.S. census, the population of the city proper was 15,210; the Brunswick metropolitan area's population as of 2020 was 113,495.

      5. Former United States Senator from Texas

        John Tower

        John Goodwin Tower was an American politician, serving as a Republican United States Senator from Texas from 1961 to 1985. He was the first Republican Senator elected from Texas since Reconstruction. Tower also led the Tower Commission, which investigated the Iran-Contra Affair, and was an unsuccessful nominee for U.S. Secretary of Defense in 1989.

      6. 20th-century American astronaut, chemist, and U.S. Navy officer

        Sonny Carter

        Manley Lanier "Sonny" Carter Jr., M.D., , was an American chemist, physician, professional soccer player, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut who flew on STS-33.

  10. 1986

    1. The Libyan secret service bombed a discotheque in West Berlin, resulting in three deaths and 229 others injured.

      1. April 1986 bomb at discotheque in West Berlin, West Germany

        West Berlin discotheque bombing

        On 5 April 1986, three people were killed and 229 injured when La Belle discothèque was bombed in the Friedenau district of West Berlin. The entertainment venue was commonly frequented by United States soldiers, and two of the dead and 79 of the injured were Americans.

      2. Political enclave that existed between 1949 and 1990

        West Berlin

        West Berlin was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin during the years of the Cold War; although the actual legal status of West Berlin was ambiguous, and the territorial claim by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was heavily disputed by the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries, West Berlin aligned itself politically with the FRG in 1949. West Berlin was directly or indirectly represented in its federal institutions.

  11. 1977

    1. The US Supreme Court rules that congressional legislation that diminished the size of the Sioux people's reservation thereby destroyed the tribe's jurisdictional authority over the area in Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Kneip.

      1. Highest court in the United States

        Supreme Court of the United States

        The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point of federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The court may decide cases having political overtones, but has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions.

      2. Native American and First Nations ethnic group

        Sioux

        The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The modern Sioux consist of two major divisions based on language divisions: the Dakota and Lakota; collectively they are known as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. The term "Sioux" is an exonym created from a French transcription of the Ojibwe term "Nadouessioux", and can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects.

  12. 1976

    1. The Tiananmen Incident, a protest against the Chinese regime triggered by the death of Premier Zhou Enlai near the end of the Cultural Revolution, took place in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

      1. Topics referred to by the same term

        Tiananmen Square protests (disambiguation)

        The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre were student-led demonstrations in Beijing and the government response in 1989.

      2. 1st Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976

        Zhou Enlai

        Zhou Enlai was a Chinese statesman and military officer who served as the first premier of the People's Republic of China from 1 October 1949 until his death on 8 January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and helped the Communist Party rise to power, later helping consolidate its control, form its foreign policy, and develop the Chinese economy.

      3. 1966–1976 Maoist sociopolitical movement in China

        Cultural Revolution

        The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. Its stated goal was to preserve Chinese communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. The Revolution marked the effective commanding return of Mao –who was still the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)– to the centre of power, after a period of self-abstention and ceding to less radical leadership in the aftermath of the Mao-led Great Leap Forward debacle and the Great Chinese Famine (1959–1961). The Revolution failed to achieve its main goals.

      4. Public square in Beijing, China

        Tiananmen Square

        Tiananmen Square or Tian'anmen Square is a city square in the city center of Beijing, China, named after the eponymous Tiananmen located to its north, which separates it from the Forbidden City. The square contains the Monument to the People's Heroes, the Great Hall of the People, the National Museum of China, and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in the square on October 1, 1949; the anniversary of this event is still observed there. The size of Tiananmen Square is 765 x 282 meters. It has great cultural significance as it was the site of several important events in Chinese history.

    2. In China, the April Fifth Movement leads to the Tiananmen Incident.

      1. Country in East Asia

        China

        China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. China also has a narrow maritime boundary with the disputed Taiwan. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.

      2. 1976 protest in Beijing, China

        1976 Tiananmen Incident

        The Tiananmen Incident or the April 5 Tiananmen Incident was a mass gathering and protest that took place on April 4–5, 1976, at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The incident occurred on the traditional day of mourning, the Qingming Festival, after the Nanjing Incident, and was triggered by the death of Premier Zhou Enlai earlier that year. Some people strongly disapproved of the removal of the displays of mourning, and began gathering in the Square to protest against the central authorities, then largely under the auspices of the Gang of Four, who ordered the Square to be cleared.

  13. 1971

    1. In Sri Lanka, Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna launches a revolt against the United Front government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike.

      1. Mainstream leftist political movement in Sri Lanka

        Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna

        Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna is a Marxist–Leninist communist party and a former militant organization in Sri Lanka. The movement was involved in two armed uprisings against the government of Sri Lanka: once in 1971 (SLFP), and another in 1987–89 (UNP). The motive for both uprisings was to establish a socialist state.

      2. Armed revolt in Ceylon

        1971 JVP insurrection

        The 1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) insurrection was the first of two unsuccessful armed revolts conducted by the communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) against the socialist United Front Government of Sri Lanka under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. The revolt began on 5 April 1971, and lasted until June of that year. The insurgents held towns and rural areas for several weeks, until the regions were recaptured by the armed forces, following strong support from friendly nations that sent men and material. Although this first attempt to seize power was quickly crushed by force, in 1987 the JVP launched a low intensity insurgency in the island's southern, central and western regions that lasted several years.

      3. Left-wing political alliance in Sri Lanka from 1968-77

        United Front (Sri Lanka)

        The United Front was a political alliance in Sri Lanka, formed by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) and the Communist Party of Sri Lanka (CPSL) in 1968. It came to power in the 1970 general election.

      4. Prime Minister of Ceylon (later Sri Lanka) from 1960–65, 1970–77, and 1994–2000

        Sirimavo Bandaranaike

        Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, commonly known as Sirimavo Bandaranaike (මැතිනිය), was a Sri Lankan politician. She was the world's first female prime minister when she became Prime Minister of Sri Lanka in 1960. She chaired the Sri Lanka Freedom Party from 1960 to 1994 and served three terms as prime minister, two times as the chief executive, 1960 to 1965 and 1970 to 1977, and once again in a presidential system from 1994 to 2000, governing under the presidency of her daughter Chandrika Kumaratunga.

  14. 1969

    1. Vietnam War: Massive antiwar demonstrations occur in many U.S. cities.

      1. Cold War conflict in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975

        Vietnam War

        The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.

      2. 1964–1973 anti-war movement

        Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

        Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War (before) or anti-Vietnam War movement (present) began with demonstrations in 1965 against the escalating role of the United States in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social movement over the ensuing several years. This movement informed and helped shape the vigorous and polarizing debate, primarily in the United States, during the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s on how to end the war.

  15. 1966

    1. During the Buddhist Uprising, South Vietnamese military prime minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ personally attempted to lead the capture of the restive city of Đà Nẵng before backing down.

      1. 1966 riots in South Vietnam against Nguyễn Cao Kỳ's military regime

        Buddhist Uprising

        The Buddhist Uprising of 1966, or more widely known in Vietnam as the Crisis in Central Vietnam, was a period of civil and military unrest in South Vietnam, largely focused in the I Corps area in the north of the country in central Vietnam. The area is a heartland of Vietnamese Buddhism, and at the time, activist Buddhist monks and civilians were at the forefront of opposition to a series of military juntas that had been ruling the nation, as well as prominently questioning the escalation of the Vietnam War.

      2. Country in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975

        South Vietnam

        South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.

      3. South Vietnamese military officer and politician; Prime Minister 1965–67, VP 1967–71.

        Nguyễn Cao Kỳ

        Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was a South Vietnamese military officer and politician who served as the chief of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force in the 1960s, before leading the nation as the prime minister of South Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967. Then, until his retirement from politics in 1971, he served as vice president to bitter rival General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, in a nominally civilian administration.

      4. City in central Vietnam

        Da Nang

        Da Nang or Danang is a class-1 municipality and the fifth-largest city in Vietnam by municipal population. It lies on the coast of the East Sea of Vietnam at the mouth of the Hàn River, and is one of Vietnam's most important port cities. As one of the country's five direct-controlled municipalities, it falls under the administration of the central government.

    2. During the Buddhist Uprising, South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ personally attempted to lead the capture of the restive city of Đà Nẵng before backing down.

      1. 1966 riots in South Vietnam against Nguyễn Cao Kỳ's military regime

        Buddhist Uprising

        The Buddhist Uprising of 1966, or more widely known in Vietnam as the Crisis in Central Vietnam, was a period of civil and military unrest in South Vietnam, largely focused in the I Corps area in the north of the country in central Vietnam. The area is a heartland of Vietnamese Buddhism, and at the time, activist Buddhist monks and civilians were at the forefront of opposition to a series of military juntas that had been ruling the nation, as well as prominently questioning the escalation of the Vietnam War.

      2. South Vietnamese military officer and politician; Prime Minister 1965–67, VP 1967–71.

        Nguyễn Cao Kỳ

        Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was a South Vietnamese military officer and politician who served as the chief of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force in the 1960s, before leading the nation as the prime minister of South Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967. Then, until his retirement from politics in 1971, he served as vice president to bitter rival General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, in a nominally civilian administration.

      3. City in central Vietnam

        Da Nang

        Da Nang or Danang is a class-1 municipality and the fifth-largest city in Vietnam by municipal population. It lies on the coast of the East Sea of Vietnam at the mouth of the Hàn River, and is one of Vietnam's most important port cities. As one of the country's five direct-controlled municipalities, it falls under the administration of the central government.

  16. 1958

    1. Ripple Rock, an underwater threat to navigation in the Seymour Narrows in Canada is destroyed in one of the largest non-nuclear controlled explosions of the time.

      1. Seamount in the Seymour Narrows, British Columbia, Canada; blown up in 1958

        Ripple Rock

        Ripple Rock is an underwater mountain located in the Seymour Narrows of the Discovery Passage in British Columbia, Canada. It had two peaks that produced large, dangerous eddies from the strong tidal currents that flowed around them at low tide. Ships transiting the strait preferred to wait until slack tide in order to safely bypass the rock.

      2. Section of Discovery Passage, British Columbia, Canada

        Seymour Narrows

        Seymour Narrows is a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) section of the Discovery Passage in British Columbia known for strong tidal currents. Discovery Passage lies between Vancouver Island at Menzies Bay, British Columbia and Quadra Island except at its northern end where the eastern shoreline is Sonora Island. The section known as Seymour Narrows begins about 18 km (11 mi) from the south end of Discovery Passage where it enters the Georgia Strait near Campbell River. For most of the length of the narrows, the channel is about 750 metres (820 yd) wide. Through this narrow channel, currents can reach 15 knots.

      3. Country in North America

        Canada

        Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest binational land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

  17. 1956

    1. Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro declares himself at war with Cuban President Fulgencio Batista.

      1. 1953–59 rebellion against Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista, led by Fidel Castro

        Cuban Revolution

        The Cuban Revolution was carried out after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. After failing to contest Batista in court Fidel Castro organized an armed attack on the Cuban military's Moncada Barracks. The rebels were arrested and while in prison formed the 26th of July Movement. After gaining amnesty the M-26-7 rebels organized an expedition from Mexico on the Granma yacht to invade Cuba. In the following years the M-26-7 rebel army would slowly defeat the Cuban army in the countryside, while its urban wing would engage in sabotage and rebel army recruitment. Over time the originally critical and ambivalent Popular Socialist Party would come to support the 26th of July Movement in late 1958. By the time the rebels were to oust Batista the revolution was being driven by the Popular Socialist Party, 26th of July Movement, and the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil.

      2. Leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2011

        Fidel Castro

        Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and state socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.

      3. Head of state of Cuba

        President of Cuba

        The president of Cuba, officially the president of the Republic of Cuba, is the head of state of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The President is the second-highest office in Cuba and the highest state office. Miguel Díaz-Canel became President of the Council of State on 19 April 2018, taking over from Raúl Castro, and has been President of Cuba since 10 October 2019.

      4. President of Cuba, 1940–1944; dictator, 1952–1959 (1901–1973)

        Fulgencio Batista

        Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator from 1952 to 1959, when he was overthrown by the Cuban Revolution.

  18. 1955

    1. Aware that he was slowing down both physically and mentally in his old age, Winston Churchill retired as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

      1. British statesman and writer (1874–1965)

        Winston Churchill

        Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Apart from two years between 1922 and 1924, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1900 to 1964 and represented a total of five constituencies. Ideologically an economic liberal and imperialist, he was for most of his career a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955. He was a member of the Liberal Party from 1904 to 1924.

      2. Head of Government in the United Kingdom

        Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

        The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.

  19. 1951

    1. Cold War: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are sentenced to death for spying for the Soviet Union.

      1. American spies for the Soviet Union

        Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

        Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who were convicted of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. The couple were convicted of providing top-secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime.

      2. Clandestine acquisition of confidential information

        Espionage

        Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence) from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information for a tangible benefit. A person who commits espionage is called an espionage agent or spy. Any individual or spy ring, in the service of a government, company, criminal organization, or independent operation, can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law.

      3. Country in Eurasia (1922–1991)

        Soviet Union

        The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.

  20. 1949

    1. A fire in a hospital in Effingham, Illinois, kills 77 people and leads to nationwide fire code improvements in the United States.

      1. 1949 fire in Effingham, Illinois, USA

        St. Anthony's Hospital fire

        St. Anthony's Hospital fire was a disaster that occurred on April 4, 1949 in Effingham, Illinois. The disaster killed 74 people at the hospital. It is used as a prime example of possible fire hazards hospitals could and can have. St. Anthony's Hospital in Effingham, Illinois, was operated by the Sisters of St. Francis, who lived in a convent next door.

      2. City in Illinois, United States

        Effingham, Illinois

        Effingham is a city in and the county seat of Effingham County, Illinois, United States. It is in South Central Illinois. Its population was 12,252 at the 2020 census. The city is part of the Effingham, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area.

  21. 1946

    1. Soviet troops end their year-long occupation of the Danish island of Bornholm.

      1. Country in Eurasia (1922–1991)

        Soviet Union

        The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.

      2. Danish island

        Bornholm

        Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea, to the east of the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and north of Poland.

    2. A Fleet Air Arm Vickers Wellington crashes into a residential area in Rabat, Malta during a training exercise, killing all 4 crew members and 16 civilians on the ground.

      1. Aviation branch of the British Royal Navy

        Fleet Air Arm

        The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is one of the five fighting arms of the Royal Navy and is responsible for the delivery of naval air power both from land and at sea. The Fleet Air Arm operates the F-35 Lightning II for maritime strike, the AW159 Wildcat and AW101 Merlin for commando and anti-submarine warfare and the BAE Hawk as an aggressor.

      2. British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber

        Vickers Wellington

        The Vickers Wellington was a British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber. It was designed during the mid-1930s at Brooklands in Weybridge, Surrey. Led by Vickers-Armstrongs' chief designer Rex Pierson; a key feature of the aircraft is its geodetic airframe fuselage structure, which was principally designed by Barnes Wallis. Development had been started in response to Air Ministry Specification B.9/32, issued in the middle of 1932, for a bomber for the Royal Air Force.

      3. 1946 military aviation disaster in Rabat, British Malta

        1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash

        The 1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash was a military aviation accident that occurred in Malta on 5 April 1946 when a Vickers Wellington bomber crashed during a training exercise in a residential area in Rabat. All four crew members on board the aircraft and 16 civilians on the ground were killed. The crash also caused extensive property damage. The exact cause was never conclusively determined, but a magisterial inquiry suggested that leakage of hydraulic fluid leading to crew incapacitation could be a probable cause.

      4. Local council in Northern Region, Malta

        Rabat, Malta

        Rabat is a town in the Northern Region of Malta, with a population of 11,497 as of March 2014. It adjoins the ancient capital city of Mdina, and a north-western area formed part of the Roman city of Melite until its medieval retrenchment. The Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the Republic of Malta is seated in this village. The Local Council of Rabat is also the administrator of Baħrija. Parts of the films Munich and Black Eagle were shot in Rabat. In December 1999, Mtarfa was split from Rabat to form a separate Local Council by Act XXI, an amendment to the Local Council Act of 1993.

      5. British colony in Europe from 1813 to 1964

        Crown Colony of Malta

        The Crown Colony of the Island of Malta and its Dependencies was the British colony in the Maltese islands, today the modern Republic of Malta. It was established when the Malta Protectorate was transformed into a British Crown colony in 1813, and this was confirmed by the Treaty of Paris in 1814.

  22. 1945

    1. Cold War: Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito signs an agreement with the Soviet Union to allow "temporary entry of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory".

      1. 1947–1991 tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies

        Cold War

        The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.

      2. Former European country (1945–1992)

        Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

        The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yugoslavia occurring as a consequence of the Yugoslav Wars. Spanning an area of 255,804 square kilometres (98,766 sq mi) in the Balkans, Yugoslavia was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west, by Austria and Hungary to the north, by Bulgaria and Romania to the east, and by Albania and Greece to the south. It was a one-party socialist state and federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and had six constituent republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia was the Yugoslav capital city of Belgrade as well as two autonomous Yugoslav provinces: Kosovo and Vojvodina.

      3. President of Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980

        Josip Broz Tito

        Josip Broz, commonly known as Tito, was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman, serving in various positions from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he was the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. He also served as the president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 14 January 1953 until his death on 4 May 1980.

      4. Country in Eurasia (1922–1991)

        Soviet Union

        The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.

  23. 1944

    1. Siegfried Lederer, a Czech Jew, escaped from Auschwitz with the aid of an SS officer who opposed the Holocaust.

      1. History of the Jews in the Czech lands

        The history of the Jews in the Czech lands, which include the modern Czech Republic as well as Bohemia, Czech Silesia and Moravia, goes back many centuries. There is evidence that Jews have lived in Moravia and Bohemia since as early as the 10th century. As of 2005, there were approximately 4,000 Jews living in the Czech Republic.

      2. 1944 prisoner escape from Auschwitz concentration camp

        Siegfried Lederer's escape from Auschwitz

        On the night of 5 April 1944, Siegfried Lederer, a Czech Jew, escaped from the Auschwitz concentration camp wearing an SS uniform provided by SS-Rottenführer Viktor Pestek. Pestek opposed the Holocaust; he was a devout Catholic and was infatuated with Renée Neumann, a Jewish prisoner. Pestek accompanied Lederer out of the camp, and the two men traveled together to the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to obtain false documents for Neumann and her mother.

      3. Nazi organisation responsible for concentration camps

        SS-Totenkopfverbände

        SS-Totenkopfverbände was the Schutzstaffel (SS) organization responsible for administering the Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps for Nazi Germany, among similar duties. While the Totenkopf was the universal cap badge of the SS, the SS-TV also wore this insignia on the right collar tab to distinguish itself from other SS formations.

      4. Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany

        The Holocaust

        The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.

  24. 1943

    1. World War II: United States Army Air Forces bomber aircraft accidentally cause more than 900 civilian deaths, including 209 children, and 1,300 wounded among the civilian population of the Belgian town of Mortsel. Their target was the Erla factory one kilometer from the residential area hit.

      1. Aerial warfare branch of the United States Army from 1941 to 1947

        United States Army Air Forces

        The United States Army Air Forces was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II (1941–1945). It was created on 20 June 1941 as successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps and is the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force, today one of the six armed forces of the United States. The AAF was a component of the United States Army, which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces: the Army Ground Forces, the United States Army Services of Supply, and the Army Air Forces. Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff.

      2. Municipality in Flemish Community, Belgium

        Mortsel

        Mortsel is a city and municipality close to the city of Antwerp located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality only comprises the city of Mortsel proper. In 2021, Mortsel had a total population of 26,170 people. The total area is 7.78 km².

  25. 1942

    1. World War II: Adolf Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 41 summarizing Case Blue, including the German Sixth Army's planned assault on Stalingrad.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945

        Adolf Hitler

        Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. During his dictatorship, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust: the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.

      3. 1942 German plan to further invade the Soviet Union following Operation Barbarossa

        Case Blue

        Case Blue was the German Armed Forces' plan for the 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942, during World War II. The objective was to capture the oil fields of Baku, Grozny and Maikop for two purposes: to enable the Germans to re-supply their low fuel stock and also to deny their use to the Soviet Union, thereby bringing about the complete collapse of the Soviet war effort.

      4. Field army unit of the Nazi German army (Wehrmacht) on the Eastern Front of WWII

        6th Army (Wehrmacht)

        The 6th Army was a field army unit of the German Wehrmacht during World War II (1939–1945). It was widely remembered for being the most highly decorated German army unit until its defeat by the Red Army at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–1943. It also acquired a reputation for the war crimes that it committed under the command of Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau during Operation Barbarossa.

      5. Major battle of World War II

        Battle of Stalingrad

        The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia. The battle was marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, with the battle epitomizing urban warfare. The Battle of Stalingrad was the deadliest battle to take place during the Second World War and is one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with an estimated 2 million total casualties. Today, the Battle of Stalingrad is universally regarded as the turning point in the European Theatre of war, as it forced the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht to withdraw considerable military forces from other areas in occupied Europe to replace German losses on the Eastern Front, ending with the rout of the six field armies of Army Group B, including the destruction of Nazi Germany's 6th Army and an entire corps of its 4th Panzer Army. The victory at Stalingrad energized the Red Army and shifted the balance of power in the favour of the Soviets.

    2. World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy launches a carrier-based air attack on Colombo, Ceylon during the Indian Ocean raid. Port and civilian facilities are damaged and the Royal Navy cruisers HMS Cornwall and HMS Dorsetshire are sunk southwest of the island.

      1. Naval branch of the Empire of Japan

        Imperial Japanese Navy

        The Imperial Japanese Navy was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed between 1952–1954 after the dissolution of the IJN.

      2. WWII battle in Ceylon between Britain and Japan

        Easter Sunday Raid

        The Easter Sunday Raid was an air attack on Colombo, Ceylon during the Indian Ocean raid by carrier-based aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 5 April 1942. The Japanese objective was to destroy the Ceylon-based British Eastern Fleet in harbour. The British preemptively dispersed shipping from the harbours before the attacks due to advance warning from intelligence in March 1942, and air reconnaissance during the raid.

      3. Country in South Asia

        Sri Lanka

        Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, and southeast of the Arabian Sea; it is separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. Sri Lanka shares a maritime border with India and the Maldives. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is its legislative capital, and Colombo is its largest city and financial centre.

      4. 1942 raid of Allied shipping by the Imperial Japanese Navy

        Indian Ocean raid

        The Indian Ocean raid, also known as Operation C or Battle of Ceylon in Japanese, was a naval sortie carried out by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) from 31 March to 10 April 1942. Japanese aircraft carriers under Admiral Chūichi Nagumo struck Allied shipping and naval bases around Ceylon, but failed to locate and destroy the bulk of the British Eastern Fleet. The Eastern Fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir James Somerville, was forewarned by intelligence and sailed from its bases prior to the raid; its attempt to attack the Japanese was frustrated by poor tactical intelligence.

      5. Naval warfare force of the United Kingdom

        Royal Navy

        The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.

      6. Type of large warships

        Cruiser

        A cruiser is a type of warship. Modern cruisers are generally the largest ships in a fleet after aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships, and can usually perform several roles.

      7. County-class heavy cruiser of the Royal Navy

        HMS Cornwall (56)

        HMS Cornwall, pennant number 56, was a County-class heavy cruiser of the Kent sub-class built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1920s. The ship spent most of her pre-World War II career assigned to the China Station. Shortly after the war began in August 1939, she was assigned to search for German commerce raiders in the Indian Ocean. Cornwall was transferred to the South Atlantic in late 1939 where she escorted convoys before returning to the Indian Ocean in 1941. She then sank the German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin in May. After the start of the Pacific War in December 1941, she began escorting convoys until she was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in March 1942. The ship was sunk on 5 April by dive bombers from three Japanese aircraft carriers during the Indian Ocean Raid.

      8. Heavy cruiser of the Royal Navy

        HMS Dorsetshire (40)

        HMS Dorsetshire was a County-class heavy cruiser of the British Royal Navy, named after the English county, now usually known as Dorset. The ship was a member of the Norfolk sub-class, of which Norfolk was the only other unit; the County class comprised a further eleven ships in two other sub-classes. Dorsetshire was built at the Portsmouth Dockyard; her keel was laid in September 1927, she was launched in January 1929, and was completed in September 1930. Dorsetshire was armed with a main battery of eight 8 in (200 mm) guns, and had a top speed of 31.5 knots.

  26. 1936

    1. An F5 tornado struck Tupelo, Mississippi, killing at least 216 people during one of the deadliest tornado outbreaks in U.S. history.

      1. Scale for rating tornado intensity

        Fujita scale

        The Fujita scale, or Fujita–Pearson scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists and engineers after a ground or aerial damage survey, or both; and depending on the circumstances, ground-swirl patterns, weather radar data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as photogrammetry or videogrammetry if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-Scale) in the United States in February 2007. In April 2013, Canada adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale along with 31 "Specific Damage Indicators" used by Environment Canada (EC) in their ratings.

      2. City in Mississippi, United States

        Tupelo, Mississippi

        Tupelo is a city in and the county seat of Lee County, Mississippi, United States. With an estimated population of 38,300, Tupelo is the sixth-largest city in Mississippi and is considered a commercial, industrial, and cultural hub of North Mississippi.

      3. 12 tornadoes that struck the Southeastern United States from April 5–6, 1936

        1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak

        On April 5–6, 1936, an outbreak of at least 12 tornadoes struck the Southeastern United States. Approximately 454 people were killed by these tornadoes—419 by two tornadoes alone. This outbreak is the second deadliest ever recorded in US history. Although the outbreak was centered on Tupelo, Mississippi, and Gainesville, Georgia, where the fourth and fifth deadliest tornadoes in U.S. history respectively occurred, other destructive tornadoes associated with the outbreak struck Columbia, Tennessee; Anderson, South Carolina; and Acworth, Georgia.

    2. Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak: An F5 tornado kills 233 in Tupelo, Mississippi.

      1. 12 tornadoes that struck the Southeastern United States from April 5–6, 1936

        1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak

        On April 5–6, 1936, an outbreak of at least 12 tornadoes struck the Southeastern United States. Approximately 454 people were killed by these tornadoes—419 by two tornadoes alone. This outbreak is the second deadliest ever recorded in US history. Although the outbreak was centered on Tupelo, Mississippi, and Gainesville, Georgia, where the fourth and fifth deadliest tornadoes in U.S. history respectively occurred, other destructive tornadoes associated with the outbreak struck Columbia, Tennessee; Anderson, South Carolina; and Acworth, Georgia.

      2. Scale for rating tornado intensity

        Fujita scale

        The Fujita scale, or Fujita–Pearson scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists and engineers after a ground or aerial damage survey, or both; and depending on the circumstances, ground-swirl patterns, weather radar data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as photogrammetry or videogrammetry if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-Scale) in the United States in February 2007. In April 2013, Canada adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale along with 31 "Specific Damage Indicators" used by Environment Canada (EC) in their ratings.

      3. City in Mississippi, United States

        Tupelo, Mississippi

        Tupelo is a city in and the county seat of Lee County, Mississippi, United States. With an estimated population of 38,300, Tupelo is the sixth-largest city in Mississippi and is considered a commercial, industrial, and cultural hub of North Mississippi.

  27. 1933

    1. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs two executive orders: 6101 to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps, and 6102 "forbidding the Hoarding of Gold Coin, Gold Bullion, and Gold Certificates" by U.S. citizens.

      1. President of the United States from 1933 to 1945

        Franklin D. Roosevelt

        Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the leader of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. He built the New Deal Coalition, which defined modern liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended in victory shortly after he died in office.

      2. Federal administrative instruction issued by the president of the United States

        Executive order

        In the United States, an executive order is a directive by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives presidents broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on expressed or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the president some degree of discretionary power. The vast majority of executive orders are proposed by federal agencies before being issued by the president.

      3. US voluntary public work relief program from 1933-42

        Civilian Conservation Corps

        The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary government work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28. The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal that supplied manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments. The CCC was designed to supply jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States

      4. 1933 U.S. executive order prohibiting the hoarding of gold currency

        Executive Order 6102

        Executive Order 6102 is an executive order signed on April 5, 1933, by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt "forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States." The executive order was made under the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, as amended by the Emergency Banking Act in March 1933.

    2. Andorran Revolution: The Young Andorrans occupy the Casa de la Vall and force the government to hold democratic elections with universal male suffrage.

      1. 1933 pro-democracy uprising in Andorra

        Andorran Revolution

        The Andorran Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1933, was a democratic uprising led by the Young Andorrans that called for political reforms, universal suffrage for all Andorrans and acted in defense of the rights of local and foreign workers during the construction of FHASA's hydroelectric power station in Encamp. On April 5, 1933, the Young Andorrans seized the Andorran Parliament. These actions were preceded by the arrival of Colonel René-Jules Baulard with 50 gendarmes and the mobilization of 200 local militias or sometent led by the Síndic Francesc Cairat.

      2. Political alliance during the Andorran Revolution

        Unió Andorrana

        The Andorran Union was an Andorran political formation established in 1933, during the heat of the Andorran Revolution. The formation defended universal male suffrage, the creation of a status of Andorran nationality and the General Council that was dismissed by the French occupation forces.

      3. Historic building in Andorra la Vella, Andorra

        Casa de la Vall

        Casa de la Vall is a historical house in Andorra la Vella, Andorra. It is the headquarters of the General Council of Andorra. It lies just to the southwest of the Andorra National Library. It is a heritage property registered in the Cultural Heritage of Andorra.

      4. 1933 Andorran parliamentary election

        Parliamentary elections were held in Andorra on 31 August 1933, the first held under universal male suffrage. The extension of the franchise to all men over 21 followed social unrest referred to as the Andorran Revolution. As political parties were not legalised until 1993, all candidates ran as independents.

      5. Voting rights system

        Universal manhood suffrage

        Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It is sometimes summarized by the slogan, "one man, one vote".

  28. 1932

    1. Dominion of Newfoundland: Ten thousand rioters seize the Colonial Building leading to the end of self-government.

      1. British dominion from 1907 to 1949

        Dominion of Newfoundland

        Newfoundland was a British dominion in eastern North America, today the modern Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It was established on 26 September 1907, and confirmed by the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster of 1931. It included the island of Newfoundland, and Labrador on the continental mainland. Newfoundland was one of the original dominions within the meaning of the Balfour Declaration and accordingly enjoyed a constitutional status equivalent to the other dominions of the time.

      2. 1932 anti-corruption and Great Depression riot in St. John's, Newfoundland

        1932 Colonial Building riot

        The Colonial Building riot was a riot that occurred in front of the Colonial Building in St. John's, Newfoundland, on April 5, 1932. Prompted by the Great Depression and corruption in the Squires administration, a peaceful protest degenerated into riots and violence. The riots led to the fall of the Squires government and the defeat of Squires's Liberal Party.

      3. Historic building in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada

        Colonial Building

        The Colonial Building is a historic government building located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The building was the home of the colonial and later provincial Newfoundland government and the House of Assembly from January 28, 1850 to July 28, 1959. In 1974, it was declared a Provincial Historic Site.

  29. 1922

    1. The American Birth Control League, forerunner of Planned Parenthood, is incorporated.

      1. Organization founded by Margaret Sanger

        American Birth Control League

        The American Birth Control League (ABCL) was founded by Margaret Sanger in 1921 at the First American Birth Control Conference in New York City. The organization promoted the founding of birth control clinics and encouraged women to control their own fertility. In 1942, the league became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

      2. Non-profit organization that provides reproductive health services in the United States and globally

        Planned Parenthood

        The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is a nonprofit organization that provides reproductive health care in the United States and globally. It is a tax-exempt corporation under Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3) and a member association of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF).

  30. 1910

    1. The Transandine Railway connecting Chile and Argentina is inaugurated.

      1. Railway from Mendoza, Argentina to Los Andes, Chile (1910-84)

        Transandine Railway

        The Transandine Railway was a 1,000 mm metre gauge combined rack and adhesion railway which operated from Mendoza in Argentina, across the Andes mountain range via the Uspallata Pass, to Santa Rosa de Los Andes in Chile, a distance of 248 km. The railway has been out of service since 1984, and has been partly dismantled. There has been talk about restoring the railway, but there is currently no indication of any restorative work underway.

  31. 1902

    1. A spectator stand collapsed (pictured) during a Scotland–England football match at Ibrox Park, Govan, killing 25 supporters and injuring more than 500 others.

      1. Stadium structural failure in Glasgow, Scotland

        1902 Ibrox disaster

        The 1902 Ibrox disaster was the collapse of a stand at Ibrox Park in Govan, Scotland. The incident led to the deaths of 25 supporters and injuries to 500 more during an international association football match between Scotland and England on 5 April 1902 as part of the 1901–02 British Home Championship.

      2. Men's association football team

        Scotland national football team

        The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in men's international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. It competes in the three major professional tournaments: the FIFA World Cup, UEFA Nations League and the UEFA European Championship. Scotland, as a country of the United Kingdom, is not a member of the International Olympic Committee, and therefore the national team does not compete in the Olympic Games. The majority of Scotland's home matches are played at the national stadium, Hampden Park.

      3. Men's association football team

        England national football team

        The England national football team has represented England in international football since the first international match in 1872. It is controlled by The Football Association (FA), the governing body for football in England, which is affiliated with UEFA and comes under the global jurisdiction of world football's governing body FIFA. England competes in the three major international tournaments contested by European nations: the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA European Championship, and the UEFA Nations League.

      4. Football stadium in Glasgow

        Ibrox Stadium

        Ibrox Stadium is a football stadium on the south side of the River Clyde in the Ibrox area of Glasgow, Scotland. The home of Rangers Football Club, Ibrox is the third largest football stadium in Scotland, with an all-seated capacity of 50,817.

      5. Human settlement in Scotland

        Govan

        Govan is a district, parish, and former burgh now part of south-west City of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of Glasgow city centre, on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite the mouth of the River Kelvin and the district of Partick. Historically it was part of the County of Lanark.

    2. A stand box collapses at Ibrox Park (now Ibrox Stadium) in Glasgow, Scotland, which led to the deaths of 25 and injuries to more than 500 supporters during an international association football match between Scotland and England.

      1. Stadium structural failure in Glasgow, Scotland

        1902 Ibrox disaster

        The 1902 Ibrox disaster was the collapse of a stand at Ibrox Park in Govan, Scotland. The incident led to the deaths of 25 supporters and injuries to 500 more during an international association football match between Scotland and England on 5 April 1902 as part of the 1901–02 British Home Championship.

      2. Football stadium in Glasgow

        Ibrox Stadium

        Ibrox Stadium is a football stadium on the south side of the River Clyde in the Ibrox area of Glasgow, Scotland. The home of Rangers Football Club, Ibrox is the third largest football stadium in Scotland, with an all-seated capacity of 50,817.

      3. Largest city in Scotland

        Glasgow

        Glasgow is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 635,640. Straddling the border between historic Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire, the city now forms the Glasgow City Council area, one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and is governed by Glasgow City Council. It is situated on the River Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands.

      4. Team sport played with a spherical ball

        Association football

        Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45 minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries, it is considered the world's most popular sport.

      5. Men's association football team

        Scotland national football team

        The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in men's international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. It competes in the three major professional tournaments: the FIFA World Cup, UEFA Nations League and the UEFA European Championship. Scotland, as a country of the United Kingdom, is not a member of the International Olympic Committee, and therefore the national team does not compete in the Olympic Games. The majority of Scotland's home matches are played at the national stadium, Hampden Park.

      6. Men's association football team

        England national football team

        The England national football team has represented England in international football since the first international match in 1872. It is controlled by The Football Association (FA), the governing body for football in England, which is affiliated with UEFA and comes under the global jurisdiction of world football's governing body FIFA. England competes in the three major international tournaments contested by European nations: the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA European Championship, and the UEFA Nations League.

  32. 1879

    1. Bolivia declares war on Chile, and Chile declares war on Peru, starting the War of the Pacific.

      1. Country in South America

        Bolivia

        Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest and Peru to the west. The seat of government and executive capital is La Paz, while the constitutional capital is Sucre. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.

      2. Country in South America

        Chile

        Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of 756,096 square kilometers (291,930 sq mi), with a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. It shares land borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the north-east, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chile also controls the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. It also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The country's capital and largest city is Santiago, and its national language is Spanish.

      3. Country in South America

        Peru

        Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has a population of 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At 1.28 million km2, Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.

      4. Territorial conflict between Chile and allied Peru and Bolivia (1879–83)

        War of the Pacific

        The War of the Pacific, also known as the Saltpeter War and by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Chilean claims on coastal Bolivian territory in the Atacama Desert, the war ended with a Chilean victory, which gained for the country a significant amount of resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia.

  33. 1862

    1. American Civil War: The Battle of Yorktown begins.

      1. 1861–1865 conflict in the United States

        American Civil War

        The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.

      2. Battle of the American Civil War

        Siege of Yorktown (1862)

        The Battle of Yorktown or Siege of Yorktown was fought from April 5 to May 4, 1862, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. Marching from Fort Monroe, Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac encountered Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder's small Confederate force at Yorktown behind the Warwick Line. McClellan suspended his march up the Peninsula toward Richmond and settled in for siege operations.

  34. 1847

    1. Birkenhead Park, generally acknowledged as the world's first publicly funded civic park, opened in Birkenhead, England.

      1. Public park in Birkenhead, Wirral, England

        Birkenhead Park

        Birkenhead Park is a major public park located in the centre of Birkenhead, Merseyside, England. It was designed by Joseph Paxton and opened on 5 April 1847. It is generally acknowledged as the first publicly funded civic park in the world. The park was designated a conservation area in 1977 and declared a Grade I listed landscape by English Heritage in 1995. The park influenced the design of Central Park in New York and Sefton Park in Liverpool.

      2. Town in England

        Birkenhead

        Birkenhead is a town and ferry port in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England; historically, it was part of Cheshire until 1974. The town is on the Wirral Peninsula, along the south bank of the River Mersey, opposite the city of Liverpool. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 88,818.

  35. 1818

    1. In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement, led by Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín, win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Chilean patriots dead.

      1. 1818 battle of the Chilean War of Independence

        Battle of Maipú

        The Battle of Maipú was a battle fought near Santiago, Chile on April 5, 1818, between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence. The Patriot rebels led by Argentine general José de San Martín effectively destroyed the Spanish forces commanded by General Mariano Osorio, and completed the independence of the core area of Chile from Spanish domination.

      2. Country in South America

        Chile

        Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of 756,096 square kilometers (291,930 sq mi), with a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. It shares land borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the north-east, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chile also controls the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. It also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The country's capital and largest city is Santiago, and its national language is Spanish.

      3. Chilean independence leader (1778–1842)

        Bernardo O'Higgins

        Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. He was a wealthy landowner of Basque-Spanish and Irish ancestry. Although he was the second Supreme Director of Chile (1817–1823), he is considered one of Chile's founding fathers, as he was the first holder of this title to head a fully independent Chilean state.

      4. Argentine military leader and Libertador (1778–1850)

        José de San Martín

        José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras, known simply as José de San Martín or the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru, was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru. Born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, in modern-day Argentina, he left the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the early age of seven to study in Málaga, Spain.

  36. 1795

    1. Peace of Basel between France and Prussia is made.

      1. 1795 set of treaties during the War of the First Coalition

        Peace of Basel

        The Peace of Basel of 1795 consists of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution.The first was with Prussia on 5 April; The second was with Spain on 22 July, ending the War of the Pyrenees; and The third was with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel on 28 August, concluding the stage of the French Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition.

      2. European state, existing from 1525 to 1947

        Prussia

        Prussia was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and de jure by an Allied decree in 1947. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the Prussian Army. Prussia, with its capital at Königsberg and then, when it became the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, Berlin, decisively shaped the history of Germany.

  37. 1792

    1. United States President George Washington exercises his authority to veto a bill, the first time this power is used in the United States.

      1. President of the United States from 1789 to 1797

        George Washington

        George Washington was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as the president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created the Constitution of the United States and the American federal government. Washington has been called the "Father of his Country" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country.

      2. Veto power in the United States

        In the United States, the president can use the veto power to prevent a bill passed by the Congress from becoming law. Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote of both chambers.

  38. 1710

    1. The Statute of Anne, the first legislation in Great Britain providing for copyright regulated by the government and courts, received royal assent and entered into force five days later.

      1. 1710 legislation in Great Britain regulating copyright

        Statute of Anne

        The Statute of Anne, also known as the Copyright Act 1710, was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1710, which was the first statute to provide for copyright regulated by the government and courts, rather than by private parties.

      2. Legal concept regulating rights of a creative work

        Copyright

        A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself. A copyright is subject to limitations based on public interest considerations, such as the fair use doctrine in the United States.

      3. Formal approval of a proposed law in monarchies

        Royal assent

        Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature, either directly or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf. In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in others that is a separate step. Under a modern constitutional monarchy, royal assent is considered little more than a formality. Even in nations such as the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands and Liechtenstein which still, in theory, permit their monarch to withhold assent to laws, the monarch almost never does so, except in a dire political emergency or on advice of government. While the power to veto by withholding royal assent was once exercised often by European monarchs, such an occurrence has been very rare since the eighteenth century.

  39. 1621

    1. The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth, Massachusetts on a return trip to England.

      1. 17th-century ship of American colonists

        Mayflower

        Mayflower was an English ship that transported a group of English families, known today as the Pilgrims, from England to the New World in 1620. After a grueling 10 weeks at sea, Mayflower, with 102 passengers and a crew of about 30, reached America, dropping anchor near the tip of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, on November 21 [O.S. November 11], 1620.

      2. Town in Massachusetts, United States

        Plymouth, Massachusetts

        Plymouth is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, in Greater Boston. The town holds a place of great prominence in American history, folklore, and culture, and is known as "America's Hometown". Plymouth was the site of the colony founded in 1620 by the Mayflower Pilgrims, where New England was first established. It is the oldest municipality in New England and one of the oldest in the United States. The town has served as the location of several prominent events, one of the more notable being the First Thanksgiving feast. Plymouth served as the capital of Plymouth Colony from its founding in 1620 until the colony's merger with the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. The English explorer John Smith named the area Plymouth and the region 'New England' during his voyage of 1614. It was a later coincidence that, after an aborted attempt to make the 1620 trans-Atlantic crossing from Southampton, the Mayflower finally set sail for America from Plymouth, England.

  40. 1614

    1. Pocahontas, a Native American woman, married English colonist John Rolfe in the Colony of Virginia.

      1. 17th-century Native American woman

        Pocahontas

        Pocahontas was a Native American woman, belonging to the Powhatan people, notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.

      2. Indigenous peoples of the United States

        Native Americans in the United States

        Native Americans, also known as American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Americans, and other terms, are the Indigenous peoples of the mainland United States.. There are 574 federally recognized tribes living within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. As defined by the United States Census, "Native Americans" are Indigenous tribes that are originally from the contiguous United States, along with Alaska Natives. Indigenous peoples of the United States who are not listed as American Indian or Alaska Native include Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, and the Chamorro people. The US Census groups these peoples as "Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders".

      3. 17th-century English explorer

        John Rolfe

        John Rolfe was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia in 1611.

      4. British colony in North America (1606–1776)

        Colony of Virginia

        The Colony of Virginia, chartered in 1606 and settled in 1607, was the first enduring English colony in North America, following failed attempts at settlement on Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583 and the colony of Roanoke by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 1580s.

    2. In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.

      1. U.S. state

        Virginia

        Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most-populous city, and Fairfax County is the most-populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population in 2020 was over 8.65 million, with 36% of them living in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.

      2. Indigenous peoples of the United States

        Native Americans in the United States

        Native Americans, also known as American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Americans, and other terms, are the Indigenous peoples of the mainland United States.. There are 574 federally recognized tribes living within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. As defined by the United States Census, "Native Americans" are Indigenous tribes that are originally from the contiguous United States, along with Alaska Natives. Indigenous peoples of the United States who are not listed as American Indian or Alaska Native include Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, and the Chamorro people. The US Census groups these peoples as "Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders".

      3. 17th-century Native American woman

        Pocahontas

        Pocahontas was a Native American woman, belonging to the Powhatan people, notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.

      4. 17th-century English explorer

        John Rolfe

        John Rolfe was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia in 1611.

  41. 1566

    1. Two hundred Dutch noblemen, led by Hendrick van Brederode, force themselves into the presence of Margaret of Parma and present the Petition of Compromise, denouncing the Spanish Inquisition in the Seventeen Provinces.

      1. Entire period of Habsburg rule in the Low Countries (1482-1797)

        Habsburg Netherlands

        Habsburg Netherlands was the Renaissance period fiefs in the Low Countries held by the Holy Roman Empire's House of Habsburg. The rule began in 1482, when the last Valois-Burgundy ruler of the Netherlands, Mary, wife of Maximilian I of Austria, died. Their grandson, Emperor Charles V, was born in the Habsburg Netherlands and made Brussels one of his capitals.

      2. 16th-century Dutch noble; important figure in the Eighty Years' War

        Hendrick van Brederode

        Henry (Hendrik), Lord of Bréderode was a member of the Dutch noble family Van Brederode and an important member during the Eighty Years' War. He was named the "Grote Geus" or the "big beggar".

      3. Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1559-67 and 1578-82

        Margaret of Parma

        Margaret of Parma was Governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582. She was the illegitimate daughter of the then 22-year-old Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Johanna Maria van der Gheynst. She was a Duchess of Florence and a Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her two marriages.

      4. 1566 group of Dutch nobles who petitioned the monarchy to lighten its anti-heresy statutes

        Compromise of Nobles

        The Compromise of Nobles was a covenant of members of the nobility in the Habsburg Netherlands who came together to submit a petition to the Regent Margaret of Parma on 5 April 1566, with the objective of obtaining a moderation of the placards against heresy in the Netherlands. This petition played a crucial role in the events leading up to the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Years' War.

      5. System of tribunals enforcing Catholic orthodoxy

        Spanish Inquisition

        The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition, was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. It began toward the end of the Reconquista and was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Catholic Inquisition along with the Roman Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition. The "Spanish Inquisition" may be defined broadly as operating in Spain and in all Spanish colonies and territories, which included the Canary Islands, the Kingdom of Naples, and all Spanish possessions in North, Central, and South America. According to modern estimates, around 150,000 people were prosecuted for various offences during the three-century duration of the Spanish Inquisition, of whom between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed.

      6. Union of states in the Netherlands in the 15th and 16th centuries

        Seventeen Provinces

        The Seventeen Provinces were the Imperial states of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 16th century. They roughly covered the Low Countries, i.e., what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and most of the French departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (Artois). Also within this area were semi-independent fiefdoms, mainly ecclesiastical ones, such as Liège, Cambrai and Stavelot-Malmedy.

  42. 1536

    1. Charles V makes a Royal Entry into Rome, demolishing a swath of the city to re-enact a Roman triumph.

      1. Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, and Duke of Burgundy

        Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

        Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and the Kingdom of Spain with its southern Italian possessions of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Furthermore, he oversaw both the continuation of the long-lasting Spanish colonization of the Americas and the short-lived German colonization of the Americas. The personal union of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets".

      2. Ceremonies accompanying a formal entry by a ruler into a city

        Royal entry

        The ceremonies and festivities accompanying a formal entry by a ruler or his representative into a city in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period in Europe were known as the Royal Entry, Triumphal Entry, or Joyous Entry. The entry centred on a procession carrying the entering prince into the city, where he was greeted and paid appropriate homage by the civic authorities, followed by a feast and other celebrations.

      3. Ancient Roman ceremony of military success

        Roman triumph

        The Roman triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or in some historical traditions, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.

  43. 1242

    1. During the Battle on the Ice of Lake Peipus, Russian forces, led by Alexander Nevsky, rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights.

      1. 1242 battle of the Northern Crusades on the frozen Lake Peipus

        Battle on the Ice

        The Battle on the Ice, alternatively known as the Battle of Lake Peipus, took place on 5 April 1242. It was fought largely on the frozen Lake Peipus between the united forces of the Republic of Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, and the forces of the Livonian Order and Bishopric of Dorpat, led by Bishop Hermann of Dorpat.

      2. Large lake in northeastern Europe, on the border between Estonia and Russia

        Lake Peipus

        Lake Peipus ; is the largest trans-boundary lake in Europe, lying on the border between Estonia and Russia.

      3. 1136–1478 East Slavic state in northern Europe

        Novgorod Republic

        The Novgorod Republic was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia. The Republic prospered as the easternmost trading post of the Hanseatic League and its Slavic, Baltic and Finnic people were much influenced by the culture of the Viking-Varangians and Byzantine people.

      4. Political and military figure of medieval Russia

        Alexander Nevsky

        Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky served as Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev (1236–52) and Grand Prince of Vladimir (1252–63) during some of the most difficult times in Kievan Rus' history.

      5. Medieval military order founded c. 1190

        Teutonic Order

        The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for the protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages.

  44. 919

    1. The Fatimid Caliphate began a second unsuccessful invasion of Egypt, then under Abbasid rule.

      1. Arab-Shia Islamic caliphate (909–1171)

        Fatimid Caliphate

        The Fatimid Caliphate was an Ismaili Shi'a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD. Spanning a large area of North Africa, it ranged from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. The Fatimids, a dynasty of Arab origin, trace their ancestry to Muhammad's daughter Fatima and her husband ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, the first Shi‘a imam. The Fatimids were acknowledged as the rightful imams by different Isma‘ili communities, but also in many other Muslim lands, including Persia and the adjacent regions. Originating during the Abbasid Caliphate, the Fatimids conquered Tunisia and established the city of "al-Mahdiyya". The Ismaili dynasty ruled territories across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of the caliphate. At its height, the caliphate included – in addition to Egypt – varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz.

      2. 919-921 attempted invasion of Abbasid Egypt by the Fatimid Caliphate

        Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)

        The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt occurred in 919–921, following the failure of the first attempt in 914–915. The expedition was again commanded by the Fatimid Caliphate's heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah. As during the previous attempt, the Fatimids captured Alexandria with ease. However, while the Abbasid garrison in Fustat was weaker and mutinous due to lack of pay, al-Qa'im did not exploit it for an immediate attack on the city, such as the one that had failed in 914. Instead, in March 920 the Fatimid navy was destroyed by the Abbasid fleet under Thamal al-Dulafi, and Abbasid reinforcements under Mu'nis al-Muzaffar arrived at Fustat. Nevertheless, in the summer of 920 al-Qa'im was able to capture the Fayyum Oasis, and in the spring of 921 extend his control over much of Upper Egypt as well, while Mu'nis avoided an open confrontation and remained at Fustat. During that time, both sides were engaged in a diplomatic and propaganda battle, with the Fatimids' in particular trying to sway the Muslim populace on their side, without success. The Fatimid expedition was condemned to failure when Thamal's fleet took Alexandria in May/June 921; when the Abbasid forces moved on Fayyum, al-Qa'im was forced to abandon it and flee west over the desert.

      3. Third Islamic caliphate (750–1258)

        Abbasid Caliphate

        The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".

    2. The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his army.

      1. 919-921 attempted invasion of Abbasid Egypt by the Fatimid Caliphate

        Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)

        The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt occurred in 919–921, following the failure of the first attempt in 914–915. The expedition was again commanded by the Fatimid Caliphate's heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah. As during the previous attempt, the Fatimids captured Alexandria with ease. However, while the Abbasid garrison in Fustat was weaker and mutinous due to lack of pay, al-Qa'im did not exploit it for an immediate attack on the city, such as the one that had failed in 914. Instead, in March 920 the Fatimid navy was destroyed by the Abbasid fleet under Thamal al-Dulafi, and Abbasid reinforcements under Mu'nis al-Muzaffar arrived at Fustat. Nevertheless, in the summer of 920 al-Qa'im was able to capture the Fayyum Oasis, and in the spring of 921 extend his control over much of Upper Egypt as well, while Mu'nis avoided an open confrontation and remained at Fustat. During that time, both sides were engaged in a diplomatic and propaganda battle, with the Fatimids' in particular trying to sway the Muslim populace on their side, without success. The Fatimid expedition was condemned to failure when Thamal's fleet took Alexandria in May/June 921; when the Abbasid forces moved on Fayyum, al-Qa'im was forced to abandon it and flee west over the desert.

      2. Period of Egyptian history from 639 to 1517

        Egypt in the Middle Ages

        Following the Islamic conquest in 639, Lower Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Umayyad Caliphs in Damascus, but in 747 the Umayyads were overthrown. Throughout Islamic rule, Askar was named the capital and housed the ruling administration. The conquest led to two separate provinces all under one ruler: Upper and Lower Egypt. These two very distinct regions were governed by the military and followed the demands handed down by the governor of Egypt and imposed by the heads of their communities.

      3. Second Fatimid caliph from 934 to 946

        Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)

        Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh, better known by his regnal name al-Qāʾim (القائم) or al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh was the second Caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, ruling in Ifriqiya from 934 to 946. He was the 12th Isma'ili Imam, succeeding his father Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah.

      4. 9th-century capital of the Aghlabid Emirate, near present-day Kairouan, Tunisia

        Raqqada

        Raqqāda is the site of the second capital of the 9th-century dynasty of Aghlabids, located about ten kilometers southwest of Kairouan, Tunisia. The site now houses the National Museum of Islamic Art.

  45. 823

    1. Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.

      1. Emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 817-855

        Lothair I

        Lothair I or Lothar I was emperor, and the governor of Bavaria (815–817), King of Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (840–855).

      2. Ruler who ruled part or all of the Apennine Peninsula after the fall of the Western Roman Empire

        King of Italy

        King of Italy was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The first to take the title was Odoacer, a barbarian military leader, in the late 5th century, followed by the Ostrogothic kings up to the mid-6th century. With the Frankish conquest of Italy in the 8th century, the Carolingians assumed the title, which was maintained by subsequent Holy Roman Emperors throughout the Middle Ages. The last Emperor to claim the title was Charles V in the 16th century. During this period, the holders of the title were crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.

      3. Head of the Catholic Church from 817 to 824

        Pope Paschal I

        Pope Paschal I was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 25 January 817 to his death in 824.

Births & Deaths

  1. 2022

    1. Nehemiah Persoff, Israeli-American actor (b. 1919) deaths

      1. American actor and painter (1919–2022)

        Nehemiah Persoff

        Nehemiah Persoff was an American character actor and painter. He appeared in more than 200 television series, films, and theatre productions and also performed as a voice artist in a career spanning 55 years, beginning after his service in the United States Army during World War II.

    2. Jimmy Wang Yu, Taiwanese actor (b.1943) deaths

      1. Taiwanese actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (1943–2022)

        Jimmy Wang Yu

        Jimmy Wang Yu was a Hong Kong-Taiwanese martial artist, actor, film director, producer, and screenwriter. Initially a contract player for Shaw Brothers, he rose to fame for his starring role in One-Armed Swordsman (1967) and its sequels, and was one of the first major stars of martial arts and wuxia cinema. At the height of his fame in the 1970s, he was the highest-paid martial arts actor in the world. According to The New York Times, Wang was "the biggest star of Asian martial arts cinema until the emergence of Bruce Lee."

  2. 2021

    1. Paul Ritter, English actor (b. 1966) deaths

      1. English actor (1966–2021)

        Paul Ritter

        Simon Paul Adams, known professionally as Paul Ritter, was an English actor. He had roles in films including Son of Rambow (2007), Quantum of Solace (2008), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), The Eagle (2011), and Operation Mincemeat (2021), as well as television programmes including Friday Night Dinner (2011–2020), Vera, The Hollow Crown, The Last Kingdom, Chernobyl, Belgravia and Resistance.

  3. 2019

    1. Sydney Brenner, South African biologist (b. 1927) deaths

      1. South African biologist and Nobel prize winner

        Sydney Brenner

        Sydney Brenner was a South African biologist. In 2002, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H. Robert Horvitz and Sir John E. Sulston. Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code, and other areas of molecular biology while working in the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England. He established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of developmental biology, and founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, California, United States.

  4. 2018

    1. Isao Takahata, Japanese director (b. 1935) deaths

      1. Japanese film director, screenwriter and film producer (1935–2018)

        Isao Takahata

        Isao Takahata was a Japanese director, screenwriter and producer. A co-founder of Studio Ghibli, he earned international critical acclaim for his work as a director of Japanese animated feature films. Born in Ujiyamada, Mie Prefecture, Takahata joined Toei Animation after graduating from the University of Tokyo in 1959. He worked as an assistant director, holding various positions over the years and collaborating with colleague Hayao Miyazaki, eventually directing his own film, The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun (1968). He continued his partnership with Miyazaki, and under Nippon Animation directed the television series Heidi, Girl of the Alps (1974), 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother (1976), and Anne of Green Gables (1979). Takahata, Miyazaki and others formed Studio Ghibli in 1985, where he would direct Grave of the Fireflies (1988), Only Yesterday (1991), Pom Poko (1994), and My Neighbors the Yamadas (1999). His last film as director was The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (2013), which was nominated for an Oscar in the category of Best Animated Feature Film at the 87th Academy Awards.

  5. 2017

    1. Attilio Benfatto, Italian cyclist (b. 1943) deaths

      1. Italian cyclist

        Attilio Benfatto

        Attilio Benfatto was an Italian cyclist.

    2. Arthur Bisguier, American chess Grandmaster (b. 1929) deaths

      1. American chess grandmaster

        Arthur Bisguier

        Arthur Bernard Bisguier, paternal surname Bisgeier, was an American chess player, chess promoter, and writer who held the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM).

    3. Paul G. Comba, Italian-American computer scientist and astronomer (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Observatory

        Paul G. Comba

        Paul G. Comba was an Italian-American computer scientist, an amateur astronomer and a prolific discoverer of minor planets.

    4. Makoto Ōoka, Japanese poet and literary critic (b. 1931) deaths

      1. Japanese poet and literary critic

        Makoto Ōoka

        Makoto Ōoka was a Japanese poet and literary critic. He pioneered the collaborative poetic form renshi in the 1990s, in which he has collaborated with such well-known literary figures as Charles Tomlinson, James Lasdun, Joseph Stanton, Shuntarō Tanikawa and Mikirō Sasaki.

    5. Paul O'Neill, American rock composer and producer (b. 1956) deaths

      1. American composer and music producer (1956–2017)

        Paul O'Neill (producer)

        Paul O'Neill was an American music composer, producer, lyricist, and guitarist.

    6. Tim Parnell, British race car driver (b. 1932) deaths

      1. Tim Parnell

        Reginald Harold Haslam "Tim" Parnell was a British racing driver from England. He participated in four Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 July 1959, and qualified for two of them. He scored no championship points. His only finish was tenth place in the 1961 Italian Grand Prix at Monza. Parnell managed the BRM Formula One team from 1970–74, and was the son of Reg Parnell, another racing driver and team principal. After his father's death in 1964, he took on the running of Reg Parnell Racing and on occasion managed his own team with entries for Mike Spence and Pedro Rodriguez.

    7. Memè Perlini, Italian actor and director (b. 1947) deaths

      1. Italian actor

        Memè Perlini

        Amelio "Memè" Perlini was an Italian actor and film director. His directorial debut, Italian Postcards, was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.

    8. Atanase Sciotnic, Romanian sprint canoeist (b. 1942) deaths

      1. Romanian canoeist

        Atanase Sciotnic

        Atanase Sciotnic was a Romanian sprint canoeist. He took part in the two-man and four man events at most major competitions between 1963 and 1974 and won two Olympic and nine world championships medals, including four gold medals.

    9. Ilkka Sinisalo, Finnish ice hockey player (b. 1958) deaths

      1. Finnish ice hockey player

        Ilkka Sinisalo

        Ilkka Antero Jouko Sinisalo was a Finnish professional ice hockey forward who played eleven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Minnesota North Stars and Los Angeles Kings. Later he was a scout for the Flyers.

  6. 2016

    1. Koço Kasapoğlu, Turkish footballer (b. 1936) deaths

      1. Greek-Turkish footballer and manager

        Koço Kasapoğlu

        Koço Kasapoğlu, also known as Yorgo or Kostas Kasapoğlu, was a Greek-Turkish football player and manager. He was also nicknamed penaltı kralı because he scored 500 of the 501 penalties he took in his career and is considered the best penalty taker in Turkish football history.

  7. 2015

    1. Fredric Brandt, American dermatologist and author (b. 1949) deaths

      1. American physician

        Fredric Brandt

        Fredric Sheldon Brandt was an American physician, researcher, lecturer, author, and radio host specializing in cosmetic dermatology. Among the first to use botulinum toxin ("botox") and fillers, Brandt was noted for his role in the FDA approval of numerous fillers and botulinum toxins for cosmetic use in the United States.

    2. Juan Carlos Cáceres, Argentinian singer and pianist (b. 1936) deaths

      1. Musical artist

        Juan Carlos Cáceres

        Juan Carlos Cáceres was an Argentine musician.

  8. 2014

    1. Alan Davie, Scottish saxophonist and painter (b. 1920) deaths

      1. Scottish painter and musician

        Alan Davie

        James Alan Davie was a Scottish painter and musician.

    2. Mariano Díaz, Spanish cyclist (b. 1939) deaths

      1. Spanish cyclist

        Mariano Díaz (cyclist)

        Mariano Díaz Díaz was a Spanish professional road bicycle racer. In 1967, he won a stage of the 1967 Vuelta a España, and also won the mountains classification. He also competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

    3. Peter Matthiessen, American novelist, short story writer, editor, co-founded The Paris Review (b. 1927) deaths

      1. American novelist

        Peter Matthiessen

        Peter Matthiessen was an American novelist, naturalist, wilderness writer, zen teacher and CIA Operative. A co-founder of the literary magazine The Paris Review, he was the only writer to have won the National Book Award in both nonfiction and fiction. He was also a prominent environmental activist.

      2. New York-based English-language literary magazine

        The Paris Review

        The Paris Review is a quarterly English-language literary magazine established in Paris in 1953 by Harold L. Humes, Peter Matthiessen, and George Plimpton. In its first five years, The Paris Review published works by Jack Kerouac, Philip Larkin, V. S. Naipaul, Philip Roth, Terry Southern, Adrienne Rich, Italo Calvino, Samuel Beckett, Nadine Gordimer, Jean Genet, and Robert Bly.

    4. John Pinette, American comedian (b. 1964) deaths

      1. American comedian and actor

        John Pinette

        John Paul Pinette was an American stand-up comedian, actor, and Broadway performer. He toured the comedy club circuit beginning in the 1980s and appeared in cinema and on television. Besides stand-up, Pinette did impressions of Michael Jackson, The Chipmunks, Elvis Presley, Gollum from The Lord of the Rings, Hervé Villechaize, an Ewok, actor Marlon Brando, as well as various ethnic accents. He occasionally sang in his stand-up routines; for example "Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz, "Will You Be There" from Free Willy, and "Don't Cry for Me Argentina".

    5. José Wilker, Brazilian actor, director, and producer (b. 1947) deaths

      1. Brazilian actor and director

        José Wilker

        José Wilker Almeida was a Brazilian film, stage, and television actor and director. The actor gained fame in telenovelas like Roque Santeiro (1985), but became known internationally for his role as Vadinho, the husband who returns from the dead to tempt Sônia Braga in the movie Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (1976).

  9. 2013

    1. Regina Bianchi, Italian actress (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Italian actress

        Regina Bianchi

        Regina Bianchi was an Italian stage and film actress.

    2. Piero de Palma, Italian tenor and actor (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Italian opera singer

        Piero de Palma

        Piero de Palma was an Italian operatic tenor, particularly associated with comprimario roles.

    3. Nikolaos Pappas, Greek Navy admiral (b. 1930) deaths

      1. Nikolaos Pappas

        Nikolaos Pappas was a Hellenic Navy admiral who, as commander of the destroyer Velos, played a major part in the abortive rebellion of the Navy in May 1973 against the ruling military junta. After the restoration of democracy he served as chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff in 1982–1986 and Minister for Mercantile Marine in 1989–1990.

  10. 2012

    1. Ferdinand Alexander Porsche, German designer (b. 1935) deaths

      1. Ferdinand Alexander Porsche

        Ferdinand Alexander Porsche, nicknamed "Butzi", son of Ferry Porsche, grandson of Ferdinand Porsche, was a German designer whose best known product was the first Porsche 911.

    2. Pedro Bartolomé Benoit, Dominican Republican politician military officer deaths

      1. Dominican Republic politician and military officer

        Pedro Bartolomé Benoit

        Pedro Bartolomé Benoit Vanderhorst was a politician and military officer from the Dominican Republic. He served as the 7th provisional president of the Dominican Republic from 1 May until 7 May 1965. He was also a member of the Revolutionary Committee, which ruled the country for about few hours on 25 April 1965.

    3. Jim Marshall, English businessman, founded Marshall Amplification (b. 1923) deaths

      1. English businessman (1923–2012)

        Jim Marshall (businessman)

        James Charles Marshall known as The Father of Loud or The Lord of Loud, was an English businessman and pioneer of guitar amplification. His company, Marshall Amplification, has created equipment that is used by some of the biggest names in rock music, producing amplifiers with an iconic status. In 2003 Marshall was awarded an OBE at Buckingham Palace for "services to the music industry and to charity". In 2009 he was given the Freedom of the Borough of Milton Keynes for his work in the community.

      2. British company

        Marshall Amplification

        Marshall is a British company that designs and manufactures music amplifiers, speaker cabinets, brands personal headphones and earphones, drums and bongos. The company also owns a record label called Marshall Records. It was founded in London by drum shop owner and drummer, Jim Marshall, and is now based in Bletchley, Milton Keynes, England.

    4. Barney McKenna, Irish musician (b. 1939) deaths

      1. Musical artist

        Barney McKenna

        Bernard Noël "Banjo Barney" McKenna was an Irish musician and a founding member of The Dubliners. He played the tenor banjo, violin, mandolin, and melodeon. He was most renowned as a banjo player.

    5. Bingu wa Mutharika, Malawian economist and politician, 3rd President of Malawi (b. 1934) deaths

      1. President of Malawi from 2004 to 2012

        Bingu wa Mutharika

        Bingu wa Mutharika was a Malawian politician and economist who was President of Malawi from May 2004 until his death in April 2012. He was also President of the Democratic Progressive Party, which he founded in February 2005; it obtained a majority in Malawi's parliament in the 2009 general election.

      2. Head of state and government of Malawi

        President of Malawi

        The president of the Republic of Malawi is the head of state and head of government of Malawi. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Malawi and is the commander-in-chief of the Malawian Defence Force.

  11. 2011

    1. Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician and geneticist (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American doctor (1925–2011)

        Baruch Samuel Blumberg

        Baruch Samuel Blumberg, known as Barry Blumberg, was an American physician, geneticist, and co-recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the hepatitis B virus while an investigator at the NIH. He was president of the American Philosophical Society from 2005 until his death.

    2. Ange-Félix Patassé, Central African politician (b. 1937) deaths

      1. Central African politician

        Ange-Félix Patassé

        Ange-Félix Patassé was a Central African politician who was President of the Central African Republic from 1993 until 2003, when he was deposed by the rebel leader François Bozizé in the 2003 coup d'état. Patassé was the first president in the CAR's history to be chosen in what was generally regarded as a fairly democratic election (1993) in that it was brought about by donor pressure on President André Kolingba and assisted by the United Nations Electoral Assistance Unit. He was chosen a second time in a fair election (1999) as well. However, during his first term in office (1993–1999), three military mutinies in 1996–1997 led to increasing conflict between so-called "northerners" and "southerners". Expatriate mediators and peacekeeping troops were brought in to negotiate peace accords between Patassé and the mutineers and to maintain law and order. During his second term as president, Patassé increasingly lost the support of many of his long-time allies as well as the French, who had intervened to support him during his first term in office. Patassé was ousted in March 2003 and went into exile in Togo.

  12. 2010

    1. Vitaly Sevastyanov, Soviet cosmonaut and engineer (b. 1935) deaths

      1. Soviet engineer, cosmonaut, chess federation head and presenter

        Vitaly Sevastyanov

        Vitaly Ivanovich Sevastyanov was a Soviet cosmonaut and an engineer who flew on the Soyuz 9 and Soyuz 18 missions.

  13. 2009

    1. I. J. Good, British mathematician (b. 1916) deaths

      1. British statistician and cryptographer

        I. J. Good

        Irving John Good was a British mathematician who worked as a cryptologist at Bletchley Park with Alan Turing. After the Second World War, Good continued to work with Turing on the design of computers and Bayesian statistics at the University of Manchester. Good moved to the United States where he was professor at Virginia Tech.

  14. 2008

    1. Charlton Heston, American actor, director, and political activist (b. 1923) deaths

      1. American actor and political activist (1923–2008)

        Charlton Heston

        Charlton Heston was an American actor and political activist. As a Hollywood star, he appeared in almost 100 films over the course of 60 years. He played Moses in the epic film The Ten Commandments (1956), for which he received his first nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and the title role in Ben-Hur (1959), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. He also starred in The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), Secret of the Incas (1954), Touch of Evil (1958) with Orson Welles, The Big Country (1958), El Cid (1961), The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), Khartoum (1966), Planet of the Apes (1968), The Omega Man (1971) and Soylent Green (1973).

  15. 2007

    1. Maria Gripe, Swedish journalist and author (b. 1923) deaths

      1. Swedish children's writer

        Maria Gripe

        Maria Gripe, born Maja Stina Walter, was a Swedish author of books for children and young adults, which were often written in magical and mystical tone. She has written almost forty books, with many of her characters presented in short series of three or four books. For her lasting contribution to children's literature, she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal for Writing in 1974.

    2. Leela Majumdar, Indian author and academic (b. 1908) deaths

      1. Bengali writer

        Leela Majumdar

        Leela Majumdar, was a Bengali writer.

    3. Werner Maser, German historian and journalist (b. 1922) deaths

      1. Werner Maser

        Werner Maser was a German historian, journalist and professor at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. Maser was the first historian to claim that the Hitler Diaries were forgeries.

    4. Mark St. John, American guitarist (b. 1956) deaths

      1. American guitarist (1956–2007)

        Mark St. John

        Mark Leslie Norton, better known as Mark St. John, was an American guitarist best known for his brief stint with the rock band Kiss from April to November 1984. His work can be heard on the band's 1984 album Animalize. St. John died suddenly under murky circumstances in early April 2007, several months after being badly beaten during a brief stay in an Orange County jail.

    5. Thomas Stoltz Harvey, American pathologist (b. 1912) deaths

      1. American pathologist

        Thomas Stoltz Harvey

        Thomas Stoltz Harvey was an American pathologist who conducted the autopsy on Albert Einstein in 1955. Harvey later kept Einstein's brain without permission for decades.

  16. 2006

    1. Allan Kaprow, American painter and educator (b. 1927) deaths

      1. American artist (1927–2006)

        Allan Kaprow

        Allan Kaprow was an American painter, assemblagist and a pioneer in establishing the concepts of performance art. He helped to develop the "Environment" and "Happening" in the late 1950s and 1960s, as well as their theory. His Happenings — some 200 of them — evolved over the years. Eventually Kaprow shifted his practice into what he called "Activities", intimately scaled pieces for one or several players, devoted to the study of normal human activity in a way congruent to ordinary life. Fluxus, performance art, and installation art were, in turn, influenced by his work.

    2. Gene Pitney, American singer-songwriter (b. 1941) deaths

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Gene Pitney

        Gene Francis Alan Pitney was an American singer-songwriter and musician.

    3. Yevgeny Seredin, Russian swimmer (b. 1958) deaths

      1. Yevgeny Seredin

        Yevgeny Alekseyevich Seredin was a Russian swimmer who competed in the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. In 1980, he won a silver medal in the 4×100 m medley relay and placed fifth in the individual 100 m butterfly event. He held eight Soviet titles: in the 100 m butterfly, medley relay (1977–79), and 4×100 m and 4×200 m freestyle relays (1979). After retiring in 1983, Seredin coached swimmers in Saint Petersburg. He died of a heart attack.

    4. Pasquale Macchi, Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1923) deaths

      1. Pasquale Macchi

        Pasquale Macchi was a Catholic archbishop and the private secretary to Pope Paul VI.

  17. 2005

    1. Saul Bellow, Canadian-American novelist, essayist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915) deaths

      1. Canadian-American writer

        Saul Bellow

        Saul Bellow was a Canadian-born American writer. For his literary work, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts. He is the only writer to win the National Book Award for Fiction three times and he received the National Book Foundation's lifetime Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters in 1990.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Literature

        The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.

    2. Robert Borg, American military officer and equestrian (b. 1913) deaths

      1. American military officer and equestrian

        Robert Borg

        Robert Borg was an American military officer and equestrian. He was born in Manila, Philippines. He placed fourth in individual dressage, and won a silver medal in team dressage at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He participated at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, and at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

    3. Chung Nam-sik, South Korean footballer (b. 1917) deaths

      1. South Korean footballer and manager

        Chung Nam-sik

        Chung Nam-sik was a Korean football player and manager. He played as a striker for the South Korea national team during the 1940s and 1950s, including at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

  18. 2004

    1. Fernand Goyvaerts, Belgian footballer (b. 1938) deaths

      1. Belgian footballer

        Fernand Goyvaerts

        Fernand Goyvaerts was a Belgian international footballer. He played as an attacker.

    2. Sławomir Rawicz, Polish lieutenant (b. 1915) deaths

      1. Polish Army lieutenant (1915 – 2004)

        Sławomir Rawicz

        Sławomir Rawicz was a Polish Army lieutenant who was imprisoned by the NKVD after the German-Soviet invasion of Poland. In a ghost-written book called The Long Walk, he claimed that in 1941 he and six others had escaped from a Siberian Gulag camp and begun a long journey south on foot, supposedly travelling through the Gobi Desert, Tibet, and the Himalayas before finally reaching British India in the winter of 1942.

    3. Heiner Zieschang, German mathematician and academic (b. 1936) deaths

      1. German mathematician

        Heiner Zieschang

        Heiner Zieschang was a German mathematician. He was a professor at Ruhr University in Bochum from 1968 till 2002. He was a topologist. In 1996 he was an honorary doctor of University of Toulouse and in 1997 he was an honorary professor of Moscow State University.

  19. 2003

    1. Keizo Morishita, Japanese painter (b. 1944) deaths

      1. Japanese painter

        Keizo Morishita

        Keizo Morishita was a Japanese painter who lived most of his life in Italy.

  20. 2002

    1. Layne Staley, American singer-songwriter (b. 1967) deaths

      1. American rock singer and songwriter (1967–2002)

        Layne Staley

        Layne Thomas Staley was an American musician, songwriter and the original lead singer of the rock band Alice in Chains, which rose to international fame in the early 1990s as part of Seattle's grunge movement. He was known for his distinctive vocal style and tenor voice, as well as his harmonizing with guitarist/vocalist Jerry Cantrell. Staley was also a member of the glam metal bands Sleze and Alice N' Chains, and the supergroups Mad Season and Class of '99.

    2. Kim Won-gyun, North Korean composer and politician (b. 1917) deaths

      1. North Korean composer of the national anthem (1917–2002)

        Kim Won-gyun

        Kim Won-gyun was a North Korean composer and politician. He is considered one of the most prominent, if not the most celebrated, composer of North Korea. He composed "Aegukka" — the national anthem of the country — and "Song of General Kim Il-sung", in addition to revolutionary operas.

  21. 2001

    1. Thylane Blondeau, French model and actress births

      1. French model and actress (born 2001)

        Thylane Blondeau

        Thylane Léna-Rose Loubry Blondeau is a French model. Blondeau started modeling at a very young age, and in 2007, was titled "Most Beautiful Girl in The World." She has modeled for many designers, including Dolce & Gabbana, L'Oréal and Versace.

    2. Aldo Olivieri, Italian footballer (b. 1910) deaths

      1. Italian footballer and manager

        Aldo Olivieri

        Aldo Olivieri was an Italian football goalkeeper from 1931 to 1943, and manager after World War II.

  22. 2000

    1. Ayush Mahesh Khedekar, Indian actor births

      1. Indian actor (born 2000)

        Ayush Mahesh Khedekar

        Ayush Mahesh Khedekar is an Indian actor, best known for playing the child version of young Jamal Malik in Slumdog Millionaire (2008), for which he won a Screen Actors Guild Award.

    2. Heinrich Müller, Austrian footballer (b. 1909) deaths

      1. Austrian footballer and coach

        Heinrich Müller (footballer, born 1909)

        Heinrich "Wudi" Müller was an Austrian football player and coach. In the early 1930s he was an albeit minor part of Austria's all conquering Wunderteam. As coach he defined the post-World War II glory period of Austria Wien.

    3. Lee Petty, American race car driver (b. 1914) deaths

      1. 20th-century American racecar driver

        Lee Petty

        Lee Arnold Petty was an American stock car racing driver who competed during the 1950s and 1960s. He was one of the pioneers of NASCAR and one of its first superstars. He was NASCAR's first three-time Cup champion. He is also the father of Richard Petty, who went on to become one of the most successful stock car racing drivers of all time.

  23. 1999

    1. Giulio Einaudi, Italian book publisher (b. 1912) deaths

      1. Italian book publisher

        Giulio Einaudi

        Giulio Einaudi was an Italian book publisher. The eponymous company that he founded in 1933 became "a European wellspring of fine literature, intellectual thought and political theory" and was once considered the most prestigious publishing house in Italy. He was also the author of books on literature, history, philosophy, art and science.

  24. 1998

    1. Frederick Charles Frank, British theoretical physicist (b. 1911) deaths

      1. British physicist (1911–1998)

        Frederick Charles Frank

        Sir Frederick Charles Frank, OBE, FRS was a British theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on crystal dislocations, including the idea of the Frank–Read source of dislocations. He also proposed the cyclol reaction in the mid-1930s, and made many other contributions to solid-state physics, geophysics, and the theory of liquid crystals.

    2. Cozy Powell, English drummer (b. 1947) deaths

      1. English drummer (1947–1998)

        Cozy Powell

        Cozy Powell was an English rock drummer who made his name with major rock bands and artists such as The Jeff Beck Group, Rainbow, Michael Schenker Group, Gary Moore, Robert Plant, Brian May, Whitesnake, Emerson, Lake & Powell, and Black Sabbath.

  25. 1997

    1. Borja Mayoral, Spanish footballer births

      1. Spanish footballer

        Borja Mayoral

        Borja Mayoral Moya is a Spanish professional professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Getafe.

    2. Allen Ginsberg, American poet (b. 1926) deaths

      1. American poet and writer (1926–1997)

        Allen Ginsberg

        Irwin Allen Ginsberg was an American poet and writer. As a student at Columbia University in the 1940s, he began friendships with William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac, forming the core of the Beat Generation. He vigorously opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexual repression, and he embodied various aspects of this counterculture with his views on drugs, sex, multiculturalism, hostility to bureaucracy, and openness to Eastern religions.

  26. 1996

    1. Nicolas Beer, Danish race car driver births

      1. Danish racing driver

        Nicolas Beer

        Nicolas Beer is a Danish racing driver.

    2. Raouf Benguit, Algerian footballer births

      1. Algerian footballer

        Raouf Benguit

        Abdelraouf Benguit is an Algerian footballer who plays for Raja CA.

    3. Charlene Holt, American actress (b. 1928) deaths

      1. American actress (1928–1996)

        Charlene Holt

        Verna Charlene Stavely, professionally known as Charlene Holt, was an American actress known for her supporting roles in television and film.

  27. 1995

    1. Viliame Kikau, Fijian rugby league player births

      1. Fiji international rugby league footballer

        Viliame Kikau

        Viliame Hekmatzadah "Bill" Kikau is a Fijian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the NRL, and Fiji at international level.

    2. Sei Muroya, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer

        Sei Muroya

        Sei Muroya is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a right back for Hannover 96 in the 2. Bundesliga and for the Japanese national team.

    3. Gleb Rassadkin, Belarusian footballer births

      1. Belarusian footballer

        Gleb Rassadkin

        Gleb Rassadkin is a Belarusian professional football player who plays for Arsenal Dzerzhinsk.

    4. Sebastian Starke Hedlund, Swedish footballer births

      1. Swedish footballer

        Sebastian Starke Hedlund

        Björn Sebastian Starke Hedlund is a Swedish footballer who plays for Valur as a defender. He represented Sweden at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

    5. Nicolaas Cortlever, Dutch chess player (b. 1915) deaths

      1. Dutch chess player

        Nicolaas Cortlever

        Nicolaas (Nico) Cortlever was a Dutch chess master.

    6. Emilio Greco, Italian sculptor and engraver (b. 1913) deaths

      1. Italian sculptor

        Emilio Greco

        Emilio Greco was an Italian sculptor, engraver, medallist, writer and poet. He is best known for his monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world in museums such as - Tate Modern (London), Hermitage Museu Coleção Berardo (Lisbon), and Hawke's Bay Museum

    7. Christian Pineau, French Resistance fighter (b. 1904) deaths

      1. French Resistance fighter

        Christian Pineau

        Christian Pineau was a noted French Resistance fighter, who later served an important term as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1956 through 1958.

  28. 1994

    1. Mateusz Bieniek, Polish volleyball player births

      1. Polish volleyball player

        Mateusz Bieniek

        Mateusz Bieniek is a Polish professional volleyball player. He is a member of the Poland national team, a participant at the Olympic Games, and the 2018 World Champion. At the professional club level, he plays for PGE Skra Bełchatów.

    2. Edem Rjaïbi, Tunisian footballer births

      1. Tunisian footballer

        Edem Rjaïbi

        Edem Rjaïbi is a Tunisian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Saudi Arabian club Al-Sharq.

    3. Richard Sánchez, Mexican footballer births

      1. Professional footballer

        Richard Sánchez (footballer, born 1994)

        Richard Sánchez is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy. Born in the United States, he represented the Mexico national under-21 team.

    4. Kurt Cobain, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1967) deaths

      1. American rock musician (1967–1994)

        Kurt Cobain

        Kurt Donald Cobain was an American musician, best known as the lead vocalist, guitarist and primary songwriter of the rock band Nirvana. Through his angst-fueled songwriting and anti-establishment persona, Cobain's compositions widened the thematic conventions of mainstream rock. He was heralded as a spokesman of Generation X and is considered one of the most influential musicians in the history of alternative rock.

  29. 1993

    1. Andreas Bouchalakis, Greek footballer births

      1. Greek footballer

        Andreas Bouchalakis

        Andreas Bouchalakis is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Super League club Olympiacos and the Greece national team.

    2. Maya DiRado, American swimmer births

      1. American swimmer

        Maya DiRado

        Madeline Jane "Maya" DiRado - Andrews is a retired American competitive swimmer who specialized in freestyle, butterfly, backstroke, and individual medley events. She attended and swam for Stanford University, where she won NCAA titles in the 200 and 400 meter individual medley in 2014 and graduated with a degree in management science and engineering. At the 2016 US Olympic Trials, DiRado qualified to swim the 200 meter and 400 meter individual medley events, as well as the 200 meter backstroke, at the 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she won a gold medal in the women's 4x200 meter freestyle relay, a silver medal in the 400 meter individual medley, a bronze medal in the women's 200 meter individual medley, and a gold medal in the 200 meter backstroke. Following the Olympics, DiRado retired from the sport.

    3. Laura Feiersinger, Austrian footballer births

      1. Austrian footballer

        Laura Feiersinger

        Laura Feiersinger is an Austrian footballer who plays as a midfielder for German Frauen-Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt and the Austria women's national team.

    4. Benjamin Garcia, French rugby league player births

      1. France international rugby league footballer

        Benjamin Garcia

        Benjamin Garcia is a French professional rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward and centre for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League and France at international level.

    5. Scottie Wilbekin, American-Turkish basketball player births

      1. American-Turkish basketball player

        Scottie Wilbekin

        Scottie Jordan Wilbekin is an American-born naturalized Turkish professional basketball player for Fenerbahçe Beko of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL) and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the Florida Gators, where he was named the Southeastern Conference Player of the Year in 2014. Wilbekin played professional basketball in Australia, Greece, Turkey and Israel. He led Darüşşafaka to win the 2018 EuroCup title, while earning the EuroCup Finals and the Regular Season MVP awards.

    6. Divya Bharti, Indian actress (b. 1974) deaths

      1. Indian actress (1974–1993)

        Divya Bharti

        Divya Bharti was an Indian actress who worked predominantly in Hindi and Telugu films. Known for her acting versatility and beauty, she was considered one of the most popular and highest paid Indian actresses of her time.

  30. 1992

    1. Emmalyn Estrada, Canadian singer-songwriter and dancer births

      1. Canadian singer (born 1992)

        Emmalyn (musician)

        Emmalyn Estrada, known professionally as Emmalyn, is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer. Her first single, 'Get Down' entered Billboard's Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of August 29, 2009 at number 88 and peaked at number 59 for the week of October 31, 2009. She is best known as a member of the girl group G.R.L. formed by Robin Antin.

    2. Shintaro Kurumaya, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer

        Shintaro Kurumaya

        Shintaro Kurumaya is a Japanese footballer who plays for Kawasaki Frontale.

    3. Kaveh Rezaei, Iranian footballer births

      1. Iranian footballer

        Kaveh Rezaei

        Kaveh Rezaei is an Iranian professional footballer, who plays as a striker for the Persian Gulf Pro League club Tractor and the Iran national team.

    4. Dmytro Ryzhuk, Ukrainian footballer births

      1. Ukrainian footballer

        Dmytro Ryzhuk

        Dmytro Ryzhuk is a Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for FC Okzhetpes.

    5. Takeshi Inoue, Japanese footballer (b. 1928) deaths

      1. Japanese footballer

        Takeshi Inoue (footballer)

        Takeshi Inoue was a Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.

    6. Molly Picon, American actress (b. 1898) deaths

      1. American actress

        Molly Picon

        Molly Picon was an American actress of stage, screen, radio and television, as well as a lyricist and dramatic storyteller.

    7. Sam Walton, American businessman, founded Walmart and Sam's Club (b. 1918) deaths

      1. American businessman (1918–1992)

        Sam Walton

        Samuel Moore Walton was an American businessman and entrepreneur best known for founding the retailers Walmart and Sam's Club. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. grew to be the world's largest corporation by revenue as well as the biggest private employer in the world. For a period of time, Walton was the richest man in America.

      2. American multinational retail corporation

        Walmart

        Walmart Inc. is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores, and grocery stores from the United States, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. The company was founded by Sam Walton in nearby Rogers, Arkansas in 1962 and incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law on October 31, 1969. It also owns and operates Sam's Club retail warehouses.

      3. American retail chain

        Sam's Club

        Sam's West, Inc. is an American chain of membership-only retail warehouse clubs owned and operated by Walmart Inc., founded in 1983 and named after Walmart founder Sam Walton as Sam’s Wholesale Club. As of January 31, 2019, Sam's Club ranks second in sales volume among warehouse clubs with $57.839 billion in sales behind rival Costco Wholesale.

  31. 1991

    1. Yassine Bounou, Moroccan footballer births

      1. Moroccan footballer

        Yassine Bounou

        Yassine Bounou, also known as Bono, is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for La Liga club Sevilla and the Morocco national team.

    2. Nathaniel Clyne, English footballer births

      1. English footballer (born 1991)

        Nathaniel Clyne

        Nathaniel Edwin Clyne is an English professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Premier League club Crystal Palace.

    3. Adriano Grimaldi, Italian-German footballer births

      1. German footballer

        Adriano Grimaldi

        Adriano Grimaldi is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward for 1. FC Saarbrücken.

    4. Joël Mall, Swiss footballer births

      1. Swiss footballer

        Joël Mall

        Joël Mall is a Swiss professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Olympiakos Nicosia. He has appeared for the Swiss under-20 national football team.

    5. Guilherme dos Santos Torres, Brazilian footballer births

      1. Brazilian association footballer

        Guilherme Torres

        Guilherme dos Santos Torres, commonly known as Guilherme, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder of Qatar Stars League football club Al Sadd.

    6. Sonny Carter, American soccer player, physician, and astronaut (b. 1947) deaths

      1. 20th-century American astronaut, chemist, and U.S. Navy officer

        Sonny Carter

        Manley Lanier "Sonny" Carter Jr., M.D., , was an American chemist, physician, professional soccer player, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut who flew on STS-33.

    7. Jay Miller, American basketball player (b. 1943) deaths

      1. American basketball player

        Jay Miller (basketball)

        Jay Julian Miller was an American forward in the National Basketball Association. Miller first played for the St. Louis Hawks before being selected by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1968 NBA Expansion Draft. After his time with the Bucks, he spent the rest of his career in the American Basketball Association.

    8. Jiří Mucha, Czech journalist, writer and screenwriter (b. 1915) deaths

      1. Jiří Mucha

        Jiří Mucha was a Czech journalist, writer, screenwriter, author of autobiographical novels and studies of the works of his father, the painter Alphonse Mucha.

    9. William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle (b. 1909) deaths

      1. British Army officer and politician

        William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle

        William Philip Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle,, known as Lord De L'Isle and Dudley between 1945 and 1956, was a British Army officer, politician and Victoria Cross recipient who served as the 15th Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1961 to 1965. He was the last non-Australian to hold the position.

    10. John Tower, American soldier, academic, and politician (b. 1925) deaths

      1. Former United States Senator from Texas

        John Tower

        John Goodwin Tower was an American politician, serving as a Republican United States Senator from Texas from 1961 to 1985. He was the first Republican Senator elected from Texas since Reconstruction. Tower also led the Tower Commission, which investigated the Iran-Contra Affair, and was an unsuccessful nominee for U.S. Secretary of Defense in 1989.

  32. 1990

    1. Amer Said Al-Shatri, Omani footballer births

      1. Omani footballer

        Amer Said Al-Shatri

        Amer Said Al-Shatri is an Omani international footballer who plays as a midfielder for Omani club Mirbat.

    2. Alex Cuthbert, Welsh rugby player births

      1. British Lions & Wales international rugby union player

        Alex Cuthbert

        Alex Cuthbert is a Welsh rugby union player. Born in Gloucester, he plays on the wing for the Ospreys and the Wales national team.

    3. Patrick Dangerfield, Australian footballer births

      1. Australian rules footballer

        Patrick Dangerfield

        Patrick Dangerfield is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He previously played for the Adelaide Football Club.

    4. Fredy Hinestroza, Colombian footballer births

      1. Colombian footballer (born 1990)

        Fredy Hinestroza

        Fredy Hinestroza Arias is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Junior.

    5. Chen Huijia, Chinese swimmer births

      1. Chinese swimmer

        Chen Huijia

        Chen Huijia is a female Chinese swimmer, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

    6. Haruma Miura, Japanese actor and singer (d. 2020) births

      1. Japanese actor

        Haruma Miura

        Haruma Miura was a Japanese actor and singer. He made his acting debut in the television drama Agri (1997) and rose to popularity after starring in the film Koizora (2007), winning Newcomer of the Year at the 31st Japan Academy Prize. In the following years, Miura notably starred in the third season of Gokusen (2009), Bloody Monday (2009), Naoko (2009), Kimi ni Todoke (2010), Last Cinderella (2013), Boku no Ita Jikan (2013), The Eternal Zero (2013), Attack on Titan (2015), Gintama 2 (2018), and Two Weeks (2019). He also starred as Lola in the Japanese production of Kinky Boots (2016), winning Best New Actor and the Haruko Sugimura Award at the 24th Yomiuri Theater Awards. In addition to his acting career, Miura debuted as a singer in 2019 with the single "Fight for Your Heart", which was followed by "Night Diver" in 2020.

    7. Ismaeel Mohammad, Qatari footballer births

      1. Qatari footballer

        Ismaeel Mohammad

        Ismaeel Mohammad is a Qatari professional footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Al-Duhail in the Qatar Stars League and the Qatar national football team.

    8. Iryna Pamialova, Belarusian canoeist births

      1. Belarusian canoeist

        Iryna Pamialova

        Iryna Uladzimirauna Pamialova is a Belarusian canoer. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the K-4 500 metres event with Nadzeya Papok-Liapeshka, Volha Khudzenka, and Maryna Litvinchuk.

    9. Jakub Sedláček, Czech ice hockey player births

      1. Czech ice hockey player

        Jakub Sedláček (ice hockey)

        Jakub Sedláček is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender who currently plays for HC Kometa Brno of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

    10. Sercan Yıldırım, Turkish footballer births

      1. Turkish footballer

        Sercan Yıldırım

        Sercan Yıldırım is a Turkish former football player who played as a forward.

    11. Género Zeefuik, Dutch footballer births

      1. Dutch footballer

        Género Zeefuik

        Género Zeefuik is a retired Dutch footballer who played as a striker.

  33. 1989

    1. Kader Amadou, Nigerien footballer births

      1. Nigerien football player (born 1989)

        Kader Amadou

        Kader Amadou Dodo is a Nigerien footballer who plays as a defender for AS SONIDEP.

    2. Yémi Apithy, Beninese fencer births

      1. French-Beninese sabre fencer (born 1989)

        Yémi Apithy

        Yémi Geoffrey Apithy is a French-Beninese sabre fencer representing Benin in international competitions, silver medalist at the 2014 and 2015 African Championships. He bore the flag for Benin at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

    3. Liemarvin Bonevacia, Dutch sprinter births

      1. Dutch sprinter

        Liemarvin Bonevacia

        Liemarvin Bonevacia is a Dutch sprinter who was born in Willemstad, Curaçao.

    4. Freddie Fox, English actor births

      1. British actor (b. 1989)

        Freddie Fox (actor)

        Frederick Samson Robert Morice Fox is an English actor, director, and voice artist. His prominent screen performances include roles as singer Marilyn in the BBC's Boy George biopic Worried About the Boy (2010), Freddie Baxter in series Cucumber (2015) and Banana (2015), and Jeremy Bamber in White House Farm (2020).

    5. Emre Güral, Turkish footballer births

      1. Turkish footballer

        Emre Güral

        Emre Güral is a professional footballer who plays as a forward. Born in Germany, he represented Turkey at 'A2' international level.

    6. Justin Holiday, American basketball player births

      1. American professional basketball player

        Justin Holiday

        Justin Alaric Holiday is an American professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Washington Huskies. He won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors in 2015.

    7. Rachel Homan, Canadian curler births

      1. Canadian curler

        Rachel Homan

        Rachel Catherine Homan is a Canadian international curler. Homan is a former Canadian junior champion, a three-time Canadian national champion, and the 2017 world champion, all as a skip. She was also the skip of the Canadian women's curling team at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

    8. Lily James, English actress births

      1. English actress (born 1989)

        Lily James

        Lily Chloe Ninette Thomson, better known by her stage name Lily James, is an English actress. She studied acting at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London and began her career in the British television series Just William (2010). Following her role in the period drama series Downton Abbey (2012–2015), her film breakthrough was the title role in Cinderella (2015).

    9. Trevor Marsicano, American speed skater births

      1. American speed skater

        Trevor Marsicano

        Trevor Marsicano is an American speed skater and silver medalist in the Winter Olympics.

    10. Jonathan Rossini, Swiss footballer births

      1. Swiss footballer (born 1989)

        Jonathan Rossini

        Jonathan "Johnny" Rossini is a Swiss former professional footballer who played as a centre back. He is also a former Switzerland international.

    11. Kiki Sukezane, Japanese actress births

      1. Japanese actress

        Kiki Sukezane

        Kiki Sukezane is a Japanese actress from Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, working mostly in American productions.

    12. Sosuke Takatani, Japanese wrestler births

      1. Japanese freestyle wrestler

        Sosuke Takatani

        Sosuke Takatani is an amateur Japanese freestyle wrestler, who competes in the middleweight category.

    13. Frank Foss, American pole vaulter (b. 1895) deaths

      1. American pole vaulter

        Frank Foss (athlete)

        Frank Kent Foss was an American pole vaulter. He won a gold medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics, while breaking his own unofficial world record.

    14. Karel Zeman, Czech director, artist, production designer and animator (b. 1910) deaths

      1. Czech Filmmaker

        Karel Zeman

        Karel Zeman was a Czech film director, artist, production designer and animator, best known for directing fantasy films combining live-action footage with animation. Because of his creative use of special effects and animation in his films, he has often been called the "Czech Méliès".

  34. 1988

    1. Gerson Acevedo, Chilean footballer births

      1. Chilean footballer (born 1988)

        Gerson Acevedo

        Gerson Elías Acevedo Rojas is a Chilean footballer who currently plays for Deportes Recoleta in the Chilean Segunda División.

    2. Teresa Almeida, Angolan handball player births

      1. Angolan handball player

        Teresa Almeida

        Teresa Patricia De Almeida nicknamed Bá is an Angolan handball player for Petro de Luanda and the Angolan national team.

    3. Quade Cooper, New Zealand-Australian rugby player and boxer births

      1. New Zealand-Australian rugby union player

        Quade Cooper

        Quade Santini Cooper is a professional rugby union player and occasional boxer. Although born in New Zealand, he has represented Australia in rugby at international level. He currently plays for Hanazono Liners in Japan, and is a former player for the Queensland Reds and the Melbourne Rebels in the Super Rugby competition in Australia. His preferred position is fly-half.

    4. Jonathan Davies, Welsh rugby union player births

      1. Wales and British Lions international rugby union player

        Jonathan Davies (rugby union, born 1988)

        Jonathan Davies is a Welsh professional rugby union player who plays at centre for the Scarlets and the Wales national team. He is commonly known as "Fox", differentiating him from the Jonathan Davies who played both rugby union and rugby league during the 1980s and 1990s. His brother is James Davies, who also played professional rugby for Wales as a flanker.

    5. Gevorg Ghazaryan, Armenian footballer births

      1. Armenian footballer

        Gevorg Ghazaryan

        Gevorg Ghazaryan is an Armenian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or forward for the Armenia national team.

    6. Alisha Glass, American ex-indoor volleyball player births

      1. American volleyball player

        Alisha Glass

        Alisha Rebecca Glass Childress is an American former professional volleyball player who played as a setter for the United States women's national volleyball team. Glass played collegiate volleyball for Penn State, where she led Penn State to three NCAA consecutive championships. Glass won gold with the national team at the 2014 World Championship, and bronze at the 2015 World Cup and 2016 Rio Olympic Games.

    7. Vurğun Hüseynov, Azerbaijani footballer births

      1. Vurğun Hüseynov

        Vurgun Huseynov is a footballer who plays as defender for Sumgayit.

    8. Matthias Jaissle, German footballer and manager births

      1. Matthias Jaissle

        Matthias Jaissle is a German football manager, and former player who played as a defender. He was previously the assistant manager of Brøndby IF, and in 2021 became the manager of FC Liefering, then subsequently of Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg, where he currently coaches.

    9. Jon Kwang-ik, North Korean footballer births

      1. North Korean footballer

        Jon Kwang-ik

        Jon Kwang-ik is a North Korean professional footballer who currently plays as a defender for Amrokgang in the DPR Korea League.

    10. Christopher Papamichalopoulos, Cypriot skier births

      1. Cypriot alpine skier

        Christopher Papamichalopoulos

        Christopher Papamichalopoulos is an alpine skier from Cyprus. He competed for Cyprus at the 2010 Winter Olympics in the slalom and giant slalom. Christopher was Cyprus's flag bearer during the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony.

    11. Zack Smith, Canadian ice hockey player births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Zack Smith

        Zachary Smith is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played for the Ottawa Senators, who drafted him 79th overall in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, and the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

    12. Pape Sy, French basketball player births

      1. French basketball player

        Pape Sy

        Pape Ousseynou Sy is a French professional basketball player who last played for BCM Gravelines of the LNB Pro A. A versatile guard/forward, Sy was drafted by the Hawks as the 53rd overall pick in the second round of the 2010 NBA draft after spending five seasons with STB Le Havre.

    13. Alexey Volkov, Russian biathlete births

      1. Russian biathlete

        Alexey Volkov (biathlete)

        Alexey Anatolyevich Volkov is a Russian former biathlete.

    14. Alf Kjellin, Swedish actor and director (b. 1920) deaths

      1. Swedish actor

        Alf Kjellin

        Alf Kjellin was a Swedish film actor and director, who also appeared on some television shows.

  35. 1987

    1. Max Grün, German footballer births

      1. German footballer (born 1987)

        Max Grün

        Maximilian "Max" Grün is a German professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Regionalliga Bayern club Viktoria Aschaffenburg.

    2. Balázs Hárai, Hungarian water polo player births

      1. Hungarian water polo player

        Balázs Hárai

        Balázs Hárai is a Hungarian water polo center forward. He competed at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics and won a gold medal at the 2013 World Championships.

    3. Anton Kokorin, Russian sprint athlete births

      1. Russian sprinter

        Anton Kokorin

        Anton Sergeyevich Kokorin is a Russian sprint athlete. Anton was part of the team that finished third in Men's 4x400 m relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics, but the team was disqualified after team mate Denis Alekseyev tested positive for doping.

    4. Fyodor Kudryashov, Russian footballer births

      1. Russian footballer

        Fyodor Kudryashov

        Fyodor Vasilievich Kudryashov is a Russian professional footballer who plays for Turkish club Antalyaspor and the Russia national team as a left back. He can also play as a centre back.

    5. Etiënne Reijnen, Dutch footballer births

      1. Dutch footballer

        Etiënne Reijnen

        Etiënne Reijnen is a retired Dutch footballer. He played as a centre back.

    6. Leabua Jonathan, 2nd Prime Minister of Lesotho (b. 1914) deaths

      1. Leabua Jonathan

        Joseph Leabua Jonathan was the second prime minister of Lesotho. He succeeded Chief Sekhonyana Nehemia Maseribane following a by-election and held that post from 1965 to 1986.

      2. List of prime ministers of Lesotho

        This is a list of prime ministers of Lesotho since the formation of the post of Prime Minister of Lesotho in 1965, to the present day.

  36. 1986

    1. Anna Sophia Berglund, American model and actress births

      1. American model

        Anna Sophia Berglund

        Anna Sophia Berglund is an American actress, model, Playmate, and reality show personality. She was Playmate of the Month for Playboy in January 2011. She was discovered originally by GXS Motorsports, where she spent two years as a promotional model. She went by the name Sophi Berglund until working for Playboy and resuming her original name.

    2. Anzor Boltukayev, Chechen wrestler births

      1. Russian freestyle wrestler (born 1986)

        Anzor Boltukaev

        Anzor Adamovich Boltukayev is a Russian freestyle wrestler of Chechen descent. He competes in the 96 kg division and won the bronze medal in the same division at the 2013 World Wrestling Championships defeated Aleksey Krupnyakov of Kyrgyzstan.

    3. Diego Chará, Colombian footballer births

      1. Colombian footballer (born 1986)

        Diego Chará

        Diego Ferney Chará Zamora is a Colombian professional footballer who plays for Major League Soccer club Portland Timbers.

    4. Charlotte Flair, American wrestler, author and actress births

      1. American professional wrestler

        Charlotte Flair

        Ashley Elizabeth Fliehr is an American professional wrestler. She is currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Charlotte Flair. She is currently inactive.

    5. Róbert Kasza, Hungarian Modern pentathlete births

      1. Hungarian modern pentathlete

        Róbert Kasza

        Róbert Kasza is a Hungarian modern pentathlete. He was on the gold medal-winning relay team at the 2011 World Modern Pentathlon Championships. He also qualified for and participated in the modern pentathlon at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Robert Kasza is represented by STRONGAA Management.

    6. Eetu Muinonen, Finnish footballer births

      1. Finnish footballer

        Eetu Muinonen

        Eetu Muinonen is a Finnish footballer, who plays for RoPS.

    7. Manuel Ruz, Spanish footballer births

      1. Spanish footballer

        Manuel Ruz

        Manuel Ruz Baños is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a right back.

    8. Albert Selimov, Azerbaijani boxer births

      1. Russian boxer

        Albert Selimov

        Albert Shevketovich Selimov is a Russian former amateur boxer of Lezgin descent. He is best known for being the only man to defeat Vasiliy Lomachenko in the amateur ranks. Competing for Russia he won the 2007 world title, the 2008 World Cup, and two European titles, in 2006 and 2010. After failing to qualify for the 2012 Olympics he moved to Azerbaijan and placed second at the 2015 World Championships and fifth at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

    9. Manly Wade Wellman, American writer (b. 1903) deaths

      1. American novelist

        Manly Wade Wellman

        Manly Wade Wellman was an American writer. While his science fiction and fantasy stories appeared in such pulps as Astounding Stories, Startling Stories, Unknown and Strange Stories, Wellman is best remembered as one of the most popular contributors to the legendary Weird Tales, and for his fantasy and horror stories set in the Appalachian Mountains, which draw on the native folklore of that region. Karl Edward Wagner referred to him as "the dean of fantasy writers." Wellman also wrote in a wide variety of other genres, including historical fiction, detective fiction, western fiction, juvenile fiction, and non-fiction.

  37. 1985

    1. Daniel Congré, French footballer births

      1. French footballer

        Daniel Congré

        Daniel Congré is a French professional footballer who plays as a defender for Ligue 2 club Dijon. He can operate all across defence, although he is most adept at centre-back. He is noted for his pace.

    2. Erwin l'Ami, Dutch chess player births

      1. Dutch chess grandmaster

        Erwin l'Ami

        Erwin l'Ami is a Dutch chess grandmaster.

    3. Jolanda Keizer, Dutch heptathlete births

      1. Dutch heptathlete

        Jolanda Keizer

        Jolanda Keizer is a Dutch heptathlete.

    4. Sergey Khachatryan, Armenian violinist births

      1. Musical artist

        Sergey Khachatryan

        Sergey Khachatryan is an Armenian violinist. Since 1993 he has lived in Germany where he gave his first orchestral concert at the age of nine in the Kurhaus, Wiesbaden.

    5. Linas Pilibaitis, Lithuanian footballer births

      1. Lithuanian footballer

        Linas Pilibaitis

        Linas Pilibaitis is a Lithuanian professional footballer.

    6. Jan Smeets, Dutch chess grandmaster births

      1. Dutch chess grandmaster

        Jan Smeets

        Jan Smeets is a Dutch chess grandmaster. He is a two-time Dutch Chess Champion.

    7. Kristof Vandewalle, Belgian cyclist births

      1. Belgian road cyclist

        Kristof Vandewalle

        Kristof Vandewalle is a Belgian former professional road cyclist, who rode professionally between 2008 and 2015 for the Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator, Omega Pharma–Quick-Step and Trek Factory Racing teams. While a member of the Omega Pharma–Quick-Step squad, he won two successive World Team Time Trial Championships and two consecutive Belgian National Time Trial Championships.

  38. 1984

    1. Marshall Allman, American actor births

      1. American actor

        Marshall Allman

        Marshall Scot Allman is an American actor. He is known to television audiences for his role as L. J. Burrows on the Fox television series Prison Break. He is also known for playing Tommy Mickens on True Blood.

    2. Aram Mp3, Armenian singer and comedian births

      1. Armenian singer

        Aram Mp3

        Aram Avetik Sargsyan, better known by his stage name Aram Mp3, is an Armenian singer and comedian. He represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen with the song "Not Alone" and took the 4th place.

    3. Rune Brattsveen, Norwegian biathlete births

      1. Norwegian biathlete

        Rune Brattsveen

        Rune Brattsveen is a former Norwegian biathlete.

    4. Alexei Glukhov, Russian ice hockey player births

      1. Russian ice hockey player

        Alexei Glukhov

        Alexei Vladimirovich Glukhov is a Russian former professional ice hockey forward who last played under contract with HC Sibir Novosibirsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was selected by Tampa Bay Lightning in the 9th round of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft.

    5. Maartje Goderie, Dutch field hockey player births

      1. Dutch field hockey player

        Maartje Goderie

        Maartje Goderie is a Dutch field hockey player, who plays as forward for Dutch club HC Den Bosch. She also plays for the Netherlands national team and she was part of the Dutch squad that became World Champion at the 2006 Women's Hockey World Cup and which won the 2007 Champions Trophy.

    6. Darija Jurak, Croatian tennis player births

      1. Croatian tennis player

        Darija Jurak Schreiber

        Darija Jurak Schreiber is a Croatian professional tennis player. Her career-high doubles ranking is world No. 9, achieved on 15 November 2021. Her best WTA ranking in singles of 188 she reached in April 2004.

    7. Dejan Kelhar, Slovenian footballer births

      1. Slovenian footballer

        Dejan Kelhar

        Dejan Kelhar is a Slovenian footballer who plays for SV Übelbach as a defender.

    8. Dmitry Kozonchuk, Russian cyclist births

      1. Russian cyclist

        Dmitry Kozonchuk

        Dmitry Anatolyevich Kozonchuk is a Russian professional road bicycle racer, who last rode for UCI Professional Continental team Gazprom–RusVelo.

    9. Shin Min-a, South Korean actress births

      1. South Korean actress

        Shin Min-a

        Shin Min-a is a South Korean model and actress best known for starring in television dramas A Love to Kill (2005), My Girlfriend Is a Nine-Tailed Fox (2010), Arang and the Magistrate (2012), Oh My Venus (2015), Tomorrow, With You (2017), Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha (2021), and Our Blues (2022).

    10. Jess Sum, Hong Kong actress births

      1. Hong Kong actress

        Jess Sum

        Jess Sum Cheuk-ying is a Hong Kong actress previously under TVB.

    11. Peter Penz, Austrian luger births

      1. Austrian luger

        Peter Penz

        Peter Penz is an Austrian former luger who competed between 2003 and 2018. He and doubles partner Georg Fischler took two medals at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyongchang: a silver in the doubles competition and a bronze in the team relay. They were also gold medallists in the doubles at the 2012 European Luge Championships in Paramonovo. In addition the pair took six medals at the FIL World Luge Championships: four in the doubles and two in mixed team competitions.

    12. Samuele Preisig, Swiss footballer births

      1. Swiss footballer

        Samuele Preisig

        Samuele Preisig is a footballer from Switzerland who currently plays as defender for AC Lugano since 25 January 2008.

    13. Cristian Săpunaru, Romanian footballer births

      1. Romanian professional footballer

        Cristian Săpunaru

        Cristian Ionuț Săpunaru is a Romanian professional footballer who plays mainly as a centre-back for Liga I club Rapid București, which he captains. He can also be deployed as a right-back or a defensive midfielder.

    14. Fabio Vitaioli, San Marinese footballer births

      1. Sammarinese footballer

        Fabio Vitaioli

        Fabio Vitaioli is a San Marinese footballer who currently plays for Murata and the San Marino national football team. Alongside playing football, Vitaioli also holds a day job as a bar owner.

    15. Kisho Yano, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer

        Kisho Yano

        Kisho Yano is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward or right-back for Tochigi SC.

    16. Saba Qamar, Pakistani actress-model births

      1. Pakistani actress (born 1984)

        Saba Qamar

        Saba Qamar Zaman, known professionally as Saba Qamar, is a Pakistani actress who works predominantly in Urdu films and television. She has won several accolades including Lux Style Awards and Hum Awards. Qamar is one of Pakistan's most popular and highest-paid actresses. Government of Pakistan honoured her Tamgha-e-Imtiaz in 2012, and Pride of Performance in 2016.

    17. Hans Lunding, Danish military officer (b. 1899) deaths

      1. Danish colonel

        Hans Lunding

        Hans Mathiesen Lunding (1899-1984) was a Danish officer, eventing rider, resistance fighter and director of military intelligence in Denmark.

    18. Giuseppe Tucci, Italian scholar of oriental cultures (b. 1894) deaths

      1. Italian orientalist, Indologist and scholar

        Giuseppe Tucci

        Giuseppe Tucci was an Italian orientalist, Indologist and scholar of East Asian studies, specializing in Tibetan culture and the history of Buddhism. During its zenith, Tucci was a supporter of Italian fascism, and he used idealized portrayals of Asian traditions to support Italian ideological campaigns. Tucci was fluent in several European languages, Sanskrit, Bengali, Pali, Prakrit, Chinese and Tibetan and he taught at the University of Rome La Sapienza until his death. He is considered one of the founders of the field of Buddhist Studies.

  39. 1983

    1. Jaime Castrillón, Colombian footballer births

      1. Colombian footballer (born 1983)

        Jaime Castrillón

        Jaime Castrillón is a Colombian former footballer who last played for the Orlando SeaWolves in the Major Arena Soccer League.

    2. Jorge Andrés Martínez, Uruguayan footballer births

      1. Uruguayan footballer

        Jorge Martínez (footballer, born April 1983)

        Jorge Andrés Martínez Barrios is a Uruguayan footballer who last played as a midfielder for Juventud de Las Piedras.

    3. Brock Radunske, Canadian-South Korean ice hockey player births

      1. Ice hockey player

        Brock Radunske

        Brock Radunske is a Canadian-born South Korean former professional ice hockey forward. He was selected in the third round of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft, 79th overall, by the Edmonton Oilers.

    4. Yohann Sangaré, French basketball player births

      1. French basketball player

        Yohann Sangaré

        Yohann Sangaré is a French professional basketball player who currently plays ASVEL Basket of the LNB Pro A.

    5. Cécile Storti, French cross-country skier births

      1. French cross-country skier

        Cécile Storti

        Cécile Storti is a French cross-country skier who has competed since 2000. Competing in two Winter Olympics, she earned her best finish of sixth in the 4 × 5 km relay at Vancouver in 2010.

    6. Shikha Uberoi, Indian-American tennis player births

      1. American tennis player

        Shikha Uberoi

        Shikha Devi Uberoi is an American former professional tennis player, who represented India in international tournaments and a former Indian No. 1. After Nirupama Sanjeev, she is the second Indian female player in history to crack the top 200 rankings by the WTA.

    7. Abd al-Quddus al-Ansari, Saudi Arabian historian, journalist and writer. (b. 1907) deaths

      1. Saudi Arabian historian, journalist and writer

        Abd al-Quddus al-Ansari

        Abd al-Quddus al-Ansari was a Saudi Arabian historian, journalist and writer, born and raised in Medina under Ottoman and Hashemite rule into a Khazraji family. Employed by local government just after graduation from a local madrasah in 1928, he held several official positions from 1928 to 1954. A self-taught historian and archaeologist, he was the author of works about the history of Medina and wrote about various topics of his region, the Hejaz. In 1937, he founded “Al-Manhal” monthly magazine. He also wrote literary works like The Twins (1930), the first Hejazi-Saudi novel, but his many professional activities prevented him from writing more than one novel. He died at the age of 76 in Mecca due to an incurable disease and was buried in Al-Mu'alla Cemetery.

  40. 1982

    1. Hayley Atwell, English-American actress births

      1. British and American actress (born 1982)

        Hayley Atwell

        Hayley Elizabeth Atwell is a British and American actress. Born and raised in London, Atwell studied acting at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, and made her stage debut in a 2005 production of James Kerr's translation of the Ancient Greek tragedy Prometheus Bound. She subsequently appeared in multiple West End productions and on television, and was recognised for her breakthrough role as Lady Elizabeth Foster in The Duchess (2008), for which she was nominated for a British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her leading performance in the miniseries The Pillars of the Earth (2010) earned her a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Miniseries or Television Film.

    2. Matheus Coradini Vivian, Brazilian footballer births

      1. Brazilian footballer

        Matheus Vivian

        Matheus Coradini Vivian is a Brazilian former professional footballer. He also holds an Italian passport.

    3. Thomas Hitzlsperger, German footballer births

      1. German former footballer

        Thomas Hitzlsperger

        Thomas Hitzlsperger is a German director of football and former footballer who played as a midfielder. In February 2019, he was appointed Head of Sport of VfB Stuttgart and was subsequently promoted to CEO. In March 2022, he stepped down from this position.

    4. Kelly Pavlik, American boxer births

      1. American boxer

        Kelly Pavlik

        Kelly Robert Pavlik is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2000 to 2012. He won the unified WBC, WBO, Ring magazine and lineal middleweight titles by defeating Jermain Taylor in 2007, and made three successful defenses before losing them to Sergio Martínez in 2010.

    5. Matt Pickens, American soccer player births

      1. American retired soccer player (born 1982)

        Matt Pickens

        Matt Pickens is an American retired soccer player who is currently the goalkeeping coach for Nashville SC in Major League Soccer.

    6. Alexandre Prémat, French race car driver births

      1. French racing driver

        Alexandre Prémat

        Alexandre Prémat is a French racing driver. He won the Pirtek Enduro Cup for Triple Eight Race Engineering alongside Shane van Gisbergen in 2016. He also won the 2019 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 with Scott McLaughlin, driving for DJR Team Penske.

    7. Danylo Sapunov, Ukrainian-Kazakhstani triathlete births

      1. Danylo Sapunov

        Danylo Sapunov, is a Kazakhstani and Ukrainian professional triathlete. From 2008 to 2010, Danylo Sapunov was married to the Ukrainian triathlete Yuliya Yelistratova.

    8. Hubert Schwab, Swiss cyclist births

      1. Swiss cyclist

        Hubert Schwab

        Hubert Schwab is a Swiss former professional road bicycle racer. In his final year as a professional he rode for UCI Continental team Price–Custom Bikes. He retired from cycling after 2011 in order to return to his studies.

    9. Marcel Seip, Dutch former footballer births

      1. Dutch former professional footballer (born 1982)

        Marcel Seip

        Marcel Seip is a Dutch former professional footballer who plays as a centre back for ACV in the Dutch Hoofdklasse. He previously played for Veendam, Heerenveen, Plymouth Argyle, Blackpool, Sheffield United, Charlton Athletic, Bradford City, VVV Venlo, Central Coast Mariners and FC Emmen.

    10. Abe Fortas, American lawyer and jurist (b. 1910) deaths

      1. US Supreme Court justice from 1965 to 1969

        Abe Fortas

        Abraham Fortas was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1965 to 1969. Born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee, Fortas graduated from Rhodes College and Yale Law School. He later became a law professor at Yale Law School and then an advisor for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Fortas worked at the Department of the Interior under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was appointed by President Harry S. Truman to delegations that helped set up the United Nations in 1945.

  41. 1981

    1. Matthew Emmons, American rifle shooter births

      1. American sports shooter

        Matthew Emmons

        Matthew D. Emmons is an American rifle shooter. He competed in various events at the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympics and won a gold, a silver, and a bronze medal.

    2. Michael A. Monsoor, American sailor, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2006) births

      1. United States Navy Medal of Honor recipient

        Michael A. Monsoor

        Michael Anthony Monsoor was a United States Navy SEAL who was killed during Invasion of Iraq and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He enlisted in the United States Navy in 2001 and graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL Training BUD/S class 250 in 2004. After further training he was assigned to Delta Platoon, SEAL Team 3.

      2. Highest award in the United States Armed Forces

        Medal of Honor

        The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".

    3. Mariqueen Maandig, Filipino-American musician and singer-songwriter births

      1. American musician

        Mariqueen Maandig

        Mariqueen Maandig Reznor is an American singer, songwriter, and musician.

    4. Daba Modibo Keïta, Malian taekwondo athlete births

      1. Malian taekwondo practitioner

        Daba Modibo Keïta

        Daba Modibo Keïta is a Malian taekwondo athlete. Keïta has competed in international competitions since 1996, and in 2007 became the heavyweight (+84 kg) division 2007 World Taekwondo Champion in Beijing, and competed in both the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics in the +80 kg class.

    5. Marissa Nadler, American musician births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Marissa Nadler

        Marissa Nadler is an American musician and fine artist. Active since 2000, she is currently signed to Sacred Bones Records and Bella Union, and released her ninth full-length studio album, The Path of the Clouds, in October 2021. As a singer-songwriter, her music has been characterized as blending "traditional folk, Gothic Americana, and dreamy pop into an original musical framework". Her music "is rooted in old-school country and folk but brings in elements of experimental and black metal". Sometimes the term "dream folk" has been invoked to describe her work.

    6. Tom Riley, English actor and producer births

      1. English actor (born 1981)

        Tom Riley (actor)

        Tom Riley is an English actor, producer and director. Riley was born in Maidstone, Kent. He became involved in drama in his hometown at the age of four, and spent his school years writing and directing plays. He attended Maidstone Grammar School. He studied English literature and drama at the University of Birmingham, graduating in 2002 with first class honours.

    7. Mompati Thuma, Botswana footballer births

      1. Botswana footballer

        Mompati Thuma

        Mompati Thuma is a Botswana footballer. He currently plays for the Botswana Defence Force XI in the Botswana Premier League.

    8. Pieter Weening, Dutch cyclist births

      1. Dutch road bicycle racer

        Pieter Weening

        Pieter Weening is a Dutch former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally for the Rabobank (2004–2011), Orica–GreenEDGE (2012–2015), Roompot–Charles (2016–2019), and Trek–Segafredo (2020) teams.

    9. Émile Hanse, Belgian footballer (b. 1892) deaths

      1. Belgian footballer

        Émile Hanse

        Émile Jean Ghislain Hanse was a Belgian football (soccer) player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the Belgium team, which won the gold medal in the football tournament. Hanse played for R.U. Saint-Gilloise and appeared in 254 matches and scored 23 goals.

    10. Bob Hite, American singer-songwriter (b. 1945) deaths

      1. American songwriter

        Bob Hite

        Robert Ernest Hite was the co-lead vocalist of the American blues and rock band Canned Heat, from 1965 to his death in 1981. His nickname was "The Bear".

    11. Pinchus Kremegne, French artist (b. 1890) deaths

      1. Belarusian-French artist

        Pinchus Kremegne

        Pinchus Krémègne, aka Pinchus Kremegne, was a Lithuanian Jewish-French artist, primarily known as a sculptor, painter and lithographer.

  42. 1980

    1. Matt Bonner, American basketball player births

      1. American basketball player

        Matt Bonner

        Matthew Robert Bonner, also known as the Red Rocket or Red Mamba, is an American former professional basketball player. Bonner played college basketball for the University of Florida before being selected by the Chicago Bulls with the 45th overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft. During his career Bonner played for the Toronto Raptors and the San Antonio Spurs with whom he won two NBA championships.

    2. Alberta Brianti, Italian tennis player births

      1. Italian tennis player

        Alberta Brianti

        Alberta Brianti is a former professional tennis player from Italy.

    3. Rafael Cavalcante, Brazilian mixed martial artist births

      1. Brazilian mixed martial arts fighter

        Rafael Cavalcante

        Rafael Cavalcante is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who fights in the light heavyweight division. He is currently competing for Bellator MMA. He trains with Anderson Silva and Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira as part of the Black House camp. He formerly competed in Strikeforce, where he was at one time Strikeforce Light Heavyweight Champion. His nickname "Feijão" means "bean" in Portuguese. He holds notable wins over Muhammed "King Mo" Lawal and Yoel Romero.

    4. David Chocarro, Argentinian baseball player and actor births

      1. David Chocarro

        David Chocarro is a former baseball player and Argentine model and actor.

    5. Mike Glumac, Canadian ice hockey player births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Mike Glumac

        Michael Glumac is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player who last played as Captain for Croatian hockey club KHL Medveščak Zagreb in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He is of Croatian descent.

    6. Mario Kasun, Croatian basketball player births

      1. Croatian basketball player

        Mario Kasun

        Mario Kasun is a Croatian former professional basketball player. He played at the center position.

    7. Lee Jae-won, South Korean DJ and singer births

      1. South Korean singer (born 1980)

        Lee Jae-won (singer)

        Lee Jae-won is a South Korean DJ and singer. He is the former member of Korean groups H.O.T. and jtL.

    8. Joris Mathijsen, Dutch footballer births

      1. Dutch association football player

        Joris Mathijsen

        Joris Mathijsen is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He is the director of football at Willem II.

    9. Rasmus Quist Hansen, Danish rower births

      1. Danish rower

        Rasmus Quist Hansen

        Rasmus Quist Hansen, also known as Rasmus Quist, is a Danish rower and double World Champion in the lightweight double sculls, with his partner Mads Rasmussen.

    10. Odlanier Solís, Cuban boxer births

      1. Cuban boxer

        Odlanier Solís

        Odlanier Solís Fonte is a Cuban professional boxer. He has challenged once for the WBC heavyweight title in 2011, and is a former top-rated contender in that division. As an amateur heavyweight, Solis was one of the most celebrated and decorated amateur stars of the 2000s, winning a gold medal at the 2004 Olympics, and three consecutive golds at the World Championships in 2001, 2003, and 2005. Odlanier Solís beat Luis Ortiz multiple times in the amateurs, never losing to him.

  43. 1979

    1. Vlada Avramov, Serbian footballer births

      1. Serbian footballer

        Vlada Avramov

        Vladimir "Vlada" Avramov is a Serbian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He works as David Suazo's goalkeeping coach for Brescia.

    2. Josh Boone, American screenwriter and director births

      1. American filmmaker

        Josh Boone (director)

        Josh Boone is an American filmmaker. He is best known for directing the romantic drama The Fault in Our Stars (2014), based on the novel of the same name. Boone also wrote and directed the romantic comedy Stuck in Love (2012) and the superhero horror film The New Mutants (2020). In 2020, he directed the first and last episode of the miniseries The Stand.

    3. Song Dae-nam, South Korean judoka births

      1. South Korean judoka

        Song Dae-nam

        Song Dae-Nam is a former South Korean judoka.

    4. Timo Hildebrand, German footballer births

      1. German footballer (born 1979)

        Timo Hildebrand

        Timo Hildebrand is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

    5. Imany, French singer births

      1. Musical artist

        Imany

        Nadia Mladjao, better known by her stage name Imany, is a French pop-soul recording artist of Comorian descent. Her debut album, The Shape of a Broken Heart, which was released in 2011, reached platinum status in France, Greece and triple platinum in Poland.

    6. Barel Mouko, Congolese footballer births

      1. Congolese footballer

        Barel Mouko

        Barel Morial Mouko is a Congolese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Daring Club Motema Pembe.

    7. Cesare Natali, Italian footballer births

      1. Italian footballer

        Cesare Natali

        Cesare Natali is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

    8. Mitsuo Ogasawara, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer (born 1979)

        Mitsuo Ogasawara

        Mitsuo Ogasawara is a Japanese former. professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for Japan national team.

    9. Alexander Resch, German luger births

      1. German luger

        Alexander Resch

        Alexander Resch is a German luger who competed from 1998 to 2010. Together with Patric Leitner, he won the men's doubles event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States. They also competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics, finishing sixth. At their last race at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, they won bronze.

    10. Andrius Velička, Lithuanian footballer births

      1. Lithuanian footballer

        Andrius Velička

        Andrius Velička is a Lithuanian retired professional association footballer who played as a striker for clubs in Russia, Kazakhstan, Scotland, England, Norway and Azerbaijan in addition to his homeland. He also played for the Lithuania national team.

    11. Dante Wesley, American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1979)

        Dante Wesley

        Dante Julius Wesley is a former American football cornerback. He was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. Wesley was also a member of the Chicago Bears, New England Patriots and Detroit Lions.

    12. Chen Yanqing, Chinese weightlifter births

      1. Chinese weightlifter

        Chen Yanqing

        Chen Yanqing is a Chinese weightlifter who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics. She won the gold medal in the 58 kg class in both competitions, making her the first woman to win gold medals in weightlifting in two consecutive Olympics.

  44. 1978

    1. Dwain Chambers, British track sprinter births

      1. British track sprinter

        Dwain Chambers

        Dwain Anthony Chambers is a British track sprinter. He has won international medals at World and European levels and is one of the fastest European sprinters in the history of athletics. His primary event is the 100 metres, with a best of 9.97 seconds, which ranks him fifth on the British all-time list. He is the European record holder for the 60 metres and 4×100 metres relay events with 6.42 seconds and 37.73 s respectively.

    2. Marcone Amaral Costa, Qatari footballer births

      1. Brazilian-born Qatari footballer

        Marcone (footballer, born 1978)

        Marcone Amaral Costa Jr. known as Marcone is a naturalized Qatari footballer. His name has also been misspelled as Marconi.

    3. Tarek El-Said, Egyptian footballer births

      1. Egyptian footballer

        Tarek El-Said

        Tarek El-Said is a former Egyptian footballer. He was a left winger who played for Al-Ahly, Zamalek, and Anderlecht in the Belgian First Division.

    4. Jairo Patiño, Colombian footballer births

      1. Colombian footballer (born 1978)

        Jairo Patiño

        Jairo Leonard Patiño Rosero is a Colombian retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

    5. Sohyang, South Korean singer births

      1. Musical artist

        Sohyang

        Kim So-hyang, known mononymously as Sohyang, is a South Korean singer-songwriter who has been dubbed by the international media as the "Korean Mariah Carey". According to Sohyang, her goal is to use her voice to comfort people who are going through difficult times. Sohyang is also an author of fiction, who has published multiple fantasy novels since 2013, the most well-known of them being Crystal Castle and Anaxion.

    6. Stephen Jackson, American basketball player births

      1. American basketball player (born 1978)

        Stephen Jackson

        Stephen Jesse Jackson is an American former professional basketball player who played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the New Jersey Nets, Atlanta Hawks, Indiana Pacers, Golden State Warriors, Milwaukee Bucks, Charlotte Bobcats, San Antonio Spurs, and Los Angeles Clippers. Jackson won an NBA championship with the Spurs in 2003. Jackson has emerged as a visible activist and spokesman for civil rights during the Black Lives Matter movement.

    7. Arnaud Tournant, French cyclist births

      1. French cyclist

        Arnaud Tournant

        Arnaud Tournant is a French track cyclist. He has won 14 World Championships and won a gold, silver and a bronze at the Summer Olympics.

    8. Franziska van Almsick, German swimmer births

      1. German swimmer

        Franziska van Almsick

        Franziska van Almsick is a German swimmer. She won her first Olympic medals in 1992 at the Barcelona Olympic Games aged 14.

    9. Günther Weidlinger, Austrian long-distance runner births

      1. Austrian long-distance runner

        Günther Weidlinger

        Günther Weidlinger is an Austrian long-distance runner who is a former 3000 metres steeplechase specialist but now competes in the marathon.

  45. 1977

    1. Jonathan Erlich, Israeli tennis player births

      1. Israeli tennis player

        Jonathan Erlich

        Jonathan Dario "Yoni" Erlich is an Israeli former professional tennis player. During his career, he was mainly a doubles specialist, having won the men's doubles title at the 2008 Australian Open with Andy Ram. He attained his career-high doubles ranking of world No. 5 in July 2008. Erlich has reached 44 doubles finals and won 22, mostly with partner Andy Ram; together, they are known in Israel as "Andyoni". His Davis Cup doubles record, as of 2018, was 22–12.

    2. Trevor Letowski, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player and coach

        Trevor Letowski

        Trevor Letowski is a Canadian ice hockey coach and former professional player. Letowski played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Phoenix Coyotes, Vancouver Canucks, Columbus Blue Jackets, and the Carolina Hurricanes. Letowski was the head coach of the OHL's Sarnia Sting and the Windsor Spitfires. Letowski is currently an assistant coach for the NHL's Montreal Canadiens.

    3. Daniel Majstorović, Swedish footballer births

      1. Swedish footballer

        Daniel Majstorović

        Daniel Majstorović is a Swedish former footballer who played as a centre back.

    4. Carlos Prío Socarrás, President of Cuba, (b. 1903) deaths

      1. Carlos Prío Socarrás

        Carlos Manuel Prío Socarrás was a Cuban politician. He served as the President of Cuba from 1948 until he was deposed by a military coup led by Fulgencio Batista on March 10, 1952, three months before new elections were to be held. He was the first president of Cuba to be born in an independent Cuba and the last to gain his post through universal, contested elections. He went into exile in the United States, where he lived for 25 years before dying by suicide at age 73.

      2. Head of state of Cuba

        President of Cuba

        The president of Cuba, officially the president of the Republic of Cuba, is the head of state of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The President is the second-highest office in Cuba and the highest state office. Miguel Díaz-Canel became President of the Council of State on 19 April 2018, taking over from Raúl Castro, and has been President of Cuba since 10 October 2019.

    5. Yuri Zavadsky, Russian actor and director (b. 1894) deaths

      1. Yuri Zavadsky

        Yuri Aleksandrovich Zavadsky was a Soviet and Russian theater director, actor and pedagogue. People's Artist of the USSR (1948) and Hero of Socialist Labour (1973).

  46. 1976

    1. Luis de Agustini, Uruguayan footballer births

      1. Libyanfootballer

        Luis de Agustini

        Luis Alejandro Rubén de Agustini Varela, known simply as Luis de Agustini, is a footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Plaza Colonia in the Uruguayan Segunda División.

    2. Péter Biros, Hungarian water polo player births

      1. Hungarian water polo player

        Péter Biros

        Péter Biros is a Hungarian former water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics, which makes him one of ten male athletes who won three Olympic gold medals in water polo. He also competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

    3. Sterling K. Brown, American actor births

      1. American actor (b. 1976)

        Sterling K. Brown

        Sterling Kelby Brown is an American actor. He has portrayed Christopher Darden in the FX limited series The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016) and stars as Randall Pearson in the NBC drama series This Is Us. Both roles have earned him Primetime Emmy Awards and the latter also won him a Golden Globe Award. He has also had supporting roles in the films Black Panther (2018) and Waves (2019), and recently appeared on the Amazon Prime original series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. He has also voiced characters in The Angry Birds Movie 2 and Frozen II, both released in 2019. He was included in Time magazine's list of 100 Most Influential People of 2018.

    4. Aleksei Budõlin, Estonian judoka births

      1. Estonian judoka

        Aleksei Budõlin

        Aleksei Budõlin is an Estonian judoka. At the 2000 Summer Olympics he won the bronze medal in the men's Half Middleweight (73–81 kg) category, together with Nuno Delgado of Portugal.

    5. Simone Inzaghi, Italian footballer births

      1. Italian footballer and manager

        Simone Inzaghi

        Simone Inzaghi is an Italian professional football manager and former player. He is the head coach of Serie A club Inter Milan.

    6. Fernando Morientes, Spanish footballer and coach births

      1. Spanish footballer and manager

        Fernando Morientes

        Fernando Morientes Sánchez is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a striker, currently a manager.

    7. Natascha Ragosina, Russian boxer births

      1. Russian boxer and kickboxer

        Natascha Ragosina

        Natalia Yurievna Ragozina, better known as Natascha Ragosina, is an undefeated retired Russian professional boxer who spent much of her career ranked as the top female super middleweight in the world.

    8. Henrik Stenson, Swedish golfer births

      1. Swedish professional golfer

        Henrik Stenson

        Henrik Olof Stenson is a Swedish professional golfer.

    9. Valeria Straneo, Italian long-distance runner births

      1. Italian long-distance runner

        Valeria Straneo

        Valeria Straneo is an Italian long-distance runner, winner of the silver medal at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics and Italian record holder in the marathon.

    10. Indrek Tobreluts, Estonian biathlete births

      1. Estonian biathlete

        Indrek Tobreluts

        Indrek Tobreluts is an Estonian former biathlete and cross-country skier. He has competed at five Winter Olympics.

    11. Anouska van der Zee, Dutch cyclist births

      1. Dutch cyclist

        Anouska van der Zee

        Annuska Johanna Maria 'Anouska' van der Zee is a retired Dutch racing cyclist. She participated both on track and at the road.

    12. Howard Hughes, American pilot, engineer, and director (b. 1905) deaths

      1. American business magnate (1905–1976)

        Howard Hughes

        Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was an American business magnate, record-setting pilot, engineer, film producer, and philanthropist, known during his lifetime as one of the most influential and richest people in the world. He first became prominent as a film producer, and then as an important figure in the aviation industry. Later in life, he became known for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle—oddities that were caused in part by his worsening obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic pain from a near-fatal plane crash, and increasing deafness.

    13. Wilder Penfield, American-Canadian surgeon and academic (b. 1891) deaths

      1. Canadian neurosurgeon, college football player and coach (1891–1976)

        Wilder Penfield

        Wilder Graves Penfield was an American-Canadian neurosurgeon. He expanded brain surgery's methods and techniques, including mapping the functions of various regions of the brain such as the cortical homunculus. His scientific contributions on neural stimulation expand across a variety of topics including hallucinations, illusions, and déjà vu. Penfield devoted much of his thinking to mental processes, including contemplation of whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human soul.

    14. Harry Wyld, British cyclist (b. 1900) deaths

      1. English cyclist

        Harry Wyld

        Frederick Henry "Harry" Wyld was a British track cyclist. He won bronze medals at the 1924 and the 1928 Summer Olympics.

  47. 1975

    1. Sarah Baldock, English organist and conductor births

      1. English organist and choral conductor

        Sarah Baldock

        Sarah Baldock is an English organist and choral conductor, formerly the Organist and Master of the Choristers of Chichester Cathedral. She is notable as one of the earliest women to be appointed to the senior music post at a Church of England cathedral. She was married to counter-tenor David Hurley. Baldock has become known as a popular soloist in the UK and abroad.

    2. John Hartson, Welsh footballer and coach births

      1. Welsh footballer

        John Hartson

        John Hartson is a Welsh former professional footballer, coach and sports television pundit for S4C, Sky Sports, Premier Sports TV and BT Sport.

    3. Juicy J, American rapper and producer births

      1. American rapper and producer (born 1975)

        Juicy J

        Jordan Michael Houston III, known professionally as Juicy J, is an American rapper and record producer. Originally from Memphis, Tennessee, he is a founding member of the Southern hip hop group Three 6 Mafia, established in 1991. The group won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for their single "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp". His most notable singles as a soloist are his features on the Top 40 singles: Mike Will Made It's "23", Usher's "I Don't Mind" and his own single "Bandz a Make Her Dance", the last of which served as the lead single for his third album and major label debut Stay Trippy on August 27, 2013. The album was followed up by Rubba Band Business (2017), which was his final project on a major label before independently releasing his most recent album The Hustle Continues (2020).

    4. Serhiy Klymentiev, Ukrainian ice hockey player births

      1. Ukrainian ice hockey player

        Serhiy Klymentiev

        Serhiy Volodomyrovych Klymentiev is a Ukrainian former professional ice hockey defenceman.

    5. Caitlin Moran, English journalist, author, and critic births

      1. English writer (born 1975)

        Caitlin Moran

        Catherine Elizabeth Moran is an English journalist, author, and broadcaster at The Times, where she writes three columns a week: one for the Saturday Magazine, a TV review column, and the satirical Friday column "Celebrity Watch".

    6. Marcos Vales, Spanish footballer births

      1. Spanish footballer

        Marcos Vales

        Marcos Vales Illanes is a Spanish former footballer who played as a midfielder.

    7. Shammond Williams, American basketball player and coach births

      1. Shammond Williams

        Shammond Omar Williams is a retired American-born naturalized Georgian professional basketball player. Standing at 1.85 m, he played at both point guard and shooting guard positions. During his career he played in the NBA and in Europe. He is currently an assistant coach for the Old Dominion Lady Monarchs basketball team.

    8. Tell Berna, American middle and long-distance runner (b. 1891) deaths

      1. American athlete

        Tell Berna

        Tell Schirnding Berna was an American middle-distance and long-distance runner.

    9. Victor Marijnen, Dutch politician (b. 1917) deaths

      1. 39th Prime Minister of the Netherlands

        Victor Marijnen

        Victor Gerard Marie Marijnen was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 24 July 1963 until 14 April 1965.

    10. Chiang Kai-shek, Chinese general and politician, 1st President of the Republic of China (b. 1887) deaths

      1. Chinese politician and military leader (1887–1975)

        Chiang Kai-shek

        Chiang Kai-shek, also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to his death in 1975 – until 1949 in mainland China and from then on in Taiwan. After his rule was confined to Taiwan following his defeat by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War, he continued to head the ROC government in exile.

      2. Head of state of the Republic of China

        President of the Republic of China

        The president of the Republic of China, now often referred to as the president of Taiwan, is the head of state of the Republic of China (ROC), as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. The position once had authority of ruling over Mainland China, but its remaining jurisdictions has been limited to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other smaller islands since the conclusion of Second Chinese Civil War.

    11. Harold Osborn, American track and fielder (b. 1899) deaths

      1. American athletics competitor

        Harold Osborn

        Harold Marion Osborn D.O. was an American track athlete. He won a gold medal in Olympic decathlon and high jump in 1924 and was the first athlete to win a gold medal in both the decathlon and an individual event.

  48. 1974

    1. Sandra Bagarić, Croatian opera singer and actress births

      1. Croatian opera singer

        Sandra Bagarić

        Sandra Bagarić is a Bosnian-born Croatian opera singer and actress. She was born in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina where she attended the High School for Music. She continued her musical studies in Sarajevo, but due to the Bosnian War moved to Zagreb in 1992. In Zagreb she attended the Music Academy. She sang in many operas including Madame Troubadour, Countess Maritza, Die Fledermaus, Boccaccio and One Song a Day Takes Mischief Away. She participated in Dora 2007, together with Kraljevi ulice. They performed "Pjesma za novčić" and finished second overall.

    2. Julien Boutter, French tennis player births

      1. French tennis player

        Julien Boutter

        Julien Boutter is a former professional male tennis player from France.

    3. Katja Holanti, Finnish biathlete births

      1. Finnish biathlete

        Katja Holanti

        Katja Minna Marita Holanti is a Finnish biathlete. She competed at the 1994, 1998 and the 2002 Winter Olympics.

    4. Oleg Khodkov, Russian handball player births

      1. Russian handball player

        Oleg Khodkov

        Oleg Khodkov is a former Russian handball player. He is the current head coach of HBC CSKA Moscow.

    5. Ariel López, Argentine footballer births

      1. Argentine footballer

        Ariel López (footballer, born 1974)

        Ariel Maximiliano López is a former Argentine football player.

    6. Lukas Ridgeston, Slovak actor and director births

      1. Slovak actor, director and model

        Lukas Ridgeston

        Lukas Ridgeston is a Slovak actor and director in gay erotic movies and model in Bel Ami gay erotic magazines and books. He was born in Bratislava, then part of the former Czechoslovakia, now capital of Slovakia. Lukas Ridgeston is best known as "The King of Gay Porn" or just "The King".

    7. Vyacheslav Voronin, Russian high jumper births

      1. Russian high jumper

        Vyacheslav Voronin

        Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Voronin is a Russian track and field athlete who specialised in the high jump.

    8. Bino Bini, Italian fencer (b. 1900) deaths

      1. Italian fencer

        Bino Bini

        Bino Bini was an Italian fencer. He won a gold medal at the 1924 Summer Olympics and a silver and bronze at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

    9. A. Y. Jackson, Canadian painter (b. 1882) deaths

      1. Canadian painter (1882–1974)

        A. Y. Jackson

        Alexander Young Jackson LL. D. was a Canadian painter and a founding member of the Group of Seven. Jackson made a significant contribution to the development of art in Canada, and was instrumental in bringing together the artists of Montreal and Toronto. He helped found the Group of Seven in 1920. In addition to his work with the Group of Seven, his long career included serving as a war artist during World War I (1917–19) and teaching at the Banff School of Fine Arts, from 1943 to 1949. In his later years he was artist-in-residence at the McMichael Canadian Art Collection in Kleinburg, Ontario.

  49. 1973

    1. Élodie Bouchez, French-American actress births

      1. French actress

        Élodie Bouchez

        Élodie Bouchez-Bangalter is a French actress. She became internationally known for her role as Renée Rienne on the fifth and final season of the television show Alias and for playing Maïté Alvarez in the film Wild Reeds.

    2. Brendan Cannon, Australian rugby player births

      1. Rugby player

        Brendan Cannon

        Brendan Cannon is a former Australian rugby union footballer who played for the national team, The Wallabies and three Australian teams in the Super 12 and Super 14 competitions.

    3. Lidia Trettel, Italian snowboarder births

      1. Italian snowboarder

        Lidia Trettel

        Lidia Trettel is an Italian snowboarder and Olympic medalist. She received a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.

    4. Pharrell Williams, American singer, songwriter and rapper births

      1. American record producer, rapper, singer, and songwriter

        Pharrell Williams

        Pharrell Lanscilo Williams is an American record producer, rapper, singer, and songwriter. Alongside close colleague Chad Hugo, he formed the hip hop and R&B production duo the Neptunes in the early 1990s, with whom he has produced songs for various recording artists. In 1999, he became lead vocalist of the band N.E.R.D., which he formed with Hugo and drummer Shay Haley. Williams has been widely referred to as one of the most influential and successful music producers of the 21st century, having had a significant impact on the sound of modern popular music.

    5. David Murray, British race car driver (b. 1909) deaths

      1. Scottish racing driver

        David Murray (racing driver)

        David Murray was a British racing driver from Scotland. He participated in five Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 13 May 1950, and also founded the Ecurie Ecosse Scottish motor racing team, based at Merchiston Mews in Edinburgh.

    6. Isabel Jewell, American actress and singer (b. 1907) deaths

      1. American actress (1907-1972)

        Isabel Jewell

        Isabel Jewell was an American actress who rose to prominence in the 1930s and early 1940s. Some of her more famous films were Ceiling Zero, Marked Woman, A Tale of Two Cities, and Gone with the Wind.

    7. Alla Tarasova, Russian ballerina (b. 1898) deaths

      1. Soviet and Russian actress (1898–1973)

        Alla Tarasova

        Alla Konstantinovna Tarasova was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actress and pedagogue. She was a leading actress of Konstantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre from the late 1920s onward. People's Artist of the USSR (1937) and Hero of Socialist Labour (1973).

  50. 1972

    1. Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-Canadian theoretical physicist births

      1. Iranian physicist (born 1972)

        Nima Arkani-Hamed

        Nima Arkani-Hamed is an American-Canadian theoretical physicist of Iranian descent, with interests in high-energy physics, quantum field theory, string theory, cosmology and collider physics. Arkani-Hamed is a member of the permanent faculty at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He is also Director of the Carl P. Feinberg Cross-Disciplinary Program in Innovation at the Institute and director of The Center for Future High Energy Physics (CFHEP) in Beijing, China.

    2. Tom Coronel, Dutch race car driver births

      1. Dutch professional racing driver

        Tom Coronel

        Tom Romeo Coronel is a Dutch professional racing driver. Tom's twin brother Tim is also a racer, just like their father Tom Coronel Sr. His most important results are winning the Marlboro Masters of Formula 3 race in 1997, the Formula Nippon championship in 1999, and the 2006 and 2009 World Touring Car Championship Independents' Trophy. As of September 2016, Tom Coronel has driven over 1,000 races.

    3. Paul Okon, Australian footballer and manager births

      1. Australian association football player

        Paul Okon

        Paul Michael Okon is a former Australian soccer player. He has Belgian citizenship.

    4. Duncan Spencer, English cricketer births

      1. English cricketer

        Duncan Spencer

        Duncan Spencer is a former English cricketer. Born in Nelson, Lancashire, the family moved to Perth in Western Australia when he was five years old and Spencer played Western Australian grade cricket. He played as a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast bowler. After playing aged group cricket for Western Australia in 1989, Spencer's first high-profile cricket appearances came in two one-day matches for Western Australia against a touring England A side in March 1994.

    5. Yasuhiro Takemoto, Japanese animator and director (d. 2019) births

      1. Japanese animator and director (1972–2019)

        Yasuhiro Takemoto

        Yasuhiro Takemoto was a Japanese animator and television and film director. He worked at Kyoto Animation for almost his entire animation career after joining the company in 1996 until his death in 2019.

    6. Junko Takeuchi, Japanese actress births

      1. Japanese actress

        Junko Takeuchi

        Junko Takeuchi is a Japanese actress and voice actress employed by Ogipro The Next Co. Inc. & BQMAP. Taking a well-trod path by many voice actresses, she often voices young male characters with generally very quirky and goofy personalities. One of her most well-known roles includes Naruto Uzumaki from the popular anime series Naruto. She has played Takuya Kanbara in Digimon Frontier, Rin Natsuki/Cure Rouge in Yes! PreCure 5, Metabee in Medabots, Mamoru Endou in Inazuma Eleven and Inazuma Eleven GO, Gon Freecss in the 1999 version of Hunter × Hunter, and GingerBrave in Cookie Run: Kingdom.

  51. 1971

    1. Dong Abay, Filipino singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. Artist

        Dong Abay

        Westdon Martin Abay, popularly known as Dong Abay, is a poet and a Pinoy rock musician. He was the founding member, songwriter and lead vocalist of the bands Yano, Pan, and dongabay, which are now all defunct. In 2005, he pursued a solo career as an independent artist by releasing an album entitled Sampol. In 2017, he formed a rock band named Dong Abay Music Organization or D.A.M.O. while having other endeavors such as a songwriting school.

    2. Krista Allen, American actress births

      1. American actress and model

        Krista Allen

        Krista Allen is an American actress, model and stand-up comic. She is best known for her work in the television series Days of Our Lives, Baywatch Hawaii, and the erotic TV series Emmanuelle in Space. Allen also appeared in the films Liar Liar, Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, Anger Management, and The Final Destination. She guest-starred in popular TV shows Married... with Children, The X-Files, Charmed, Smallville, and Two and a Half Men. She also portrayed the eponymous character on The CW series Significant Mother. In December 2021, Allen began playing the contract role of Taylor Hayes on the CBS Daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful.

    3. Austin Berry, Costa Rican footballer births

      1. Costa Rican footballer

        Austin Berry (footballer)

        Austín Gerardo Berry Moya is a Costa Rican former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

    4. Simona Cavallari, Italian actress births

      1. Italian actress

        Simona Cavallari (actress)

        Simona Cavallari is an Italian actress of the cinema, theatre, and television.

    5. Victoria Hamilton, English actress births

      1. English actress

        Victoria Hamilton

        Victoria Hamilton is an English actress.

    6. Nelson Parraguez, Chilean footballer births

      1. Chilean footballer (born 1971)

        Nelson Parraguez

        Nelson Rodrigo Parraguez Riveros is a retired Chilean football midfielder who was capped 52 times for the Chile national team between 1991 and 2001, including three games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

    7. Kim Soo-nyung, South Korean archer births

      1. South Korean archer

        Kim Soo-nyung

        Kim Soo-nyung is a former member of the South Korean Olympic archery team in 1988, 1992, and 2000.

    8. José Cubiles, Spanish pianist and conductor (b. 1894) deaths

      1. Spanish pianist, conductor and teacher (1894–1971)

        José Cubiles

        José Antonio Cubiles Ramos was a noted Spanish pianist, conductor and teacher.

  52. 1970

    1. Soheil Ayari, French race car driver births

      1. French-Iranian race car driver

        Soheil Ayari

        Soheil Ayari is a French-Iranian race car driver born in Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, from an Iranian father and a French mother. He won the French Formula Ford championship of 1994, Formula Three championship of 1996 and the Macau Grand Prix of 1997. From 1997 until 2000, he competed in Formula 3000 where he won two races before moving on to the French Supertouring Championship in 2001 where he became champion in 2002, 2004 and 2005.

    2. Valérie Bonneton, French actress births

      1. French actress

        Valérie Bonneton

        Valérie Bonneton is a French stage, film and television actress.

    3. Diamond D, American hip hop producer births

      1. Musical artist

        Diamond D

        Joseph Kirkland, better known by his stage name Diamond D, is an American hip hop MC and record producer from The Bronx, New York City, and one of the founding members of the Diggin' in the Crates Crew, abbreviated as D.I.T.C.

    4. Petar Genov, Bulgarian chess grandmaster births

      1. Bulgarian chess player

        Petar Genov

        Petar Genov is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster (2002).

    5. Thea Gill, Canadian actress births

      1. Canadian actress

        Thea Gill

        Thea Louise Gill is a Canadian actress best known for her starring role as Lindsay Peterson in the Showtime television series Queer as Folk.

    6. Miho Hatori, Japanese singer-songwriter births

      1. Japanese singer and musician

        Miho Hatori

        Miho Hatori is a Japanese singer, songwriter, and musician. She is best known as a solo artist, co-founder of New York City band Cibo Matto, and as the first person to provide the voice of Noodle in the virtual band Gorillaz, as well as for her work with the Beastie Boys, Handsome Boy Modeling School, Smokey Hormel, John Zorn, and many more.

    7. Irina Timofeyeva, Russian long-distance runner births

      1. Russian long-distance runner

        Irina Timofeyeva

        Irina Nikolayevna Timofeyeva is a Russian long-distance runner who specializes in running the marathon.

    8. Louisa Bolus, South African botanist and taxonomist (b. 1877) deaths

      1. South African botanist (1877–1970)

        Louisa Bolus

        Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus née Kensit was a South African botanist and taxonomist, and the longtime curator of the Bolus Herbarium, from 1903. Bolus also has the legacy of authoring more land plant species than any other female scientist, in total naming 1,494 species.

    9. Alfred Sturtevant, American geneticist and academic (b. 1891) deaths

      1. American biologist (1891–1970)

        Alfred Sturtevant

        Alfred Henry Sturtevant was an American geneticist. Sturtevant constructed the first genetic map of a chromosome in 1911. Throughout his career he worked on the organism Drosophila melanogaster with Thomas Hunt Morgan. By watching the development of flies in which the earliest cell division produced two different genomes, he measured the embryonic distance between organs in a unit which is called the sturt in his honor. In 1967, Sturtevant received the National Medal of Science.

    10. Karl von Spreti, German diplomat (b. 1907) deaths

      1. German diplomat (1907–1970)

        Karl von Spreti

        Karl Borromäus Maria Heinrich Graf von Spreti was a German diplomat. He is best known as the West German Ambassador to Guatemala from 1968 until his assassination in 1970. The story of his assassination by Guatemalan guerillas was depicted in a 1970 book, Why Karl von Spreti Died, by Ryszard Kapuściński.

  53. 1969

    1. Dinos Angelidis, Greek basketball player births

      1. Greek basketball player

        Dinos Angelidis

        Konstantinos "Dinos" Angelidis is an Austrian-born retired Greek basketball player of mixed Greek-Austrian descent. Born in Vienna, he played professionally in the Greek Basket League and has represented Greece at senior level. He played as either small forward or power forward.

    2. Viatcheslav Djavanian, Russian cyclist births

      1. Russian cyclist

        Viatcheslav Djavanian

        Viatcheslav Djavanian is a Russian former professional road cyclist. He won the Tour de Pologne 1996.

    3. Pontus Kåmark, Swedish footballer births

      1. Swedish footballer

        Pontus Kåmark

        Sven Pontus Kåmark is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played for Västerås SK, IFK Göteborg, Leicester City, and AIK, and won 57 caps for the Sweden national team. He was a part of the Sweden team that finished third at the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

    4. Pavlo Khnykin, Ukrainian swimmer births

      1. Ukrainian swimmer

        Pavlo Khnykin

        Pavlo Khnykin is a retired freestyle swimmer from Vinnytsia, Ukraine. He was born in Sverdlovsk, Russian SFSR.

    5. Tomislav Piplica, Bosnian footballer and manager births

      1. Bosnian football manager (born 1969)

        Tomislav Piplica

        Tomislav Piplica is a Bosnian football manager who formerly played as goalkeeper. His nickname is "Pipi" and he is considered to be a cult-goalkeeper, in Germany as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

    6. Ravindra Prabhat, Indian writer and journalist births

      1. Hindi poet, scholar, journalist, author (born 1969)

        Ravindra Prabhat

        Ravindra Prabhat is a Hindi novelist, journalist, poet, and short story writer from India. He has worked as an editor and screen play writer. Some of his works have been translated into other languages and published in various literary magazines and anthologies.

    7. Alberto Bonucci, Italian actor and director (b. 1918) deaths

      1. Italian actor

        Alberto Bonucci

        Alberto Bonucci was an Italian film actor and director. He appeared in 53 films between 1950 and 1967. He was born in Campobasso, Italy and died in Rome, Italy.

    8. Rómulo Gallegos, Venezuelan novelist and politician (b. 1917) deaths

      1. Venezuelan politician and writer (1884–1969)

        Rómulo Gallegos

        Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. For a period of nine months during 1948, he governed as the first freely elected president in Venezuela's history. He was removed from power by military officers in the 1948 Venezuelan coup.

    9. Ain-Ervin Mere, Estonian SS officer (b. 1903) deaths

      1. Estonian military personnel

        Ain-Ervin Mere

        Ain Mere was an Estonian military officer in World War II. During the German occupation of Estonia, he served in the German-controlled Estonian Security Police and SD.

      2. Nazi paramilitary organization

        Schutzstaffel

        The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

  54. 1968

    1. Paula Cole, American singer-songwriter and pianist births

      1. American singer

        Paula Cole

        Paula Cole is an American singer-songwriter. After gaining attention for her performances as a vocalist on Peter Gabriel's 1993–1994 Secret World Tour, she released her first album, Harbinger, which suffered from a lack of promotion when the label, Imago Records, folded shortly after its release. Her second album, This Fire (1996), brought her worldwide acclaim, peaking at number 20 on the Billboard 200 album chart and producing two hit singles, the triple-Grammy nominated "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?", which reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 in 1997, and "I Don't Want to Wait", which was used as the theme song of the television show Dawson's Creek. She won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1998.

    2. Félix Couchoro, Togolese writer (b. 1900) deaths

      1. Félix Couchoro

        Félix Couchoro was a Togolese writer and educator.

    3. Lajos Csordás, Hungarian footballer deaths

      1. Hungarian footballer

        Lajos Csordás

        Lajos Csordás was a Hungarian footballer. He won the gold medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics and was runner-up of the 1954 FIFA World Cup.

    4. Giuseppe Paris, Italian gymnast (b. 1895) deaths

      1. Italian artistic gymnast

        Giuseppe Paris

        Giuseppe Paris was an Italian gymnast who competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics, the 1924 Summer Olympics and the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Milan. He was part of the Italian team, which was able to win the gold medal in the gymnastics men's team, European system event in 1920 as well as in the team competition 1924.

  55. 1967

    1. Troy Gentry, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017) births

      1. American country music duo

        Montgomery Gentry

        Montgomery Gentry is an American country music duo founded by singers Eddie Montgomery and Troy Gentry, both Kentucky natives. They began performing together in the 1990s as part of two different bands with Montgomery's brother, John Michael Montgomery. Although Gentry won a talent contest in 1994, he reunited with Eddie Montgomery after Gentry was unable to find a solo record deal, and Montgomery Gentry was formed in 1999. The duo is known for its Southern rock influences, and has collaborated with Charlie Daniels, Toby Keith, Five for Fighting, and members of The Allman Brothers Band.

    2. Franck Silvestre, French footballer births

      1. French association football player

        Franck Silvestre

        Franck Claude Silvestre is a French former professional footballer who played as a centre back.

    3. Erland Johnsen, Norwegian footballer births

      1. Norwegian footballer and manager

        Erland Johnsen

        Erland Johnsen is a Norwegian football manager and former professional footballer who is director of youth at Sarpsborg 08 FF.

    4. Laima Zilporytė, Soviet cyclist births

      1. Soviet cyclist

        Laima Zilporytė

        Laima Zilporytė is a retired female cyclist, who trained at Dynamo sports society in Panevėžys and represented the USSR at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. There she won the bronze medal in the women's individual road race, after being defeated in the sprint by the Netherlands' Monique Knol and West Germany's Jutta Niehaus.

    5. Mischa Elman, Ukrainian-American violinist (b. 1891) deaths

      1. Russian-born American violinist (1891–1967)

        Mischa Elman

        Mischa Elman was a Russian-born American violinist famed for his passionate style, beautiful tone, and impeccable artistry and musicality.

    6. Johan Falkberget, Norwegian author (b. 1879) deaths

      1. Norwegian politician

        Johan Falkberget

        Johan Falkberget, born Johan Petter Lillebakken, was a Norwegian author. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

    7. Hermann Joseph Muller, American geneticist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1890) deaths

      1. American biologist (1890–1967)

        Hermann Joseph Muller

        Hermann Joseph Muller was an American geneticist, educator, and Nobel laureate best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation (mutagenesis), as well as his outspoken political beliefs. Muller frequently warned of long-term dangers of radioactive fallout from nuclear war and nuclear testing, which resulted in greater public scrutiny of these practices.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

        The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

    8. Herbert Johnston, British runner (b. 1902) deaths

      1. British long-distance runner

        Herbert Johnston

        Herbert Arthur Johnston was a British runner who competed in events ranging from one to four miles.

  56. 1966

    1. Yoon Hyun, South Korean judoka births

      1. South Korean judoka

        Yoon Hyun

        Yoon Hyun is a South Korean judoka.

    2. Mike McCready, American guitarist and songwriter births

      1. Musician, songwriter

        Mike McCready

        Michael David McCready is an American musician who serves as the lead guitarist for the American rock band Pearl Jam. Along with Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, and Eddie Vedder, he is one of the founding members of the band. McCready was also a member of the side project bands Flight to Mars, Temple of the Dog, Mad Season and The Rockfords. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam on April 7, 2017.

    3. Peter Overton, English-Australian journalist and television host births

      1. Australian television presenter and journalist

        Peter Overton

        Peter John Overton, is an Australian television journalist and news presenter. He is currently the presenter for Nine News Sydney from Sunday to Thursday at 6 pm.

  57. 1965

    1. Aykut Kocaman, Turkish footballer and manager births

      1. Turkish footballer

        Aykut Kocaman

        Aykut Kocaman is a former Turkish footballer, who played as a striker. He is the former manager of İstanbul Başakşehir. Before he made his debut 1980 with the amateur club Kabataş Altınmızrak in Istanbul, Kocaman performed gymnastics at the club Eczacıbaşı, winning 40 medals and reaching second place at the national level. 1984, he moved to Sakaryaspor in Adapazarı, Sakarya and turned professional. In 1988, Kocaman signed a contract with Fenerbahçe, where he played and contributed much to the success of his club until he was transferred to Istanbulspor in 1996.

    2. Lang Tzu-yun, Taiwanese actress births

      1. Taiwanese actress

        Lang Tzu-yun

        Lang Tzu-yun is a Taiwanese actress.

    3. Elizabeth McIntyre, American freestyle skier births

      1. American freestyle skier

        Elizabeth McIntyre

        Elizabeth Geary McIntyre, sometimes known as Liz McIntyre, is an American freestyle skier and Olympic medalist. She received a silver medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, in moguls. She finished 8th at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.

    4. Svetlana Paramygina, Belarusian biathlete births

      1. Belarusian biathlete

        Svetlana Paramygina

        Svetlana Paramygina is a former Belarusian biathlete. Her international biathlon career began in 1983. In the 1993/1994 season she won the overall World Cup. The following year she finished second overall. At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. She won a silver medal in the sprint event. After the 2000/2001 season she retired as a biathlete.

    5. Pedro Sernagiotto, Italian-Brazilian footballer (b. 1908) deaths

      1. Italian-Brazilian footballer

        Pedro Sernagiotto

        Pedro Sernagiotto, also known as Pietro Sernagiotto or Ministrinho was an Italian Brazilian professional football player. He also held Italian citizenship and on October 22, 1933 played for the Italian national B team against Hungary.

    6. Sándor Szalay, Hungarian figure skater (b. 1893) deaths

      1. Hungarian figure skater

        Sándor Szalay (figure skater)

        Sándor Szalay was a Hungarian pair skater. With partner Olga Orgonista, he was the 1930 and 1931 European Champion. They won two medals at the World Figure Skating Championships, a bronze in 1929 and a silver in 1931. They placed 4th at the 1932 Winter Olympics. After the 1932 World Figure Skating Championships, Sándor and Olga retired. Sándor worked as a construction inspector in a rubber factory, and served as the president of the Hungarian Skating Federation from 1945 to 1950.

  58. 1964

    1. Neil Eckersley, British judoka births

      1. British judoka

        Neil Eckersley

        Neil Eckersley is a retired judoka from the United Kingdom, who represented his nGreat Britain at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There he won the bronze medal in the men's extra-lightweight division, alongside USA's Edward "Ed" Liddie

    2. Vakhtang Iagorashvili, Soviet modern pentathlete births

      1. Soviet modern pentathlete

        Vakhtang Iagorashvili

        Vakhtang "Vaho" Iagorashvili is a Soviet modern pentathlete, who has been a member of three different Olympic teams during his sporting career.

    3. Levon Julfalakyan, Soviet Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler births

      1. Levon Julfalakyan

        Levon Julfalakyan is a former Soviet Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler. He is an Olympic, World, and European Champion and was merited Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1988. Julfalakyan is the current head coach of the Armenian national Greco-Roman wrestling team and President of the Union of Armenian Olympians, as well as a member of the Executive Committee of the NOC.

    4. Marius Lăcătuș, Romanian footballer and coach births

      1. Romanian footballer (born 1964)

        Marius Lăcătuș

        Marius Mihai Lăcătuș is a Romanian football coach and former professional footballer. He is by far the most successful footballer ever to play for Steaua București and was part of their European Cup victory in 1986. Lăcătuș is the all-time top scorer for Steaua with 16 goals in European competitions. On 7 July 2021, Steaua retired his shirt number 7 at the inauguration match of the new Steaua Stadium.

    5. James Chapin, American ornithologist (b. 1889) deaths

      1. American ornithologist (1889–1964)

        James Chapin

        James Paul Chapin was an American ornithologist and curator of the American Museum of Natural History.

    6. Aloïse Corbaz, Swiss artist (b. 1886) deaths

      1. Swiss artist (1886-1964)

        Aloïse Corbaz

        Aloïse Blanche Corbaz was a Swiss outsider artist included in Jean Dubuffet's initial collection of psychiatric art. She is one of very few acclaimed female outsider artists.

    7. Douglas MacArthur, American general (b. 1880) deaths

      1. American military leader (1880–1964)

        Douglas MacArthur

        Douglas MacArthur was an American military leader who served as General of the Army for the United States, as well as a field marshal to the Philippine Army. He had served with distinction in World War I, was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s, and he played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. MacArthur was nominated for the Medal of Honor three times, and received it for his service in the Philippines campaign. This made him along with his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army.

  59. 1963

    1. Arthur Adams, American comic book artist and writer births

      1. American comic book artist and writer

        Arthur Adams (comics)

        Arthur Adams is an American comic book artist and writer. He first broke into the American comic book industry with the 1985 Marvel Comics miniseries Longshot. His subsequent interior comics work includes a number of Marvel's major books, including The Uncanny X-Men, Excalibur, X-Factor, Fantastic Four, Hulk, and Ultimate Comics: X, as well as books by various other publishers, such as Action Comics, Vampirella, The Rocketeer and The Authority. Adams has also illustrated books featuring characters for which he has a personal love, such as Godzilla, the Creature from the Black Lagoon, and Gumby, the latter of which garnered him a 1988 Eisner Award for Best Single Issue.

    2. Jacobus Oud, Dutch architect (b. 1890) deaths

      1. Dutch architect (1890 - 1963)

        Jacobus Oud

        Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, commonly called J. J. P. Oud was a Dutch architect. His fame began as a follower of the De Stijl movement.

  60. 1962

    1. Lana Clarkson, American actress and model (d. 2003) births

      1. American actress and fashion model (1962–2003)

        Lana Clarkson

        Lana Jean Clarkson was an American actress and fashion model. During the 1980s, she rose to prominence in several sword-and-sorcery films. In 2003, record producer Phil Spector shot and killed Clarkson inside his home; he was charged with second-degree murder and convicted in 2009.

    2. Sara Danius, Swedish scholar of literature and aesthetics (d. 2019) births

      1. Swedish academic

        Sara Danius

        Sara Maria Danius was a Swedish literary critic and philosopher, and a scholar of literature and aesthetics. Danius was professor of aesthetics at Södertörn University, docent of literature at Uppsala University and professor in literary science at Stockholm University.

    3. Richard Gough, Swedish born Scottish international footballer births

      1. Scottish footballer

        Richard Gough

        Charles Richard Gough is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a defender.

    4. Arild Monsen, Norwegian cross-country skier births

      1. Norwegian cross-country skier

        Arild Monsen

        Arlid Monsen is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed at international level from 1982 to 1985. He won the 4 × 10 km gold at the 1985 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Seefeld and finished seventh in the 15 km event at same championship.

    5. Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Russian businessman and politician, 1st President of Kalmykia births

      1. Russian public figure

        Kirsan Ilyumzhinov

        Kirsan Nikolayevich Ilyumzhinov is a Russian business oligarch, administrator and politician. He was the democratically elected President of the Republic of Kalmykia in the Russian Federation from 1993 to 2010, and was president of FIDE, the international governing body for the game of chess, from 1995 to 2018. He has also been in the forefront of promoting chess in schools in Russia and overseas. He is the founder of Novy Vzglyad publishing house.

      2. Head of the Republic of Kalmykia

        The Head of Kalmykia is an elected official who serves as the head of state of Kalmykia. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, three people have served as Heads of the Republic.

    6. Boo Kullberg, Swedish gymnast (b. 1889) deaths

      1. Swedish artistic gymnast

        Boo Kullberg

        Anders Boo Georg Kullberg was a Swedish gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Swedish team, which won the gold medal in the gymnastics men's team, Swedish system event.

  61. 1961

    1. Andrea Arnold, English filmmaker and actress births

      1. English film director and actor

        Andrea Arnold

        Andrea Arnold, OBE is an English filmmaker and former actor. She won an Academy Award for her short film Wasp in 2005. Her feature films include Red Road (2006), Fish Tank (2009), and American Honey (2016), all of which have won the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Arnold has also directed four episodes of the Amazon Prime Video series Transparent, as well as all seven episodes of the second season of the HBO series Big Little Lies. Her documentary Cow premiered at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival and played at the 2021 Telluride Film Festival.

    2. Anna Caterina Antonacci, Italian soprano births

      1. Italian soprano

        Anna Caterina Antonacci

        Anna Caterina Antonacci is an Italian soprano known for roles in the bel canto and Baroque repertories. She performed as a mezzo-soprano for several years, particularly performing the Rossini canon.

    3. Abdulhadi al-Khawaja, Bahraini-Danish human rights activist births

      1. Abdulhadi al-Khawaja

        Abdulhadi Abdulla Hubail al-Khawaja is a Bahraini political activist. On 22 June 2011, al-Khawaja and eight others were sentenced to life imprisonment following the suppression of pro-democracy protests against the Bahraini government. al-Khawaja has previously gone on a series of hunger strikes while serving his life sentence, in protest of the political conditions in Bahrain.

    4. Lisa Zane, American actress and singer births

      1. American actress and singer (born 1961)

        Lisa Zane

        Lisa Zane is an American actress and singer.

    5. Nikolai Kryukov, Russian composer (b. 1908) deaths

      1. Russian composer

        Nikolai Kryukov (composer)

        Nikolai Nikolayevich Kryukov was a Russian composer active in the Soviet era.

  62. 1960

    1. Asteris Koutoulas, Romanian-German record producer, manager, and author births

      1. Musical artist

        Asteris Koutoulas

        Asteris Koutoulas is a Greek-Romanian event and music producer, publicist, translator, filmmaker and author. He was the manager of Mikis Theodorakis and the event producer of Gert Hof. Koutoulas rose to prominence as a director when his documentary fiction film "Recycling Medea: Not an Opera Ballet Film" won the Cinema for Peace Most Valuable Documentary Film Award in 2014.

    2. Larry McCray, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American blues guitarist and singer (born 1960)

        Larry McCray

        Larry McCray, is an American blues guitarist and singer from Magnolia, Arkansas.

    3. Ian Redford, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2014) births

      1. Scottish footballer and manager

        Ian Redford

        Ian Petrie Redford was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a midfielder or forward. He played for Dundee before joining Rangers for a then Scottish record transfer fee. At Rangers he won in three domestic cup finals. He then joined Dundee United where he scored in the 1987 UEFA Cup semi final win against Borussia Mönchengladbach. He then played for Ipswich Town, St Johnstone and Brechin City before wrapping up his career with two winners medals at Raith Rovers.

    4. Hiromi Taniguchi, Japanese long-distance runner births

      1. Japanese long-distance runner

        Hiromi Taniguchi

        Hiromi Taniguchi is a former Japanese long-distance runner, best known from winning the gold medal in the marathon at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics in Tokyo. The favourite to win the race, Olympic champion Gelindo Bordin, only finished eighth. The marathon was run under extremely adverse conditions of heat and humidity, which are reflected in the slow winning time of 2:14:57h. Taniguchi is the only male Japanese runner ever to have won a gold medal at World Championships.

    5. Adnan Terzić, Bosnian politician births

      1. Adnan Terzić

        Adnan Terzić is a Bosnian politician who served as the 6th Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 23 December 2002 until 11 January 2007.

  63. 1959

    1. Paul Chung, Hong Kong actor and host (d. 1989) births

      1. Hong Kong actor

        Paul Chung

        Paul Chung was a Hong Kong actor, MC and a DJ in the early 1980s. He committed suicide on 1 September 1989.

  64. 1958

    1. Kevin Dann, Australian rugby league player (d. 2021) births

      1. Australian rugby league footballer (1958–2021)

        Kevin Dann

        Kevin George Dann was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played his entire club football career with the Penrith Panthers, as a fullback.

    2. Henrik Dettmann, Finnish basketball coach births

      1. Finnish basketball coach

        Henrik Dettmann

        Henrik Dettmann is a Finnish professional basketball coach who last served as head coach of the French LNB Pro A team SIG Strasbourg and the Finnish national basketball team. He was the head coach of German national basketball team from 1997 to 2004, winning the bronze medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship.

    3. Ryoichi Kawakatsu, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer

        Ryoichi Kawakatsu

        Ryoichi Kawakatsu is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for Japan national team.

    4. Johan Kriek, South African-American tennis player births

      1. South African-American tennis player

        Johan Kriek

        Johan Christiaan Kriek is a South African-American retired tennis player and founder of the Global Water Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to delivering clean water to the world's neediest communities. He won two Australian Open titles and reached the semifinals at the French Open and US Open, as well as the quarterfinals of Wimbledon. Kriek won 14 professional singles and eight doubles titles, reaching a career-high singles ranking of world No. 7 in September 1984.

    5. Daniel Schneidermann, French journalist births

      1. French journalist (born 1958)

        Daniel Schneidermann

        Daniel Schneidermann is a French journalist who focuses on the analysis of televised media. He is mainly active in weekly columns—in the past in Le Monde and presently in Libération and on a video channel: Arrêt sur images (Freeze-frame), formerly broadcast by the public TV channel France 5, but currently financed by subscription. The television show was canceled in 2007 by France 5 direction, an incident that led to the creation of the Arret Sur Images web site.

    6. Lasantha Wickrematunge, Sri Lankan lawyer and journalist (d. 2009) births

      1. Sri Lankan journalist (1958–2009)

        Lasantha Wickrematunge

        Lasantha Manilal Wickrematunge was a high-profile Sri Lankan journalist, politician, broadcaster and human rights activist who was assassinated in January 2009.

    7. Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria, (b. 1884) deaths

      1. Infante of Spain

        Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria

        Prince Ferdinand Maria of Bavaria was a prince of the House of Wittlesbach and Infante of Spain, the eldest son and child of Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria and his wife, Infanta María de la Paz of Spain. Ferdinand became an Infante of Spain on 20 October 1905 and renounced his rights to the throne of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1914.

    8. Ásgrímur Jónsson, Icelandic painter (b. 1876) deaths

      1. Icelandic painter

        Ásgrímur Jónsson

        Ásgrímur Jónsson was an Icelandic painter, and one of the first in the country to make art a professional living.

    9. Isidora Sekulić, Serbian writer (b. 1877) deaths

      1. Isidora Sekulić

        Isidora Sekulić was a Serbian writer, novelist, essayist, polyglot and art critic. She was "the first woman academic in the history of Serbia".

  65. 1957

    1. Sebastian Adayanthrath, Indian bishop births

      1. Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop (born 1957)

        Sebastian Adayantharath

        Sebastian Adayantharath is a Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop. He is the current bishop of Mandya and also a former auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly.

    2. Karin Roßley, German hurdler births

      1. East German hurdler

        Karin Roßley

        Karin Roßley, is a retired East German hurdler, who represented the sports team SC Cottbus. She was born in Cottbus.

  66. 1956

    1. Diamond Dallas Page, American wrestler and actor births

      1. American professional wrestler and actor

        Diamond Dallas Page

        Dallas Page, better known by his ring name Diamond Dallas Page, is an American actor and retired professional wrestler. In the course of his wrestling career, which spanned two decades, Page has wrestled for mainstream wrestling promotions World Championship Wrestling (WCW), the World Wrestling Federation, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), and All Elite Wrestling (AEW).

    2. Leonid Fedun, Russian businessman births

      1. Russian billionaire businessman

        Leonid Fedun

        Leonid Arnoldovich Fedun is a Russian billionaire businessman. His estimated wealth as of June 2019 is $8.5 billion. Fedun, a former Russian military officer, is a close associate of Vagit Alekperov, the CEO of Russian oil company Lukoil. Fedun owns 9.2% of Lukoil shares and is the second-largest shareholder of Spartak Moscow, Russia's most successful football club. He was awarded the Order For Merit to the Fatherland, 4th Order and the Order of Honour.

    3. Reid Ribble, American politician births

      1. American politician

        Reid Ribble

        Reid James Ribble is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for Wisconsin's 8th congressional district from 2011 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party.

    4. William Titt, British gymnast (b. 1881) deaths

      1. Irish-born British gymnast

        William Titt

        William Titt was a British gymnast who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Cork. Originally named William Lebeau he took on the name of William Titt after his stepfather. When his stepfather died he reverted to the original Lebeau. As a member of the British team in 1908 he finished eighth in the team competition. He was part of the British team, which won the bronze medal in the gymnastics men's team, European system event in 1912.

  67. 1955

    1. Charlotte de Turckheim, French actress, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. French actress, screenwriter, comedian and film producer

        Charlotte de Turckheim

        Anne-Charlotte de Turckheim is a French actress, screenwriter, comedian and film producer. Born in Montereau-Fault-Yonne, Seine-et-Marne, France, the daughter of Françoise Husson and Arnaud de Turckheim, a member of a noble Protestant family from Alsace, Charlotte de Turckheim studied theater after completing her baccalauréat degree. She has appeared in numerous films.

    2. Ricardo Ferrero, Argentine footballer (d. 2015) births

      1. Argentine footballer

        Ricardo Ferrero

        Ricardo Ferrero was an Argentine professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Cruz Azul, Barcelona, and Racing de Santander. He later became a manager with Deportivo Toluca.

    3. Christian Gourcuff, French footballer and manager births

      1. French football player and manager (born 1955)

        Christian Gourcuff

        Christian Jean Gourcuff is a French professional football manager and former player who was most recently the manager of Ligue 1 club Nantes.

    4. Anthony Horowitz, English author and screenwriter births

      1. English novelist and screenwriter (born 1955)

        Anthony Horowitz

        Anthony John Horowitz, is an English novelist and screenwriter specialising in mystery and suspense.

    5. Bernard Longley, English prelate births

      1. Catholic archbishop

        Bernard Longley

        Bernard Longley is an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was named the Archbishop of Birmingham on 1 October 2009, and installed on 8 December 2009.

    6. Akira Toriyama, Japanese illustrator births

      1. Japanese manga artist and character designer

        Akira Toriyama

        Akira Toriyama is a Japanese manga artist and character designer. He first achieved mainstream recognition for his highly successful manga series Dr. Slump, before going on to create Dragon Ball and acting as a character designer for several popular video games such as the Dragon Quest series, Chrono Trigger, and Blue Dragon. Toriyama is regarded as one of the authors who changed the history of manga, as his works are highly influential and popular, particularly Dragon Ball, which many manga artists cite as a source of inspiration.

    7. Takayoshi Yamano, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer

        Takayoshi Yamano

        Takayoshi Yamano is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.

    8. Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1918) deaths

      1. Hungarian mathematician

        Tibor Szele

        Tibor Szele Hungarian mathematician, working in combinatorics and abstract algebra. After graduating at the Debrecen University, he became a researcher at the Szeged University in 1946, then he went back at the Debrecen University in 1948 where he became full professor in 1952. He worked especially in the theory of Abelian groups and ring theory. He generalized Hajós's theorem. He founded the Hungarian school of algebra. Tibor Szele received the Kossuth Prize in 1952.

  68. 1954

    1. Guy Bertrand, Canadian linguist and radio host births

      1. Guy Bertrand (broadcaster)

        Guy Bertrand is a Canadian linguist and broadcast personality.

    2. Peter Case, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Peter Case

        Peter Case is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. His career is wide-ranging, from rock n' roll and blues, to folk rock and solo acoustic performance.

    3. Mohamed Ben Mouza, Tunisian footballer births

      1. Tunisian football forward

        Mohamed Ben Moussa

        Mohamed Ali Ben Moussa is a Tunisian football forward who played for Tunisia in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Club Africain.

    4. Stan Ridgway, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. Musical artist

        Stan Ridgway

        Stanard "Stan" Ridgway is an American multi-instrumentalist, singer-songwriter, and film and television composer known for his distinctive voice, dramatic lyrical narratives, and eclectic solo albums. He was the original lead singer and a founding member of the band Wall of Voodoo.

    5. Yoshiichi Watanabe, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer

        Yoshiichi Watanabe

        Yoshiichi Watanabe is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.

    6. Princess Märtha of Sweden, (b. 1901) deaths

      1. Crown Princess of Norway (1901–1954)

        Princess Märtha of Sweden

        Princess Märtha of Sweden was Crown Princess of Norway as the spouse of the future King Olav V from 1929 until her death in 1954. The presently reigning King Harald V is her only son. Märtha was also a sister of Queen Astrid of Belgium, and a maternal aunt of Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg, King Baudouin of Belgium and King Albert II of Belgium.

    7. Claude Delvincourt, French pianist and composer (b. 1888) deaths

      1. French composer

        Claude Delvincourt

        Claude Étienne Edmond Marie Pierre Delvincourt was a French pianist and composer of classical music.

  69. 1953

    1. Frank Gaffney, American journalist and radio host births

      1. American writer and pundit

        Frank Gaffney

        Frank J. Gaffney Jr. is an American anti-Muslim conspiracy theorist and the founder and president of the Center for Security Policy. In the 1970s and 1980s, he worked for the federal government in multiple posts, including seven months as Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs during the Reagan administration.

    2. Keiko Han, Japanese actress births

      1. Japanese actress

        Keiko Han

        Keiko Han is a Japanese actress, voice actress and western astrologer. She sang the theme songs in productions such as Story of the Alps: My Annette and Kazoku Robinson Hyōryūki Fushigi na Shima no Furōne. Han is a fortune teller of western horoscopes. She wrote books on the subject. She is employed by talent agency Never Land Arts, and was previously affiliated with Aoni Production & 81 Produce.

    3. Tae Jin-ah, South Korean singer births

      1. South Korean singer

        Tae Jin-ah

        Jo Bang-heon, better known by his stage name, Tae Jin-ah (Korean: 태진아), is a South Korean trot singer and entertainer. He debuted in 1973 with the song, "My Heart Express Train," and rose to fame soon after with the song, "Memory of a Blue Hill." Since 2002, he has hosted a radio program on KBS Radio 2 called the Tae Jin Ah Show Show Show. He often appears on the KBS 1TV 'Golden Oldies(Korean: 가요무대)'.

    4. Raleb Majadele, Israeli politician births

      1. Raleb Majadele

        Raleb Majadele is an Israeli Arab politician. He served as a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party in three spells between 2004 and 2015, and became the country's first Muslim minister when appointed Minister without Portfolio on 28 January 2007. Between March 2007 - March 2009 he served as Minister of Science, Culture and Sport, the first Muslim minister in Israeli history.

    5. Ian Swales, English accountant and politician births

      1. British Liberal Democrat politician

        Ian Swales

        Ian Cameron Swales is a British Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Redcar in England. Swales took Redcar from Labour incumbent Vera Baird for the Liberal Democrats at the 2010 general election, with a 21.8% swing. Swales added over 10,000 votes to his 2005 general election total. This was the biggest swing against any Labour candidate in the election and was also biggest majority overcome by any Liberal Democrat, until the 2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election. He stood down at the 2015 general election.

  70. 1952

    1. Alfie Conn, Scottish international footballer births

      1. Scottish footballer

        Alfie Conn Jr.

        Alfred James Conn is a Scottish former professional footballer, who was the first post-World War II player to play for both Old Firm rivals Rangers and Celtic.

    2. John C. Dvorak, American author and editor births

      1. American journalist and radio broadcaster

        John C. Dvorak

        John C. Dvorak is an American columnist and broadcaster in the areas of technology and computing. His writing extends back to the 1980s, when he was a regular columnist in a variety of magazines. He was vice president of Mevio, and has been a host on TechTV and TWiT.tv. He is currently a co-host of the No Agenda podcast.

    3. Sandy Mayer, American tennis player births

      1. American tennis player

        Sandy Mayer

        Alexander "Sandy" Mayer is a former tennis player from the United States. He won twelve titles in singles and twenty-four titles in doubles in his professional career, and was part of the winning tennis squad at Stanford University in 1973.

    4. Dennis Mortimer, English footballer births

      1. Dennis Mortimer

        Dennis George Mortimer is an English former footballer and captain of Aston Villa. He made nearly 600 appearances in the Football League playing for Coventry City, Aston Villa, Sheffield United, Brighton & Hove Albion and Birmingham City.

    5. Mitch Pileggi, American actor births

      1. Italian–American actor

        Mitch Pileggi

        Mitch Pileggi is an American actor. He played Horace Pinker in Shocker, Walter Skinner on The X-Files, Colonel Steven Caldwell on Stargate Atlantis, Ernest Darby in Sons of Anarchy, and Harris Ryland in the TNT revival of Dallas (2012–2014).

    6. Agnes Morton, British tennis player (b. deaths

      1. English tennis player

        Agnes Morton

        Agnes Morton was a British female tennis player. She twice reached the Ladies Singles finals at the 1908 and 1909 Wimbledon Championships and claimed victory in 1914 in Ladies Doubles with partner Elizabeth Ryan. She placed fourth at the 1908 Summer Olympics in Ladies Lawn Tennis. In 1903, she was described by A. Wallis Myers as a 'careful, steady and improving player'.

  71. 1951

    1. Les Binks, Irish drummer and songwriter births

      1. Northern Irish drummer

        Les Binks

        James Leslie Binks, is a Northern Irish heavy metal drummer. He was the drummer for Judas Priest from 1977 to 1979.

    2. Yevgeniy Gavrilenko, Belarusian hurdler births

      1. Soviet hurdler

        Yevgeniy Gavrilenko

        Yevgeniy Mikhailovich Gavrilenko is a former Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metre hurdles. He trained at Dynamo in Gomel.

    3. Nedim Gürsel, Turkish writer births

      1. Turkish writer

        Nedim Gürsel

        Nedim Gürsel is a Turkish writer. In the late 1960s, he published novellas and essays in Turkish magazines. After graduating from Galatasaray High School in 1970, he studied at the Sorbonne. In 1974, he graduated from the Sorbonne's Department of Modern French Literature. In 1979, he received his doctorate in comparative literature after completing his dissertation on Louis Aragon and Nazim Hikmet. He returned to Turkey but the unrest there in 1980 persuaded him to go back to France.

    4. Dean Kamen, American inventor and businessman, founded Segway Inc. births

      1. American businessman

        Dean Kamen

        Dean Lawrence Kamen is an American engineer, inventor, and businessman. He is known for his invention of the Segway and iBOT, as well as founding the non-profit organization FIRST with Woodie Flowers. Kamen holds over 1,000 patents.

      2. Chinese-acquired American maker of self-balancing personal transporters

        Segway Inc.

        Segway Inc. is a Chinese owned, formerly American manufacturer of two-wheeled personal transporters, chiefly through its Segway PT and Segway miniPro product lines. Founded by inventor Dean Kamen in 1999, the company's name is a homophone of the word "segue".

    5. Dave McArtney, New Zealand singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2013) births

      1. Musical artist

        Dave McArtney

        David Ewan McArtney was a New Zealand musician and songwriter. He is best known for his work with the band Hello Sailor and his band Dave McArtney & The Pink Flamingos.

    6. Ubol Ratana, Thai Princess births

      1. Thai princess

        Ubol Ratana

        Princess Ubol Ratana is a member of the Thai royal family. She is the eldest child of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit and elder sister of King Vajiralongkorn.

  72. 1950

    1. Ann C. Crispin, American writer (d. 2013) births

      1. American science fiction writer

        Ann C. Crispin

        Ann Carol Crispin was an American science fiction writer, the author of twenty-three published novels. She wrote several Star Trek and Star Wars novelizations, and created an original science fiction series called StarBridge.

    2. Franklin Chang Díaz, Costa Rican-Chinese American astronaut and physicist births

      1. NASA astronaut and entrepreneur

        Franklin Chang-Díaz

        Franklin Ramón Chang-Díaz is a Costa Rican-born American mechanical engineer, physicist and former NASA astronaut. He is the sole founder and CEO of Ad Astra Rocket Company as well as a member of Cummins' board of directors. He became an American citizen in 1977.

    3. Agnetha Fältskog, Swedish singer-songwriter and producer births

      1. Swedish recording artist and entertainer (born 1950)

        Agnetha Fältskog

        Agneta Åse Fältskog, known as Agnetha Fältskog, is a Swedish singer, songwriter, and musician. She first achieved success in Sweden with the release of her 1968 self-titled debut album. She later achieved international stardom in the 1970s as a member of the pop group ABBA. The group has sold over 380 million albums and singles worldwide, making it one of the best-selling music acts in history. She is the youngest member of ABBA, and the only one born in the 1950s.

    4. Toshiko Fujita, Japanese actress, singer and narrator (d. 2018) births

      1. Japanese actress

        Toshiko Fujita

        Toshiko Fujita was a Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and narrator. She was affiliated with Aoni Production at the time of her death.

    5. Miki Manojlović, Serbian actor births

      1. Serbian actor

        Miki Manojlović

        Predrag "Miki" Manojlović is a Serbian actor, famous for his starring roles in some of the most important films of former Yugoslav cinema. Since the early 1990s, he successfully branched out into movies made outside the Balkans and became active in productions all over Europe.

    6. Hiroshi Yoshida, Japanese painter (b. 1876) deaths

      1. Hiroshi Yoshida

        Hiroshi Yoshida was a 20th-century Japanese painter and woodblock printmaker. He is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the shin-hanga style, and is noted especially for his excellent landscape prints. Yoshida travelled widely, and was particularly known for his images of non-Japanese subjects done in traditional Japanese woodblock style, including the Taj Mahal, the Swiss Alps, the Grand Canyon, and other National Parks in the United States.

  73. 1949

    1. Stanley Dziedzic, American wrestler births

      1. American wrestler

        Stanley Dziedzic

        Stanley Joseph Dziedzic, Jr. is a retired American welterweight freestyle wrestler.

    2. Larry Franco, American film producer births

      1. American film producer

        Larry Franco

        Larry Joseph Franco is an American film producer. He has also served as an actor, second unit director and assistant director. He is the father of former Atlanta Braves baseball player Matt Franco and Phronsie Franco. He is the ex-brother-in-law of actor Kurt Russell and the ex-son-in-law of actor Bing Russell. Franco attended UCLA film school.

    3. Judith Resnik, American engineer and astronaut (d. 1986) births

      1. American engineer and astronaut (1949–1986)

        Judith Resnik

        Judith Arlene Resnik was an American electrical engineer, software engineer, biomedical engineer, pilot and NASA astronaut who died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. She was the fourth woman, the second American woman and the first Jewish woman of any nationality to fly in space, logging 145 hours in orbit.

    4. Erich Zeigner, Prime Minister of Saxony (b. 1886) deaths

      1. Prime Minister of Saxony (1886–1949)

        Erich Zeigner

        Erich Zeigner was a German politician. He was Prime Minister of the German state of Saxony during the attempted communist uprising of 1923.

      2. Top minister of cabinet and government

        Prime minister

        A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not the head of state, but rather the head of government, serving under either a monarch in a democratic constitutional monarchy or under a president in a republican form of government.

      3. State in Germany

        Saxony

        Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic. Its capital is Dresden, and its largest city is Leipzig. Saxony is the tenth largest of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the sixth most populous, with more than 4 million inhabitants.

  74. 1948

    1. Pierre-Albert Chapuisat, Swiss footballer births

      1. Swiss football player/manager

        Pierre-Albert Chapuisat

        Pierre-Albert 'Gabet' Chapuisat is a Swiss retired football defender and manager.

    2. Dave Holland, English drummer (d. 2018) births

      1. British drummer (1948–2018)

        Dave Holland (drummer)

        David Holland was an English heavy metal drummer born in Northampton, England. Holland is best remembered for his time with the bands Trapeze from 1969 to 1979 and Judas Priest from 1979 to 1989.

    3. Roy McFarland, English footballer and manager births

      1. Roy McFarland

        Roy Leslie McFarland is an English former football manager and former player. With Derby County, he played 442 league games, helping him to earn 28 caps for England.

    4. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, American socialite and philanthropist (b. 1874) deaths

      1. American socialite and philanthropist (1874–1948)

        Abby Aldrich Rockefeller

        Abigail Greene Aldrich Rockefeller was an American socialite and philanthropist. She was a prominent member of the Rockefeller family through her marriage to financier and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr., the son of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. Her father was Nelson W. Aldrich who served as the Senator of Rhode Island. Rockefeller was known for being the driving force behind the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art.

  75. 1947

    1. Đurđica Bjedov, Yugoslav swimmer births

      1. Croatian swimmer

        Đurđica Bjedov

        Đurđa "Đurđica" Bjedov is a retired Croatian swimmer and the only Yugoslav Olympic champion in swimming.

    2. Willy Chirino, Cuban-American musician births

      1. Cuban-American musician

        Willy Chirino

        Willy Chirino is a Cuban-American musician.

    3. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Filipino academic and politician, 14th President of the Philippines births

      1. President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010

        Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

        Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal Arroyo, often referred to by her initials GMA, is a Filipino academic and politician serving as one of the House Deputy Speakers since 2022, and previously from 2016 to 2017. She previously served as the 14th president of the Philippines from 2001 until 2010. She is the longest serving president of the Philippines since Ferdinand Marcos. Before her accession to the presidency, she served as the 10th vice president of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001 under President Joseph Estrada, making her the country's first female vice president, despite having run on an opposing ticket. She was also a senator from 1992 to 1998. After her presidency, she was elected as the representative of Pampanga's 2nd district in 2010 and later became the speaker of the House of Representatives from 2018 until her retirement in 2019. She later came out of retirement to be elected as representative of the same district in 2022. She is one of the only 2 Filipinos to hold at least three of the four highest offices in the country: vice president, president, and house speaker, alongside former President Sergio Osmeña.

      2. Head of state and head of government of the Philippines

        President of the Philippines

        The president of the Philippines is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

    4. Ramón Mifflin, Peruvian footballer births

      1. Peruvian footballer

        Ramón Mifflin

        Ramón Antonio Mifflin Páez is a former Peruvian football player.

    5. Virendra Sharma, Indian-English lawyer and politician births

      1. British-Indian politician (born 1947)

        Virendra Sharma

        Virendra Kumar Sharma is a British-Indian Labour Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ealing Southall since winning the seat at a by-election in 2007.

    6. Bernhard Pankok, German painter, artist and architect (b. 1872) deaths

      1. German painter

        Bernhard Pankok

        Bernhard Wilhelm Maria Pankok was a German painter, graphic artist, architect, and designer. His works are characterized by the transition between Art Nouveau and the International Style. His furniture and book design, such as the catalog for the German section of the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris, have garnered him the most recognition.

    7. Elis Strömgren, Swedish-Danish astronomer (b. 1870) deaths

      1. Swedish–Danish astronomer

        Elis Strömgren

        Svante Elis Strömgren was a Swedish–Danish astronomer.

  76. 1946

    1. Jane Asher, English actress births

      1. English actress and author

        Jane Asher

        Jane Asher is an English actress and author. She achieved early fame as a child actress and has worked extensively in film and TV throughout her career.

    2. Julio Ángel Fernández, Uruguayan astronomer births

      1. Uruguayan astronomer and teacher

        Julio Ángel Fernández

        Julio Ángel Fernández Alves is a Uruguayan astronomer and teacher, member of the department of astronomy at the Universidad de la República in Montevideo. He is also a member of PEDECIBA,, and the Uruguayan Society of Astronomy. From 2005 to 2010, he was the Dean of the Universidad de la Republica's Faculty of Sciences. The asteroid 5996 Julioangel, discovered in 1983, was named after him.

    3. Björn Granath, Swedish actor (d. 2017) births

      1. Swedish actor (1946–2017)

        Björn Granath

        Björn Gösta Tryggve Granath was a Swedish actor who appeared in over 100 films and television shows.

    4. Georgi Markov, Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler births

      1. Bulgarian wrestler

        Georgi Markov (wrestler)

        Georgi Markov is a retired Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler.

    5. Vincent Youmans, American composer and producer (b. 1898) deaths

      1. American composer

        Vincent Youmans

        Vincent Millie Youmans was an American Broadway composer and producer.

  77. 1945

    1. Ove Bengtson, Swedish tennis player births

      1. Swedish tennis player

        Ove Bengtson

        Ove Nils Bengtson is a former professional tennis player from Sweden. He enjoyed most of his tennis success while playing doubles. During his career, he won five doubles titles. Bengtson was a member of the Swedish Davis Cup team from 1967 to 1979, posting a 7–14 record in singles and a 15–14 record in doubles. He was part of the Swedish team winning the 1975 Davis Cup, defeating Czechoslovakia in the final in Stockholm.

    2. Steve Carver, American director and producer (d. 2021) births

      1. American film director (1945–2021)

        Steve Carver

        Steve Carver was an American film director, producer, and photographer.

    3. Cem Karaca, Turkish musician (d. 2004) births

      1. Turkish rock singer, recording artist, songwriter (1945–2004)

        Cem Karaca

        Muhtar Cem Karaca was a prominent Turkish rock musician and one of the most important figures in the Anatolian rock movement. He was a graduate of Robert College. He worked with various Turkish rock bands such as Apaşlar, Kardaşlar, Moğollar and Dervişan. With these bands, he brought a new understanding and interpretation to Turkish rock.

    4. Tommy Smith, English footballer (d. 2019) births

      1. English footballer (1945–2019)

        Tommy Smith (footballer, born 1945)

        Thomas Smith was an English footballer, who played as a defender at Liverpool for 16 years from 1962 to 1978. Known for his uncompromising defensive style, manager Bill Shankly once said of him: "Tommy Smith wasn't born, he was quarried". A central defender for most of his career, Smith's most memorable moment for the club probably came when he scored Liverpool's second goal in the 1977 European Cup Final against Borussia Mönchengladbach. Smith played once for England in 1971, and also played at club level for Tampa Bay Rowdies, Los Angeles Aztecs and Swansea City.

    5. Heinrich Borgmann, German officer (b. 1912) deaths

      1. Recipient of the Knight's Cross

        Heinrich Borgmann

        Heinrich Borgmann was a German officer during World War II. He was seriously injured by the 20 July plot bomb planted by Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg at the Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg, East Prussia.

    6. Karl-Otto Koch, German SS officer (b. 1897) deaths

      1. German SS officer (1897–1945)

        Karl-Otto Koch

        Karl-Otto Koch was a mid-ranking commander in the Schutzstaffel (SS) of Nazi Germany who was the first commandant of the Nazi concentration camps at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen. From September 1941 until August 1942, he served as the first commandant of the Majdanek concentration camp in occupied Poland, stealing vast amounts of valuables and money from murdered Jews. His wife, Ilse Koch, also took part in the crimes at Buchenwald and Majdanek.

      2. Nazi paramilitary organization

        Schutzstaffel

        The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

  78. 1944

    1. Willeke van Ammelrooy, Dutch actress and director births

      1. Dutch actress

        Willeke van Ammelrooy

        Willy Geertje van Ammelrooij, known as Willeke van Ammelrooy, is a Dutch actress and director.

    2. János Martonyi, Hungarian politician births

      1. Hungarian politician

        János Martonyi

        János Martonyi is a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 2002 and from 2010 to 2014. He is a member of the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union party. He was part of the Amato Group that unofficially drafted a new treaty for the European Union after the European Constitution was rejected by the French and Dutch voters.

    3. Evan Parker, British musician births

      1. British saxophone player

        Evan Parker

        Evan Shaw Parker is a British tenor and soprano saxophone player who plays free improvisation.

    4. Douangchay Phichit, Laotian politician (d. 2014) births

      1. Laotian politician

        Douangchay Phichit

        Lieutenant general Douangchay Phichit was a Laotian politician from Attapeu and a Politburo member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. He served as the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense.

    5. Willy Planckaert, Belgian cyclist births

      1. Belgian cyclist

        Willy Planckaert

        Willy Planckaert is a Belgian former road bicycle racer. His brothers, Eddy and Walter Planckaert, as well as his son Jo Planckaert, are also former professional road bicycle racers.

    6. Pedro Rosselló, Puerto Rican physician and politician, 7th Governor of Puerto Rico births

      1. Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

        Pedro Rosselló

        Pedro Juan Rosselló González, is a Puerto Rican physician and politician who served as the governor of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 2001. He was President of the New Progressive Party from 1991 to 1999 and 2003 to 2008, and served as Senator for the District of Arecibo from 2005 to 2008. His son, Ricardo was also Governor of Puerto Rico from 2017 to 2019.

      2. Head of government of the U.S. commonwealth of Puerto Rico

        Governor of Puerto Rico

        The governor of Puerto Rico is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and commander-in-chief of the Puerto Rico National Guard.

    7. Peter T. King, American soldier, lawyer, and politician births

      1. Former U.S. Representative from New York

        Peter King (American politician)

        Peter Thomas King is a former American politician who represented New York in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1993 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he represented a South Shore Long Island district that includes parts of Nassau County and Suffolk County and was numbered as the 3rd and later the 2nd district.

  79. 1943

    1. Dean Brown, Australian politician, 41st Premier of South Australia births

      1. Australian politician

        Dean Brown

        Dean Craig Brown, AO is a politician who served as the Premier of South Australia between 14 December 1993 and 28 November 1996, and also served as 10th Deputy Premier of South Australia between 22 October 2001 and 5 March 2002, representing the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia. He became premier when he led the party to a landslide win at the 1993 state election, and lost the office when he lost a leadership challenge to John Olsen in November 1996.

      2. Premier of South Australia

        The premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of South Australia, and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the House of Assembly.

    2. Max Gail, American actor and director births

      1. American actor

        Max Gail

        Maxwell Trowbridge Gail Jr. is an American actor who has starred on stage, and in television and film roles. He is best known for his role as Detective Stan "Wojo" Wojciehowicz on the sitcom Barney Miller (1975–1982), which earned him two consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series nominations. Gail also won the 2019 and 2021 Daytime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Mike Corbin on the soap opera General Hospital.

    3. Fighting Harada, Japanese boxer births

      1. Japanese boxer

        Fighting Harada

        Masahiko Harada, better known as Fighting Harada, is a Japanese former professional boxer. He is a world champion in two weight classes, having held the NYSAC, WBA, and The Ring undisputed flyweight titles from 1962 to 1963 and the WBA, WBC, and The Ring undisputed bantamweight titles from 1965 and 1968. He is currently the president of the Japanese boxing association.

    4. Miet Smet, Belgian politician births

      1. Belgian politician

        Miet Smet

        Miet Smet is a Belgian politician for the Christian Democratic and Flemish party (CD&V).

    5. Jean-Louis Tauran, French cardinal (d. 2018) births

      1. Jean-Louis Tauran

        Jean-Louis Pierre Tauran was a French cardinal of the Catholic Church. When he died, he had been the president of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue since 2007 and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church since the end of 2014. He was made a cardinal in 2003 and was the Cardinal Protodeacon from 2011 to 2014. His earlier career included almost thirty years in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and several years as the Vatican's chief archivist and librarian.

  80. 1942

    1. Allan Clarke, English singer-songwriter births

      1. Musical artist

        Allan Clarke (singer)

        Harold Allan Clarke is an English rock singer, who was one of the founding members and the original lead singer of the Hollies. He achieved international hit singles with the group and is credited as co-writer on several of their best-known songs, including "On a Carousel", "Carrie Anne", "Jennifer Eccles" and "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress". He retired from performing in 1999, but returned to the music industry in 2019. Clarke was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

    2. Pascal Couchepin, Swiss politician births

      1. 86th President of the Swiss Confederation

        Pascal Couchepin

        Pascal Couchepin is a Swiss politician who served as a Member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1998 to 2009. A member of the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD), he was President of the Swiss Confederation twice, in 2003 and 2008. Couchepin headed the Federal Department of Economic Affairs from 1998 to 2002 and Federal Department of Home Affairs from 2003 until 2009.

    3. Juan Gisbert Sr., Spanish tennis player births

      1. Spanish tennis player

        Juan Gisbert Sr.

        Juan Gisbert Sr. is a retired amateur and professional tennis player from the 1960s and 1970s.

    4. Peter Greenaway, Welsh director and screenwriter births

      1. Welsh film director

        Peter Greenaway

        Peter Greenaway, is a Welsh film director, screenwriter and artist. His films are noted for the distinct influence of Renaissance and Baroque painting, and Flemish painting in particular. Common traits in his films are the scenic composition and illumination and the contrasts of costume and nudity, nature and architecture, furniture and people, sexual pleasure and painful death.

  81. 1941

    1. Michael Moriarty, American-Canadian actor births

      1. American-Canadian actor and musician

        Michael Moriarty

        Michael Moriarty is an American-Canadian actor and jazz musician. He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust as well as a Tony Award in 1974 for his performance in the play Find Your Way Home. He played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons (1990–1994) of the television show Law & Order. Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly, Who'll Stop the Rain, Q: The Winged Serpent, The Stuff, Pale Rider, Troll, Courage Under Fire, and Shiloh.

    2. Dave Swarbrick, English singer-songwriter and fiddler (d. 2016) births

      1. English folk-rock musician (1941–2016)

        Dave Swarbrick

        David Cyril Eric Swarbrick was an English folk musician and singer-songwriter. His style has been copied or developed by almost every British and many world folk violin players who have followed him. He was one of the most highly regarded musicians produced by the second British folk revival, contributing to some of the most important groups and projects of the 1960s, and he became a much sought-after session musician, which led him throughout his career to work with many of the major figures in folk and folk rock music.

    3. Parvin E'tesami, Persian poet (b. 1907) deaths

      1. Parvin E'tesami

        Parvin E'tesami also known as Rakhshandeh Etesami, and Parvin Etesami, was an Iranian 20th-century Persian poet.

    4. Nigel Gresley, Scottish-English engineer (b. 1876) deaths

      1. British engineer

        Nigel Gresley

        Sir Herbert Nigel Gresley was a British railway engineer. He was one of Britain's most famous steam locomotive engineers, who rose to become Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). He was the designer of some of the most famous steam locomotives in Britain, including the LNER Class A1 and LNER Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific engines. An A1 Pacific, Flying Scotsman, was the first steam locomotive officially recorded over 100 mph in passenger service, and an A4, number 4468 Mallard, still holds the record for being the fastest steam locomotive in the world (126 mph).

    5. Franciszek Kleeberg, Polish general (b. 1888) deaths

      1. Polish general

        Franciszek Kleeberg

        Franciszek Kleeberg was a Polish general. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army before joining the Polish Legions in World War I and later the Polish Army. During the German Invasion of Poland he commanded Independent Operational Group Polesie. He never lost a battle in the Invasion of Poland, although he was eventually forced to surrender after his forces ran out of ammunition. Imprisoned in Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, he died in hospital in Dresden on 5 April 1941 and was buried there.

  82. 1940

    1. Tommy Cash, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American musician

        Tommy Cash

        Tommy Cash is an American musician, singer, and songwriter. His elder brother was Johnny Cash.

    2. Gilles Proulx, Canadian journalist, historian, and radio host births

      1. Gilles Proulx

        Gilles Proulx is a Canadian radio and television host in the province of Quebec. His radio career began in 1962, notably working for CHMP-FM and currently for Quebecor and Radio Ville-Marie. A strong Quebec nationalist, known for his conservative views and criticism of the anglophone community, he’s published 153 opinion columns in the Le Journal de Montréal as of 2020.

    3. Charles Freer Andrews, English-Indian priest, missionary, and educator (b. 1871) deaths

      1. Christian missionary in India, close friend of Mahatma Gandhi

        Charles Freer Andrews

        Charles Freer Andrews was an Anglican priest and Christian missionary, educator and social reformer, and an activist for Indian independence. He became a close friend of Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi and identified with the Indian liberation struggle. He was instrumental in convincing Gandhi to return to India from South Africa, where Gandhi had been a leading light in the Indian civil rights struggle.

    4. Robert Maillart, Swiss civil engineer (b. 1872) deaths

      1. Swiss civil engineer and bridge designer

        Robert Maillart

        Robert Maillart was a Swiss civil engineer who revolutionized the use of structural reinforced concrete with such designs as the three-hinged arch and the deck-stiffened arch for bridges, and the beamless floor slab and mushroom ceiling for industrial buildings. His Salginatobel (1929–1930) and Schwandbach (1933) bridges changed the aesthetics and engineering of bridge construction dramatically and influenced decades of architects and engineers after him. In 1991 the Salginatobel Bridge was declared an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

    5. Jay O'Brien, American bobsledder (b. 1883) deaths

      1. American bobsledder (1883–1940)

        Jay O'Brien (bobsleigh)

        Jay James O'Brien was an American bobsledder who competed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He won two medals at the Winter Olympics with a gold in the four-man event at Lake Placid, New York in 1932 and a silver in the five-man event at St. Moritz in 1928. At 48 years old, he was the oldest Olympic champion.

    6. Song Zheyuan, Chinese general (b. 1885) deaths

      1. 20th-century Chinese army officer

        Song Zheyuan

        Sòng Zhéyuán (宋哲元) was a Chinese general during the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).

  83. 1939

    1. Leka I, Crown Prince of Albania (d. 2011) births

      1. Crown Prince of Albania from 1961-2011

        Leka, Crown Prince of Albania

        Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, was the only son of King Zog I and Queen Geraldine of Albania. He was called Crown Prince Skander at birth. Leka was the pretender to the Albanian throne and was referred to as King Leka I.

    2. Crispian St. Peters, English singer-songwriter (d. 2010) births

      1. Musical artist

        Crispian St. Peters

        Crispian St. Peters was an English pop singer-songwriter, best known for his work in the 1960s, particularly hit songs written by duo The Changin' Times, including "The Pied Piper", and Ian & Sylvia's "You Were on My Mind". His popularity waned after he claimed he was a better performer than other well known singers and declared that he was a better songwriter than the Beatles.

    3. Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Prime Minister of Yemen births

      1. Prime Minister of Yemen

        Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas

        Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas was appointed Prime Minister of Yemen by President Ali Abdullah Saleh when the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yemen Arab Republic united in 1990 to form present-day Yemen. Al-Attas served until 1994. He is a member of the Yemeni Socialist Party.

      2. Prime Minister of Yemen

        The prime minister of the Republic of Yemen is the head of government of Yemen.

    4. Ronald White, American singer-songwriter (d. 1995) births

      1. American singer (1939–1995)

        Ronnie White

        Ronald Anthony White, usually referred to as Ronnie White, was an American singer, best known as the co-founder of The Miracles and its only consistent original member. White was also known for bringing Stevie Wonder to the attention of Motown Records, and writing several hit singles for the Miracles as well as other artists including The Temptations, Marvin Gaye, and Mary Wells. White died of leukemia in 1995, at 56 years old. In 2012, White was a posthumous inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with The Miracles.

    5. David Winters, English-American actor, choreographer and producer (d. 2019) births

      1. American choreographer

        David Winters (choreographer)

        David Winters was an English-born American actor, dancer, choreographer, producer, distributor, director and screenwriter. At a young age, he acted in film and television projects such as Lux Video Theatre; Naked City; Mister Peepers; Rock, Rock, Rock; and Roogie's Bump. He received some attention in Broadway musicals for his roles in West Side Story (1957) and Gypsy (1959). In the film adaptation of West Side Story (1961) he was one of the few to be re-cast. It became the highest grossing motion picture of that year, and won 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

  84. 1938

    1. Colin Bland, Zimbabwean-South African cricketer (d. 2018) births

      1. South African cricketer

        Colin Bland

        Kenneth Colin Bland was a Rhodesian cricketer who played in 21 Test matches for South Africa in the 1960s. He is regarded as one of the greatest fielders in the history of Test cricket.

    2. Mal Colston, Australian educator and politician (d. 2003) births

      1. Australian politician

        Mal Colston

        Malcolm Arthur Colston was an Australian politician who served as a Senator for Queensland from 1975 to 1999. He was a member of the Labor Party until 1996, when he resigned to sit as an independent following a dispute over his candidacy for Deputy President of the Senate. Colston was a schoolteacher before entering politics, and held a doctorate in educational psychology from the University of Queensland.

    3. Nancy Holt, American sculptor and painter (d. 2014) births

      1. American artist

        Nancy Holt

        Nancy Holt was an American artist most known for her public sculpture, installation art, concrete poetry, and land art. Throughout her career, Holt also produced works in other media, including film and photography, and wrote books and articles about art.

    4. Natalya Kustinskaya, Soviet actress (d. 2012) births

      1. Soviet actress (1938–2012)

        Natalya Kustinskaya

        Natalya Nikolayevna Kustinskaya was a Soviet actress, who was a Meritorious Artist of Russia from 1999.

    5. Giorgos Sideris, Greek footballer births

      1. Greek footballer

        Giorgos Sideris

        Giorgos Sideris is a Greek former footballer, who played as striker.

    6. Helena Westermarck, Finnish artist and writer (b. 1857) deaths

      1. Finnish artist and writer (1857–1938)

        Helena Westermarck

        Helena Charlotta Westermarck was a Finnish artist and writer. She is known for her pioneering biographies of women.

    7. Verner Lehtimäki, Finnish revolutionary (b. 1890) deaths

      1. Verner Lehtimäki

        Verner Lehtimäki, was a Finnish socialist, soldier, pilot, aerospace engineer and revolutionary.

  85. 1937

    1. Joseph Lelyveld, American journalist and author births

      1. American journalist

        Joseph Lelyveld

        Joseph Salem Lelyveld is an American journalist. He was executive editor of The New York Times from 1994 to 2001, and interim executive editor in 2003 after the resignation of Howell Raines. He is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author, and a frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books.

    2. Colin Powell, American general and politician, 65th United States Secretary of State (d. 2021) births

      1. American army general and statesman (1937–2021)

        Colin Powell

        Colin Luther Powell was an American politician, statesman, diplomat, and United States Army officer who served as the 65th United States Secretary of State from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African-American Secretary of State. He served as the 15th United States national security advisor from 1987 to 1989 and as the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1989 to 1993.

      2. Head of the United States Department of State

        United States Secretary of State

        The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.

    3. Andrzej Schinzel, Polish mathematician (d. 2021) births

      1. Polish mathematician (1937–2021)

        Andrzej Schinzel

        Andrzej Bobola Maria Schinzel was a Polish mathematician studying mainly number theory.

    4. Arie Selinger, Israeli volleyball player and manager births

      1. Arie Selinger

        Aryeh "Lonk" Selinger is an Israeli volleyball manager and former player. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest volleyball coaches of all time.

    5. Juan Vicente Lezcano, Paraguayan footballer (d. 2012) births

      1. Paraguayan footballer

        Juan Lezcano

        Juan Vicente Lezcano López ; was a Paraguayan football defender.

    6. Gustav Adolf Deissmann, (b. 1866) deaths

      1. German theologian (1866-1937)

        Gustav Adolf Deissmann

        Gustav Adolf Deissmann was a German Protestant theologian, best known for his leading work on the Greek language used in the New Testament, which he showed was the koine, or commonly used tongue of the Hellenistic world of that time.

    7. José Benlliure y Gil, Spanish painter (b. 1858) deaths

      1. Spanish painter

        José Benlliure y Gil

        José Benlliure y Gil was a Spanish painter.

  86. 1936

    1. Ronnie Bucknum, American race car driver (d. 1992) births

      1. American racecar driver

        Ronnie Bucknum

        Ronnie Bucknum was an American race car driver, born in Alhambra, California.

    2. Glenn Jordan, American director and producer births

      1. American film director

        Glenn Jordan

        Glenn Jordan is a retired American television director and producer.

    3. Dragoljub Minić, Yugoslavian chess Grandmaster (d. 2005) births

      1. Dragoljub Minić

        Dragoljub Minić was a Yugoslav Grandmaster of chess. He won the championship of Yugoslavia in 1962.

    4. Chandler Egan, American golfer and architect (b. 1884) deaths

      1. American golfer

        Chandler Egan

        Henry Chandler Egan was an American amateur golfer and golf course architect of the early 20th century.

  87. 1935

    1. Giovanni Cianfriglia, Italian actor births

      1. Italian actor

        Giovanni Cianfriglia

        Giovanni Cianfriglia is an Italian film actor. He has appeared in more than 100 films since 1958.

    2. Peter Grant, English talent manager (d. 1995) births

      1. English music manager

        Peter Grant (music manager)

        Peter Grant was an English music manager, best known as the manager of Led Zeppelin from their creation in 1968 to their breakup in 1980. With his intimidating size and weight, confrontational manner, and knowledge and experience, he procured strong, and unprecedented, deals for his band, and is widely credited with improving pay and conditions for all musicians in dealings with concert promoters. Grant has been described as "one of the shrewdest and most ruthless managers in rock history".

    3. Donald Lynden-Bell, English astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 2018) births

      1. British theoretical astrophysicist

        Donald Lynden-Bell

        Donald Lynden-Bell CBE FRS was a British theoretical astrophysicist. He was the first to determine that galaxies contain supermassive black holes at their centres, and that such black holes power quasars. Lynden-Bell was President of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985–1987) and received numerous awards for his work, including the inaugural Kavli Prize for Astrophysics. He worked at the University of Cambridge for his entire career, where he was the first director of its Institute of Astronomy.

    4. Frank Schepke, German rower (d. 2017) births

      1. German rower

        Frank Schepke

        Frank Schepke was a German rower who competed for the United Team of Germany in the 1960 Summer Olympics.

    5. Achille Locatelli, Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1856) deaths

      1. Achille Locatelli

        Achille Locatelli was a Roman Catholic cardinal. He worked in papal diplomacy, and among other positions, he was nuntius in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

    6. Emil Młynarski, Polish conductor, violinist, composer, and pedagogue (b. 1870) deaths

      1. Polish conductor, violinist, composer, and pedagogue

        Emil Młynarski

        Emil Szymon Młynarski was a Polish conductor, violinist, composer, and pedagogue.

    7. Franz von Vecsey, Hungarian violinist and composer (b. 1893) deaths

      1. Musical artist

        Franz von Vecsey

        Franz von Vecsey was a Hungarian violinist and composer, who became a well-known virtuoso in Europe through the early 20th century.

  88. 1934

    1. John Carey, English author and critic births

      1. Literary critic

        John Carey (critic)

        John Carey, is a British literary critic, and post-retirement (2002) emeritus Merton Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford. He is known for his anti-elitist views on high culture, as expounded in several books. He has twice chaired the Booker Prize committee, in 1982 and 2004, and chaired the judging panel for the first Man Booker International Prize in 2005.

    2. Roman Herzog, German lawyer and politician, 7th President of Germany (d. 2017) births

      1. President of Germany from 1994 to 1999

        Roman Herzog

        Roman Herzog was a German politician, judge and legal scholar, who served as the president of Germany from 1994 to 1999. A member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he was the first president to be elected after the reunification of Germany. He previously served as a judge of the Federal Constitutional Court, and he was the President of the court 1987–1994. Before his appointment as a judge he was a professor of law. He received the 1997 Charlemagne Prize.

      2. Head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany

        President of Germany

        The president of Germany, officially the Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of state of Germany.

    3. Moise Safra, Brazilian businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Banco Safra (d. 2014) births

      1. Lebanese-Brazilian businessman (1934–2014)

        Moise Safra

        Moise Jacob Safra was a Brazilian businessman and philanthropist. He co-founded Banco Safra with his brothers Edmond Safra and Joseph Safra.

      2. Brazilian financial services company

        Banco Safra

        Banco Safra is a Brazilian financial services company headquartered in São Paulo, Brazil. It is the seventh largest banking institution in Brazil, and the nineteenth largest in Latin America. It provides services in investment banking, private banking, asset management, and retail banking through its neobank AgZero. The bank is part of the financial holding company Safra Group.

    4. Stanley Turrentine, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2000) births

      1. American jazz saxophonist (1934–2000)

        Stanley Turrentine

        Stanley William Turrentine was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. He began his career playing R&B for Earl Bostic and later soul jazz recording for the Blue Note label from 1960, touched on jazz fusion during a stint on CTI in the 1970s. He was described by critic Steve Huey as "renowned for his distinctively thick, rippling tone [and] earthy grounding in the blues." In the 1960s Turrentine was married to organist Shirley Scott, with whom he frequently recorded, and he was the younger brother of trumpeter Tommy Turrentine.

    5. Salvatore Di Giacomo, Italian poet, playwright, songwriter and fascist intellectual (b. 1860) deaths

      1. Salvatore Di Giacomo

        Salvatore Di Giacomo was an Italian poet, songwriter, playwright and fascist, one of the signatories to the Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals.

    6. Jiro Sato, Japanese tennis player (b. 1908) deaths

      1. Japanese tennis player

        Jiro Sato

        Jiro Sato was a Japanese tennis player. He was ranked World No. 3 in 1933, but committed suicide in the Strait of Malacca during his trip to the Davis Cup in 1934.

  89. 1933

    1. Feridun Buğeker, Turkish footballer (d. 2014) births

      1. Turkish footballer

        Feridun Buğeker

        Feridun İsmail Buğeker was a Turkish football forward who played for Turkey in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Fenerbahçe S.K. between 1950–55 and 1961–63.

    2. Frank Gorshin, American actor (d. 2005) births

      1. American actor and comedian (1933–2005)

        Frank Gorshin

        Frank John Gorshin Jr. was an American actor, comedian and impressionist. He made many guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and Tonight Starring Steve Allen.

    3. Barbara Holland, American author (d. 2010) births

      1. American writer (1933-2010)

        Barbara Holland

        Barbara Murray Holland was an American author who wrote in defense of such modern-day vices as cursing, drinking, eating fatty food and smoking cigarettes, as well as a memoir of her time spent growing up in Chevy Chase, Maryland, near Washington, D.C.

    4. K. Kailasapathy, Sri Lankan journalist and academic (d. 1982) births

      1. K. Kailasapathy

        Kanagasabapathy Kailasapathy was a Sri Lankan journalist and academic. He was the first president of the Jaffna Campus of the University of Sri Lanka.

    5. Earl Derr Biggers, American novelist and playwright (b. 1884) deaths

      1. American novelist and playwright

        Earl Derr Biggers

        Earl Derr Biggers was an American novelist and playwright. His novels featuring the fictional Chinese American detective Charlie Chan were adapted into popular films made in the United States and China.

    6. Hjalmar Mellin, Finnish mathematician and functional theorist (b. 1854) deaths

      1. Finnish mathematician

        Hjalmar Mellin

        Robert Hjalmar Mellin was a Finnish mathematician and function theorist.

  90. 1932

    1. María Blanchard, Spanish painter (b. 1881) deaths

      1. Spanish artist (1881–1932)

        María Blanchard

        María Blanchard was a Spanish painter. She was known for developing a unique style of Cubism.

  91. 1931

    1. Jack Clement, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2013) births

      1. American singer-songwriter and record producer (1934–2013)

        Jack Clement

        Jack Henderson Clement was an American singer, songwriter, and record and film producer.

    2. Héctor Olivera, Argentine director, producer and screenwriter births

      1. Argentine film director and producer

        Héctor Olivera (film director)

        Héctor Olivera is an Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter. Olivera worked mainly in the cinema of Argentina, but also has directed or contributed to several films made for the United States market.

  92. 1930

    1. Mary Costa, American singer and actress births

      1. American actress and singer

        Mary Costa

        Mary Costa is an American retired actress and singer. Her most notable film credit is providing the voice of Princess Aurora in the 1959 Disney animated film Sleeping Beauty, of which she is the last surviving original voice actress of the first three Disney Princesses created in Walt Disney's lifetime and for which she was named a Disney Legend in 1999. She is a recipient of the 2020 National Medal of Arts.

    2. Pierre Lhomme, French director of photography (d. 2019) births

      1. French cinematographer and filmmaker (1930–2019)

        Pierre Lhomme

        Pierre Lhomme was a French cinematographer and filmmaker.

  93. 1929

    1. Hugo Claus, Belgian author, poet, and painter (d. 2008) births

      1. Belgian author

        Hugo Claus

        Hugo Maurice Julien Claus was a leading Belgian author who published under his own name as well as various pseudonyms. Claus' literary contributions spanned the genres of drama, the novel, and poetry; he also left a legacy as a painter and film director. He wrote primarily in Dutch, although he also wrote some poetry in English. He won the 2000 International Nonino Prize in Italy.

    2. Ivar Giaever, Norwegian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate births

      1. Norwegian physicist

        Ivar Giaever

        Ivar Giaever is a Norwegian-American engineer and physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson "for their discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in solids". Giaever's share of the prize was specifically for his "experimental discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in superconductors".

      2. One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physics

        The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.

    3. Nigel Hawthorne, English actor and producer (d. 2001) births

      1. English actor

        Nigel Hawthorne

        Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne was an English actor. He is most known for his stage acting and his portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby, the permanent secretary in the 1980s sitcom Yes Minister and the Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister. For this role, he won four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance.

    4. Joe Meek, English songwriter and producer (d. 1967) births

      1. English record producer (1929–1967)

        Joe Meek

        Robert George "Joe" Meek was an English record producer, musician, sound engineer and songwriter who pioneered space age and experimental pop music. He also assisted in the development of recording practices like overdubbing, sampling and reverberation. Meek is considered one of the most influential sound engineers of all time, being one of the first to develop ideas such as the recording studio as an instrument, and becoming one of the first producers to be recognised for his individual identity as an artist.

    5. Mahmoud Mollaghasemi, Iranian wrestler births

      1. Iranian wrestler

        Mahmoud Mollaghasemi

        Mahmoud Mollaghasemi Tabrizi is a retired Iranian freestyle wrestler. He won a silver medal at the 1951 World Championships and a bronze medal at the 1952 Olympics.

    6. Francis Aidan Gasquet, English Benedictine monk (b. 1846) deaths

      1. Francis Aidan Gasquet

        Francis Aidan Cardinal Gasquet was an English Benedictine monk and historical scholar. He was created Cardinal in 1914.

    7. Ludwig von Sybel, German archeologist (b. 1846) deaths

      1. German archaeologist

        Ludwig von Sybel

        Ludwig von Sybel was a German archaeologist.

  94. 1928

    1. Enzo Cannavale, Italian actor (d. 2011) births

      1. Italian actor

        Enzo Cannavale

        Vincenzo "Enzo" Cannavale was an Italian film actor. He appeared in more than 100 films since 1949, including Cinema Paradiso, which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards in 1990. He was awarded the Nastro d’Argento for Best Supporting Actor in 32 dicembre by Luciano De Crescenzo.

    2. Tony Williams, American singer (d. 1992) births

      1. American singer (1928–1992)

        Tony Williams (singer)

        Tony Williams, was an American singer who was the lead vocalist of the Platters from 1953 to 1960.

    3. Roy Kilner, English cricketer and soldier (b. 1890) deaths

      1. English cricketer

        Roy Kilner

        Roy Kilner was an English professional cricketer who played nine Test matches for England between 1924 and 1926. An all-rounder, he played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1911 and 1927. In all first-class matches, he scored 14,707 runs at an average of 30.01 and took 1,003 wickets at an average of 18.45. Kilner scored 1,000 runs in a season ten times and took 100 wickets in a season five times. On four occasions, he completed the double: scoring 1,000 runs and taking 100 wickets in the same season, recognised as a sign of a quality all-rounder.

    4. Viktor Oliva, Czech painter and illustrator (b. 1861) deaths

      1. Czech painter and illustrator (1861–1928)

        Viktor Oliva

        Viktor Oliva was a Czech painter and illustrator.

  95. 1927

    1. Thanin Kraivichien, Thai lawyer and politician births

      1. Prime Minister of Thailand from 1976 to 1977

        Thanin Kraivichien

        Thanin Kraivichien is a Thai former judge, politician and law professor. He was the prime minister of Thailand between 1976 and 1977. Subsequently, he was a member of the Privy Council until 2016 when he was appointed the position of President, replacing Prem Tinsulanonda.

    2. Arne Hoel, Norwegian ski jumper (d. 2006) births

      1. Norwegian ski jumper

        Arne Hoel

        Arne Hoel was a Norwegian ski jumper who competed in the 1940s and 1950s. He won the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival three times. Because of his successes, Hoel was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1956. He also finished sixth and eleventh in the individual large hill event at the 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics, respectively.

  96. 1926

    1. Roger Corman, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. American film director, producer, and actor

        Roger Corman

        Roger William Corman is an American film director, producer, and actor. He has been called "The Pope of Pop Cinema" and is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film. Many of Corman's films are based on works that have an already-established critical reputation, such as his cycle of low-budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe.

    2. Liang Yusheng, Chinese writer (d. 2009) births

      1. Chinese writer

        Liang Yusheng

        Chen Wentong, better known by his pen name Liang Yusheng, was a Chinese writer. Credited as the pioneer of the "New School" (新派) of the wuxia genre in the 20th century, Chen was one of the best known wuxia writers in the later half of the century, alongside Jin Yong and Gu Long.

  97. 1925

    1. Janet Rowley, American human geneticist (d. 2013) births

      1. American human geneticist

        Janet Rowley

        Janet Davison Rowley was an American human geneticist and the first scientist to identify a chromosomal translocation as the cause of leukemia and other cancers, thus proving that cancer is a genetic disease. Rowley spent the majority of her life working in Chicago and received many awards and honors throughout her life, recognizing her achievements and contributions in the area of genetics.

    2. Pierre Nihant, Belgian cyclist (d. 1993) births

      1. Belgian cyclist

        Pierre Nihant

        Pierre Nihant was a Belgian cyclist. He was born in Trembleur, in the Province of Liège. He won a silver medal in the 1000m time trial at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

  98. 1924

    1. Igor Borisov, Soviet rower (d. before 2005) births

      1. Russian rower

        Igor Borisov

        Igor Anddreyevich Borisov was a Russian rower who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1952 Summer Olympics.

    2. Victor Hensen, German zoologist (b. 1835) deaths

      1. German zoologist

        Victor Hensen

        Christian Andreas Victor Hensen was a German zoologist and marine biologist (planktology). He coined the term plankton and laid the foundation for biological oceanography and quantitative studies.

  99. 1923

    1. Ernest Mandel, German-born Belgian Marxist economist, Trotskyist activist and theorist (d. 1995) births

      1. Belgian economist and Marxist philosopher

        Ernest Mandel

        Ernest Ezra Mandel (Dutch: [manˈdɛl]; also known by various pseudonyms such as Ernest Germain, Pierre Gousset, Henri Vallin, Walter, was a Belgian Marxian economist, Trotskyist activist and theorist, and Holocaust survivor. He fought in the underground resistance against the Nazis during the occupation of Belgium.

    2. Michael V. Gazzo, American actor (d. 1995) births

      1. Film and television actor (1923–1995)

        Michael V. Gazzo

        Michael Vincenzo Gazzo was an American playwright who later in life became a film and television actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in The Godfather Part II (1974).

    3. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, Vietnamese general and politician, 5th President of South Vietnam (d. 2001) births

      1. President of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1975

        Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

        Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was a South Vietnamese military officer and politician who was the president of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975. He was a general in the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF), became head of a military junta in 1965, and then president after winning an election in 1967. He established rule over South Vietnam until he resigned and left the nation and relocated to Taipei, Taiwan a few days before the fall of Saigon and the ultimate North Vietnamese victory.

      2. Leaders of South Vietnam

        This is a list of leaders of South Vietnam, since the establishment of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina in 1946, and the division of Vietnam in 1954 until the fall of the Republic of Vietnam in 1975, and the reunification of Vietnam in 1976.

    4. George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, English archaeologist and businessman (b. 1866) deaths

      1. British aristocrat (1866–1923)

        George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

        George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon,, styled Lord Porchester until 1890, was an English peer and aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.

  100. 1922

    1. Tom Finney, English footballer (d. 2014) births

      1. English international footballer (1922–2014)

        Tom Finney

        Sir Thomas Finney was an English international footballer who played from 1946 to 1960 as a winger or centre forward for Preston North End and England. He is widely acknowledged to have been one of the sport's greatest-ever players. He was noted for his loyalty to Preston, for whom he made 433 Football League and 40 FA Cup appearances, scoring a total of 210 goals. He played for England 76 times, scoring 30 goals.

    2. Harry Freedman, Polish-Canadian horn player, composer, and educator (d. 2005) births

      1. Harry Freedman

        Harry Freedman , was a Canadian composer, English hornist, and music educator of Polish birth. He wrote a significant amount of symphonic works, including the scores to films such as The Bloody Brood (1959), Isabel (1968), The Act of the Heart (1970), The Pyx (1973) and The Courage of Kavik the Wolf Dog (1980), and composed a substantial amount of chamber music. He also composed music for six ballets, an opera, some incidental music for the theatre, and a few vocal art songs and choral works. He was awarded a Juno Award in 1996 for his symphonic work Touchings, which was recorded by the Esprit Orchestra on the Nexus label. He won the 1998 composition prize at the International Rostrum of Composers for Borealis, a symphonic work co-commissioned by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Soundstreams Canada, and CBC Radio. In 2002 the Canadian Music Centre released a commercial recording dedicated to his music, Canadian Composers Portraits: Harry Freedman.

    3. Andy Linden, American race car driver (d. 1987) births

      1. American racing driver

        Andy Linden (racing driver)

        Andrew Logan "Andy" Linden was an American racecar driver.

    4. Gale Storm, American actress and singer (d. 2009) births

      1. American actress, singer (1922–2009)

        Gale Storm

        Josephine Owaissa Cottle, known professionally as Gale Storm, was an American actress and singer. After a film career from 1940 to 1952, she starred in two popular television programs of the 1950s, My Little Margie and The Gale Storm Show. Six of her songs were top ten hits. Storm's greatest recording success was a cover version of "I Hear You Knockin'," which hit No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1955.

  101. 1921

    1. Christopher Hewett, English actor and theatre director (d. 2001) births

      1. English actor and theatre director (1921-2001)

        Christopher Hewett

        Christopher George Hewett was an English actor and theatre director best known for his role as Lynn Aloysius Belvedere on the ABC sitcom Mr. Belvedere.

    2. Alphons Diepenbrock, Dutch composer (b. 1862) deaths

      1. Dutch composer, essayist, and classicist

        Alphons Diepenbrock

        Alphonsus Johannes Maria Diepenbrock was a Dutch composer, essayist and classicist.

    3. Sophie Elkan, Swedish writer and translator (b. 1853) deaths

      1. Swedish writer and translator (1853-1921)

        Sophie Elkan

        Sophie Elkan née Salomon, was a Swedish writer and translator.

  102. 1920

    1. Barend Biesheuvel, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 2001) births

      1. 44th Prime Minister of the Netherlands

        Barend Biesheuvel

        Barend Willem Biesheuvel was a Dutch politician of the defunct Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) now the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 6 July 1971 until 11 May 1973.

      2. Head of the government of the Netherlands

        Prime Minister of the Netherlands

        The prime minister of the Netherlands is the head of the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands. Although the monarch is the de jure head of government, the prime minister de facto occupies this role as the officeholder chairs the Council of Ministers and coordinates its policy with the rest of the cabinet. The current prime minister has been Mark Rutte since 14 October 2010, whose fourth cabinet was inaugurated on 10 January 2022.

    2. Arthur Hailey, English-Canadian soldier and author (d. 2004) births

      1. British-Canadian writer

        Arthur Hailey

        Arthur Frederick Hailey, AE was a British-Canadian novelist whose plot-driven storylines were set against the backdrops of various industries. His books, which include such best sellers as Hotel (1965), Airport (1968), Wheels (1971), The Moneychangers (1975), and Overload (1979), have sold 170 million copies in 38 languages.

    3. Alfonso Thiele, Turkish-Italian race car driver (d. 1986) births

      1. Alfonso Thiele

        Alfonso Thiele was a racing driver who held dual citizenship of the United States and Italy, though he spent most of his life in Italy. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, on 4 September 1960. He scored no championship points. Most of his career was spent in sports car racing.

    4. John Willem Gran, Swedish bishop (d. 2008) births

      1. Norwegian Roman Catholic bishop

        John Willem Gran

        Willem Nicolaysen Gran was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo from 1963 to 1983.

    5. Laurent Marqueste, French sculptor (b. 1848) deaths

      1. French sculptor (1848–1920)

        Laurent Marqueste

        Laurent-Honoré Marqueste was a French sculptor in the neo-Baroque Beaux-Arts tradition. He was a pupil of François Jouffroy and of Alexandre Falguière. Marqueste won the Prix de Rome in 1871.

  103. 1919

    1. Lester James Peries, Sri Lankan director, screenwriter, and producer (d. 2018) births

      1. Sri Lankan film director (1919–2018)

        Lester James Peries

        Sri Lankabhimanya Lester James Peries was a Sri Lankan film director, screenwriter, and film producer. Considered as the father of Sri Lankan cinema, Lester worked as a filmmaker from 1949 to 2006, and was involved in over 28 films, including shorts and documentaries.

  104. 1918

    1. George Tupou II, King of Tonga (b. 1874) deaths

      1. King of Tonga from 1893 to 1918

        George Tupou II

        George Tupou II was the King of Tonga from 18 February 1893 until his death. He was officially crowned at Nukuʻalofa, on 17 March 1893. He was also the 20th Tuʻi Kanokupolu.

    2. Paul Vidal de La Blache, French geographer (b. 1845) deaths

      1. French geographer

        Paul Vidal de La Blache

        Paul Vidal de La Blache was a French geographer. He is considered to be the founder of modern French geography and also the founder of the French School of Geopolitics. He conceived the idea of genre de vie, which is the belief that the lifestyle of a particular region reflects the economic, social, ideological and psychological identities imprinted on the landscape.

  105. 1917

    1. Robert Bloch, American author (d. 1994) births

      1. American fiction writer

        Robert Bloch

        Robert Albert Bloch was an American fiction writer, primarily of crime, psychological horror and fantasy, much of which has been dramatized for radio, cinema and television. He also wrote a relatively small amount of science fiction. His writing career lasted 60 years, including more than 30 years in television and film. He began his professional writing career immediately after graduation, aged 17. Best known as the writer of Psycho (1959), the basis for the film of the same name by Alfred Hitchcock, Bloch wrote hundreds of short stories and over 30 novels. He was a protégé of H. P. Lovecraft, who was the first to seriously encourage his talent. However, while he started emulating Lovecraft and his brand of cosmic horror, he later specialized in crime and horror stories working with a more psychological approach.

    2. Frans Gommers, Belgian footballer (d. 1996) births

      1. Belgian footballer

        Frans Gommers

        François Gommers was a Belgian footballer. He was a defender for Beerschot VAC with whom he was twice Belgian Champion in 1938 and 1939.

  106. 1916

    1. Gregory Peck, American actor, political activist, and producer (d. 2003) births

      1. American actor (1916–2003)

        Gregory Peck

        Eldred Gregory Peck was an American actor and one of the most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1970s. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck the 12th-greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema.

    2. Maksim Kovalevsky, Russian sociologist (b. 1851) deaths

      1. Maksim Kovalevsky

        Maksim Maksimovich Kovalevsky was a Russian jurist and the main authority on sociology in the Russian Empire. He was vice-president (1895) and president (1905) of the International Institute of Sociology. He also held a chair in sociology at the Psycho-Neurological Institute. Kovalevsky was elected into the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1914. The Russian Sociological Society adopted his name in 1916.

  107. 1914

    1. Felice Borel, Italian footballer (d. 1993) births

      1. Italian footballer (1914–1993)

        Felice Borel

        Felice Placido Borel was an Italian football player who played as a striker. He was a member of the Italy national football team that won the 1934 FIFA World Cup.

    2. Bernard Borggreve, German forestry scientist (b. 1836) deaths

      1. Bernard Borggreve

        Bernard Robert August Borggreve was a German forestry scientist. He is known for introducing the "Borggreve method", a silvicultural process for selection cutting of trees.

  108. 1913

    1. Antoni Clavé, Catalan artist (d. 2005) births

      1. Costume designer

        Antoni Clavé

        Antoni Clavé was a Catalan master painter, printmaker, sculptor, stage designer and costume designer. He was nominated for two Academy Awards for his work on the 1952 film Hans Christian Andersen.

    2. Nicolas Grunitzky, 2nd President of Togo (d. 1969) births

      1. 2nd President of Togo (1963-67)

        Nicolas Grunitzky

        Nicolas Grunitzky was the second president of Togo and its third head of state. He was President from 1963 to 1967. Grunitzky was Prime Minister of Togo from 1956 to 1958 under the French Colonial loi cadre system, which created a limited "national" government in their colonial possessions. He was elected Prime Minister of Togo —still under French administration— in 1956. Following the 1963 coup which killed his nationalist political rival and brother-in-law Sylvanus Olympio, Grunitzky was chosen by the military committee of coup leaders to be Togo's second President.

    3. Ruth Smith, Faroese artist (d. 1958) births

      1. Faroese artist

        Ruth Smith (artist)

        Ruth Smith Nielsen was a Faroese artist. Smith lived for some years in Denmark, where she was educated as a painter: first. at the Bizzie Højer Art School, and, later, at the Art Academy of Copenhagen.

  109. 1912

    1. Jehan Buhan, French fencer (d. 1999) births

      1. French fencer

        Jehan Buhan

        Jehan Buhan was a French fencer and Olympic champion in foil competition.

    2. Habib Elghanian, Iranian businessman (d. 1979) births

      1. 20th-century Iranian Jewish businessman

        Habib Elghanian

        Habib (Habibollah) Elghanian was a prominent Iranian Jewish businessman and philanthropist who served as the president of the Tehran Jewish Society and acted as the symbolic head of the Iranian Jewish community in the 1970s.

    3. Antonio Ferri, Italian scientist (d. 1975) births

      1. Antonio Ferri

        Antonio Ferri was an Italian scientist, prominent in the field of aerodynamics, with a specialization in hypersonic and supersonic flight.

    4. Carlos Guastavino, Argentine composer (d. 2000) births

      1. Argentine composer

        Carlos Guastavino

        Carlos Guastavino was an Argentine composer, considered one of the foremost composers of his country. His production amounted to over 500 works, most of them songs for piano and voice, many still unpublished. His style was quite conservative, always tonal and lushly romantic. His compositions were clearly influenced by Argentine folk music. His reputation was based almost entirely on his songs, and Guastavino has sometimes been called "the Schubert of the Pampas". Some of his songs, for example Pueblito, mi pueblo, La rosa y el sauce and Se equivocó la paloma, became national favorites. Unlike most other composers, at any time or place, Guastavino earned enough from his royalties and performing rights that he had little need for other income.

    5. Makar Honcharenko, Ukrainian footballer and manager (d. 1997) births

      1. Makar Honcharenko

        Makar Mykhaylovych Honcharenko, was a Soviet-Ukrainian football player and coach. During his career, he played as a forward for a number of clubs, but most noticeably for Dynamo Kyiv.

    6. John Le Mesurier, English actor (d. 1983) births

      1. English actor (1912–1983)

        John Le Mesurier

        John Le Mesurier was an English actor. He is perhaps best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy Dad's Army (1968–1977). A self-confessed "jobbing actor", Le Mesurier appeared in more than 120 films across a range of genres, normally in smaller supporting parts.

    7. István Örkény, Hungarian author and playwright (d. 1979) births

      1. Hungarian writer

        István Örkény

        István György Örkény was a Hungarian writer whose plays and novels often featured grotesque situations. He was a recipient of the Kossuth Prize in 1973.

    8. Bill Roberts, English sprinter and soldier (d. 2001) births

      1. English sprinter (1912–2001)

        Bill Roberts (athlete)

        William Roberts was an English sprinter and winner of gold medal in 4x400 m relay for Great Britain at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

  110. 1911

    1. Hedi Amara Nouira, Tunisian politician (d. 1993) births

      1. Prime Minister of Tunisia (1970–1980)

        Hédi Amara Nouira

        Hédi Amara Nouira was a Tunisian politician. He served as the 2nd Prime Minister of Tunisia between 1970 and 1980.

    2. Johnny Revolta, American golfer (d. 1991) births

      1. Johnny Revolta

        John F. Revolta was an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour in the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s. He won a major title, the 1935 PGA Championship, and had 18 career wins on tour.

  111. 1910

    1. Sven Andersson, Swedish politician (d. 1987) births

      1. Swedish politician

        Sven Andersson (politician)

        Sven Olof Morgan Andersson was a Swedish Social Democratic politician. He served as Minister of Defence from 1957 to 1973, and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1973 to 1976. Andersson also served as Minister of Communications (Transport) from 1951 to 1957.

    2. Oronzo Pugliese, Italian football manager (d. 1990) births

      1. Italian football manager

        Oronzo Pugliese

        Oronzo Pugliese was an Italian football manager from Turi in the Province of Bari.

  112. 1909

    1. Albert R. Broccoli, American film producer, co-founded Eon Productions (d. 1996) births

      1. American film producer (1909–1996)

        Albert R. Broccoli

        Albert Romolo Broccoli, nicknamed "Cubby", was an American film producer who made more than 40 motion pictures throughout his career. Most of the films were made in the United Kingdom and often filmed at Pinewood Studios. Co-founder of Danjaq, LLC and Eon Productions, Broccoli is most notable as the producer of many of the James Bond films. He and Harry Saltzman saw the films develop from relatively low-budget origins to large-budget, high-grossing extravaganzas, and Broccoli's heirs continue to produce new Bond films.

      2. British film production company known for producing the James Bond film series

        Eon Productions

        Eon Productions Ltd. is a British film production company that primarily produces the James Bond film series. The company is based in London's Piccadilly and also operates from Pinewood Studios in the UK.

    2. Giacomo Gentilomo, Italian film director and painter (d. 2001) births

      1. Italian film director and painter (1909–2001)

        Giacomo Gentilomo

        Giacomo Gentilomo was an Italian film director and painter.

    3. Károly Sós, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1991) births

      1. Hungarian footballer and manager

        Károly Sós

        Károly Sós, was a Hungarian footballer and manager. After playing for various clubs he became a coach, most notably with Ferencvárosi TC, Bp. Honvéd SE, East Germany and Hungary.

    4. Erwin Wegner, German hurdler (d. 1945) births

      1. German athlete

        Erwin Wegner

        Erwin Wegner was a German athlete, born in Stettin. Wegner won the silver medal at the 1934 European Championships in the 110 metres hurdles and competed in the Olympic Games as both a hurdler and a decathlete.

  113. 1908

    1. Bette Davis, American actress (d. 1989) births

      1. American actress (1908–1989)

        Bette Davis

        Ruth Elizabeth "Bette" Davis was an American actress with a career spanning more than 50 years and 100 acting credits. She was noted for playing unsympathetic, sardonic characters, and was famous for her performances in a range of film genres, from contemporary crime melodramas to historical films, suspense horror, and occasional comedies, although her greater successes were in romantic dramas. A recipient of two Academy Awards, she was the first thespian to accrue ten nominations.

    2. Kurt Neumann, German director (d. 1958) births

      1. American film director

        Kurt Neumann (director)

        Kurt Neumann was a German Hollywood film director who specialized in science fiction movies in his later career.

    3. Jagjivan Ram, Indian politician, 4th Deputy Prime Minister of India (d. 1986) births

      1. Indian independence activist and politician (1908–1986)

        Jagjivan Ram

        Jagjivan Ram, known popularly as Babuji, was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar. He was instrumental in the foundation of the All India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables, in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937, after which he organised the rural labour movement.

      2. Deputy head of the government of India

        Deputy Prime Minister of India

        The deputy prime minister of India is the second highest ranking minister of the Union in the executive branch of the Government of India and is a senior member of the Union Council of Ministers. The office holder also deputises for the prime minister in their absence.

    4. Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor and manager (d. 1989) births

      1. Austrian conductor (1908–1989)

        Herbert von Karajan

        Herbert von Karajan was an Austrian conductor. He was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 34 years. During the Nazi era, he debuted at the Salzburg Festival, with the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, and during the Second World War he conducted at the Berlin State Opera. Generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, he was a controversial but dominant figure in European classical music from the mid-1950s until his death. Part of the reason for this was the large number of recordings he made and their prominence during his lifetime. By one estimate, he was the top-selling classical music recording artist of all time, having sold an estimated 200 million records.

  114. 1907

    1. Sanya Dharmasakti, Thai jurist (d. 2002) births

      1. Prime Minister of Thailand from 1973 to 1975

        Sanya Dharmasakti

        Sanya Dharmasakti was a Thai jurist, university professor and politician. He served as the 12th Prime Minister of Thailand from 1973 to 1975.

  115. 1906

    1. Albert Charles Smith, American botanist (d. 1999) births

      1. American botanist (1906-1999)

        Albert Charles Smith

        Albert Charles Smith was an American botanist who served as director of the National Museum of Natural History and Arnold Arboretum and was the former president of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists.

    2. Fernando Germani, Italian organist (d. 1998) births

      1. Fernando Germani

        Fernando Germani was an organist of the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome during the reign of Pope Pius XII.

    3. Ted Morgan, New Zealand boxer (d. 1952) births

      1. New Zealand boxer

        Ted Morgan (boxer)

        Edward Morgan, generally known as Ted Morgan, was a New Zealand boxer. He won the gold medal in the welterweight division at the 1928 Summer Olympics, despite competing throughout the tournament with a dislocated knuckle in his left hand. This was the first gold medal won for an athlete representing New Zealand.

    4. Eastman Johnson, American painter (b. 1824) deaths

      1. 19th-century American painter

        Eastman Johnson

        Jonathan Eastman Johnson was an American painter and co-founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, with his name inscribed at its entrance. He was best known for his genre paintings, paintings of scenes from everyday life, and his portraits both of everyday people and prominent Americans such as Abraham Lincoln, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. His later works often show the influence of the 17th-century Dutch masters, whom he studied in The Hague in the 1850s; he was known as The American Rembrandt in his day.

  116. 1904

    1. Richard Eberhart, American poet and academic (d. 2005) births

      1. American poet

        Richard Eberhart

        Richard Ghormley Eberhart was an American poet who published more than a dozen books of poetry and approximately twenty works in total. "Richard Eberhart emerged out of the 1930s as a modern stylist with romantic sensibilities." He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for Selected Poems, 1930–1965 and the 1977 National Book Award for Poetry for Collected Poems, 1930–1976. He was the grandfather of former Red Sox general manager Ben Cherington.

    2. Ernst Leopold, 4th Prince of Leiningen (b. 1830) deaths

      1. Prince of Leiningen

        Ernst, Prince of Leiningen

        Ernst, Prince of Leiningen was a German nobleman who served with distinction in the British Royal Navy.

    3. Frances Power Cobbe, Irish writer (b. 1822) deaths

      1. Philosopher and women's suffrage activist

        Frances Power Cobbe

        Frances Power Cobbe was an Anglo-Irish writer, philosopher, religious thinker, social reformer, anti-vivisection activist and leading women's suffrage campaigner. She founded a number of animal advocacy groups, including the National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS) in 1875 and the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) in 1898, and was a member of the executive council of the London National Society for Women's Suffrage.

  117. 1903

    1. Marion Aye, American actress (d. 1951) births

      1. American actress

        Marion Aye

        Marion Aye was an American actress of screen and stage who starred in several films during the 1920s, mostly comedies. She was sometimes credited as Maryon Aye.

  118. 1902

    1. Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Russian-American rabbi (d. 1994) births

      1. Seventh Chabad Rebbe

        Menachem Mendel Schneerson

        Menachem Mendel Schneerson, known to many as the Lubavitcher Rebbe or simply the Rebbe, was a Russian Empire-born American Orthodox rabbi, the most recent Rebbe of the Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty and an electrical engineer. He is considered one of the most influential Jewish leaders of the 20th century.

    2. Hans Ernst August Buchner, German bacteriologist (b. 1850) deaths

      1. German bacteriologist

        Hans Ernst August Buchner

        Hans Ernst August Buchner was a German bacteriologist who was born and raised in Munich. He was the older brother of Eduard Buchner (1860–1917), winner of the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

  119. 1901

    1. Curt Bois, German actor (d. 1991) births

      1. German actor (1901–1991)

        Curt Bois

        Curt Bois was a German actor with a career spanning over 80 years. He is best remembered for his performances as the pickpocket in Casablanca (1942) and the poet Homer in Wings of Desire (1987).

    2. Chester Bowles, American diplomat and ambassador (d. 1986) births

      1. American politician (1901–1986)

        Chester B. Bowles

        Chester Bliss Bowles was an American diplomat and ambassador, governor of Connecticut, congressman and co-founder of a major advertising agency, Benton & Bowles, now part of Publicis Groupe. Bowles is best known for his influence on American foreign policy during Cold War years, when he argued that economic assistance to the Third World was the best means to fight communism, and even more important, to create a more peaceable world order. During World War II, he held high office in Washington as director of the Office of Price Administration, and control of setting consumer prices. Just after the war, he was the chief of the Office of Economic Stabilization, but had great difficulty controlling inflation. Moving into state politics, he served a term as governor of Connecticut from 1949 to 1951. He promoted liberal programs in education and housing, but was defeated for reelection by conservative backlash.

    3. Melvyn Douglas, American actor (d. 1981) births

      1. American actor (1901–1981)

        Melvyn Douglas

        Melvyn Douglas was an American actor. Douglas came to prominence in the 1930s as a suave leading man, perhaps best typified by his performance in the romantic comedy Ninotchka (1939) with Greta Garbo. Douglas later played mature and fatherly characters, as in his Academy Award-winning performances in Hud (1963) and Being There (1979) and his Academy Award–nominated performance in I Never Sang for My Father (1970). Douglas was one of 24 performers to win the Triple Crown of Acting. In the last few years of his life Douglas appeared in films with supernatural stories involving ghosts. Douglas appeared as "Senator Joseph Carmichael" in The Changeling in 1980 and Ghost Story in 1981 in his final completed film role.

    4. Doggie Julian, American football, basketball, and baseball player and coach (d. 1967) births

      1. Doggie Julian

        Alvin Fred "Doggie" Julian was an American football, basketball, and baseball player and coach. He served as the head basketball coach at Muhlenberg College from 1936 to 1945, at the College of the Holy Cross from 1945 to 1948, and at Dartmouth College from 1950 to 1967, compiling a career college basketball record of 379–332. Julian led Holy Cross to the NCAA title in 1947. His team, which included later National Basketball Association (NBA) great Bob Cousy, almost repeated this feat in 1948, losing in the semifinals. Julian was engaged by the Boston Celtics of the NBA after his college success, but he recorded only a 47–81 mark before he was dismissed in 1950. Julian was also the head football coach at Schuylkill College from 1925 to 1928, Albright College from 1929 to 1930, and Mulhlenberg from 1936 to 1944, amassing a career college football record of 77–63–3. In addition, he served as Mulhlenberg's head baseball coach from 1942 to 1944, tallying a mark of 16–18. Julian was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 1968.

    5. Angelo Messedaglia, Italian social scientist and statistician (b. 1820) deaths

      1. Italian politician

        Angelo Messedaglia

        Angelo Messedaglia was an Italian social scientist, statistician and politician.

  120. 1900

    1. Herbert Bayer, Austrian-American graphic designer, painter, and photographer (d. 1985) births

      1. Austrian-American artist, architect, and designer

        Herbert Bayer

        Herbert Bayer was an Austrian and American graphic designer, painter, photographer, sculptor, art director, environmental and interior designer, and architect. He was instrumental in the development of the Atlantic Richfield Company's corporate art collection until his death in 1985.

    2. Roman Steinberg, Estonian wrestler (d. 1939) births

      1. Estonian wrestler

        Roman Steinberg

        Roman Steinberg, was an Estonian Greco-Roman wrestling bronze medal winner in middleweight class at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Steinberg was also three times Estonian wrestling champion 1921–1923, coached by Robert Oksa.

    3. Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967) births

      1. American actor (1900–1967)

        Spencer Tracy

        Spencer Bonaventure Tracy was an American actor. He was known for his natural performing style and versatility. One of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age, Tracy was the first actor to win two consecutive Academy Awards for Best Actor from nine nominations. During his career, he appeared in 75 films and developed a reputation among his peers as one of the screen's greatest actors. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Tracy as the 9th greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema.

    4. Joseph Bertrand, French mathematician, economist, and academic (b. 1822) deaths

      1. French mathematician

        Joseph Bertrand

        Joseph Louis François Bertrand was a French mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory, differential geometry, probability theory, economics and thermodynamics.

    5. Osman Nuri Pasha, Ottoman field marshal and the hero of the Siege of Plevna in 1877 (b. 1832) deaths

      1. Ottoman field marshal

        Osman Nuri Pasha

        Osman Nuri Pasha, also known as Ghazi Osman Pasha, was an Ottoman field marshal. Being one of the most respected and decorated Ottoman pashas of all time, many songs have been written for him, and many places have been named after him. This is mainly because he held the Bulgarian town of Plevna for five months against superior Russo-Romanian forces in 1877 during the Russo-Turkish War, though the city eventually fell.

  121. 1899

    1. Alfred Blalock, American surgeon and academic (d. 1964) births

      1. American surgeon (1899–1964)

        Alfred Blalock

        Alfred Blalock was an American surgeon most noted for his work on the medical condition of shock as well as Tetralogy of Fallot— commonly known as Blue baby syndrome. He created, with assistance from his research and laboratory assistant Vivien Thomas and pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig, the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig Shunt, a surgical procedure to relieve the cyanosis from Tetralogy of Fallot. This operation ushered in the modern era of cardiac surgery. He worked at both Vanderbilt University and Johns Hopkins University, where he studied medicine and later served as chief of surgery. He is known as a medical pioneer who won various awards, including Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award. Blalock was also nominated several times for the prestigious Nobel Prize in Medicine.

  122. 1897

    1. Hans Schuberth, German politician (d. 1976) births

      1. German politician and engineer (1897–1976)

        Hans Schuberth

        Hans Schuberth was a German politician who from 1949 to 1953 was the first Federal Minister for Post and Telecommunications in Konrad Adenauer's first cabinet.

  123. 1896

    1. Einar Lundborg, Swedish aviator (d. 1931) births

      1. Swedish aviator

        Einar Lundborg

        Einar Paul Albert Muni Lundborg was a Swedish aviator.

  124. 1895

    1. Mike O'Dowd, American boxer (d. 1957) births

      1. American boxer

        Mike O'Dowd

        Michael Joseph O'Dowd was an American boxer who held the World Middleweight Championship from 1917 to 1920.

  125. 1894

    1. Lawrence Dale Bell, American industrialist and founder of Bell Aircraft Corporation (d. 1956) births

      1. American industrialist (1894–1956)

        Lawrence Dale Bell

        Lawrence Dale "Larry" Bell was an American industrialist and founder of Bell Aircraft Corporation.

    2. Hans Hüttig, German SS officer (d. 1980) births

      1. Hans Hüttig

        Hans Benno Hüttig was a German SS functionary and Nazi concentration camp commandant.

    3. Carl Rudolf Florin, Swedish botanist (d. 1965) births

      1. Swedish botanist (1894–1965)

        Carl Rudolf Florin

        Carl Rudolf Florin was a Swedish botanist, specialising in gymnosperms, including both modern and fossil material.

  126. 1893

    1. Frithjof Andersen, Norwegian wrestler (d. 1975) births

      1. Norwegian Greco-Roman wrestler

        Frithjof Andersen

        Frithjof Andersen is a Norwegian wrestler and Olympic medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling, from Oslo.

    2. Clas Thunberg, Finnish speed skater (d. 1973) births

      1. Finnish speed skater

        Clas Thunberg

        Arnold Clas ("Classe") Robert Thunberg was a Finnish speed skater who won five Olympic gold medals – three at the inaugural Winter Olympics held in Chamonix in 1924 and two at the 1928 Winter Olympics held in St. Moritz. He was the most successful athlete at both of these Winter Olympics, sharing the honour for 1928 Winter Olympics with Johan Grøttumsbraaten of Norway. No other athlete ever won such a high fraction of all Olympic events at a single Games. He was born and died in Helsinki.

  127. 1892

    1. Raymond Bonney, American ice hockey player (d. 1964) births

      1. American ice hockey player

        Raymond Bonney

        Raymond Leroy Bonney was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Phoenix, New York. He was the goaltender who competed in 1920 for the American ice hockey team, which won the silver medal.

  128. 1891

    1. Arnold Jackson, English runner, soldier, and lawyer (d. 1972) births

      1. Athletics competitor, army officer, and lawyer

        Arnold Jackson (British Army officer)

        Brigadier General Arnold Nugent Strode Strode-Jackson, was a British athlete, British Army officer, and a barrister. He was the winner of the 1500 m at the 1912 Summer Olympics, in what was hailed at the time as "the greatest race ever run". He was a brigadier general and amongst the most highly decorated British general officers of the First World War.

    2. Laura Vicuña, Chilean nun (d. 1904) births

      1. Chilean blessed

        Laura Vicuña

        Laura del Carmen Vicuña Pino was a Chilean child who was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church. She is the patron of abuse victims, having herself experienced physical abuse.

    3. Johann Hermann Bauer, (b. 1861) deaths

      1. Czech-Austrian chess master

        Johann Hermann Bauer

        Johann Hermann Bauer was an Austrian chess master.

  129. 1890

    1. Karl Kirk, Danish gymnast (d. 1955) births

      1. Gymnast

        Karl Kirk

        Karl Kirk was a Danish gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Danish team, which won the silver medal in the gymnastics men's team, Swedish system event.

    2. William Moore, British track and field athlete (d. 1956) births

      1. Track and field athlete from Great Britain

        William Moore (athlete)

        William Craig Moore was a British track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was eliminated in the first round of the 1500 metres competition. He also helped Great Britain to qualify for the final in the 3000 metre team race. In the final, however, he was the weakest link of the team. Nevertheless, he was awarded with a bronze medal.

  130. 1889

    1. Vicente Ferreira Pastinha, Brazilian martial artist (d. 1981) births

      1. Vicente Ferreira Pastinha

        Vicente Ferreira Pastinha was a mestre of the Brazilian martial art Capoeira.

  131. 1888

    1. Vsevolod Garshin, Russian author (b. 1855) deaths

      1. Russian author of short stories (1855–1888)

        Vsevolod Garshin

        Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin was a Russian author of short stories.

  132. 1887

    1. William Cowhig, British gymnast (d. 1964) births

      1. British artistic gymnast

        William Cowhig

        William Cowhig was a British gymnast who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics, the 1912 Summer Olympics and the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which won the bronze medal in the gymnastics men's team, European system event in 1912. In the individual all-around competition he finished 29th. As a member of the British team in 1920 he finished fifth in the team, European system competition.

  133. 1886

    1. Gotthelf Bergsträsser, German linguist (d. 1933) births

      1. German linguist (1886–1933)

        Gotthelf Bergsträsser

        Gotthelf Bergsträsser was a German linguist specializing in Semitic studies, generally considered to be one of the greatest of the twentieth century. Bergsträsser was initially a teacher of classical languages before deciding to approach Semitic.

    2. Frederick Lindemann, British physicist (d. 1957) births

      1. British physicist

        Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell

        Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell, was a British physicist who was prime scientific adviser to Winston Churchill in World War II.

    3. Gustavo Jiménez, Peruvian colonel and politician, 73rd President of Peru (d. 1933) births

      1. Gustavo Jiménez

        Gustavo Jiménez was a Peruvian colonel who served as Interim President of Peru, officially as the President of the Provisional Government Junta, in 1931.

      2. Chief Executive of the Republic of Peru

        President of Peru

        The president of Peru, officially called the president of the Republic of Peru, is the head of state and head of government of Peru. The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of the Armed Forces and Police of Peru. The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature.

  134. 1885

    1. Dimitrie Cuclin, Romanian composer (d. 1978) births

      1. Romanian composer and philosopher (1885–1978)

        Dimitrie Cuclin

        Dimitrie Cuclin was a Romanian classical music composer, musicologist, philosopher, translator, and writer.

  135. 1884

    1. Ion Inculeț, Bessarabian academic and politician, President of Moldova (d. 1940) births

      1. Ion Inculeț

        Ion Constantin Inculeț was a Bessarabian and Romanian politician, the President of the Country Council of the Moldavian Democratic Republic, Minister, full member of the Romanian Academy. He was buried in the Church of St. Ioan Botezătorul of Bârnova, located on the outskirts of Iași. He was married to Princess Roxana Cantacuzino. His children from this marriage were Ion I. Inculeț, Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Western Ontario (Canada), NASA consultant, Honorary Member of the Romanian Academy, director of the Center of Applied Electrostatics of the University of Western Ontario, and his brother, George I. Inculeț.

      2. Head of state of Moldova

        President of Moldova

        The President of the Republic of Moldova is the head of state of Moldova. The current president is Maia Sandu, who assumed office on 24 December 2020.

  136. 1883

    1. Walter Huston, Canadian-American actor and singer (d. 1950) births

      1. Canadian actor and singer

        Walter Huston

        Walter Thomas Huston was a Canadian actor and singer. Huston won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, directed by his son John Huston. He is the patriarch of the four generations of the Huston acting family, including his son John, grandchildren Anjelica Huston, Danny Huston, Allegra Huston, and great-grandchild Jack Huston. The family has produced three generations of Academy Award winners: Walter, his son John, and granddaughter Anjelica.

  137. 1882

    1. Song Jiaoren, Chinese revolutionary (d. 1913) births

      1. Early 20th-century Chinese Republican revolutionary; founder of the Kuomintang

        Song Jiaoren

        Song Jiaoren was a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the Kuomintang (KMT). Song Jiaoren led the KMT to electoral victories in China's first democratic election. He based his appeal on the upper class gentry, landowners, and merchants. Historians have concluded that provisional president, Yuan Shikai, was responsible for his assassination on March 20, 1913.

    2. Natalia Sedova, 2nd wife of Leon Trotsky (d. 1962) births

      1. Russian revolutionary

        Natalia Sedova

        Natalia Ivanovna Sedova is best known as the second wife of Leon Trotsky, the Russian revolutionary. She was also an active revolutionary and wrote on cultural matters pertaining to Marxism.

      2. Russian Marxist revolutionary (1879–1940)

        Leon Trotsky

        Lev Davidovich Bronstein, better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, political theorist and politician. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Trotskyism.

    3. Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play, (b. 1806) deaths

      1. French sociologist and engineer

        Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play

        Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play was a French engineer, sociologist and economist.

  138. 1880

    1. Eric Carlberg, Swedish Army officer, diplomat, shooter, fencer and modern pentathlete (d. 1963) births

      1. Swedish Army officer and sportsman

        Eric Carlberg

        Gustaf Eric Carlberg was a Swedish Army officer, diplomat, sport shooter, fencer, and modern pentathlete who competed at the 1906, 1908, 1912 and 1924 Olympics alongside his twin brother Vilhelm.

    2. Vilhelm Carlberg, Swedish Army officer and shooter (d. 1970) births

      1. Swedish sport shooter

        Vilhelm Carlberg

        Gustaf Vilhelm Carlberg was a Swedish Army officer and sports shooter. He competed at the 1908, 1912 and 1924 Olympics and won three gold and four silver. With three gold and two silver medals he was the most successful athlete at the 1912 Olympics. In 1913, he won two medals at the ISSF World Shooting Championships. His twin brother Eric competed alongside Gustaf at all those four Olympics.

  139. 1879

    1. Arthur Berriedale Keith, Scottish lawyer (d. 1944) births

      1. Scottish constitutional lawyer and Indologist

        Arthur Berriedale Keith

        Arthur Berriedale Keith was a Scottish constitutional lawyer, scholar of Sanskrit and Indologist. He became Regius Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology and Lecturer on the Constitution of the British Empire in the University of Edinburgh. He served in this role from 1914 to 1944.

    2. Nikolaus zu Dohna-Schlodien, German naval officer and author (d. 1956) births

      1. German officer and author

        Nikolaus zu Dohna-Schlodien

        Nikolaus Burggraf und Graf zu Dohna-Schlodien was a German naval officer and author.

  140. 1878

    1. Albert Champion, French cyclist (d. 1927) births

      1. French cyclist

        Albert Champion (cyclist)

        Albert Champion was a French track bicycle racer and later an industrialist who won the 1899 Paris–Roubaix. In 1905 he incorporated the Albert Champion Company in Boston to make porcelain spark plugs with his name on them. Three years later founded the Champion Ignition Company in Flint, Michigan. In 1922 he changed the name to AC Spark Plug Company, after his initials, to settle out of court with his original partners in the Albert Champion Company. The company is now known as ACDelco and is owned by General Motors.

    2. Georg Misch, German philosopher (d. 1965) births

      1. German philosopher (1878-1965)

        Georg Misch

        Georg Misch was a German philosopher.

    3. Paul Weinstein, German high jumper (d. 1964) births

      1. German high jumper

        Paul Weinstein (athlete)

        Paul Weinstein was a German athlete who competed in the early twentieth century. He was born in Wallendorf.

  141. 1874

    1. Emmanuel Célestin Suhard, French Cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. 1949) births

      1. 20th-century French Catholic cardinal

        Emmanuel Célestin Suhard

        Emmanuel Célestin Suhard was a French cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Paris from 1940 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935. He was instrumental in the founding of the Mission of France and the worker-priest movement, to bring the clergy closer to the people.

    2. Manuel María Ponce Brousset, President of Peru (d. 1966) births

      1. Manuel María Ponce Brousset

        Manuel María Ponce Brousset who briefly served as the President of Peru in August 1930.

      2. List of presidents of Peru

        This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the Constituent Congress of Peru (1822), after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from Peru. The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current president in office is Pedro Castillo. In the history of the position, there has been a series of political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency, one autocoup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the work of the historian Jorge Basadre, constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case. Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the liberators José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation.

  142. 1873

    1. Joseph Rheden, Austrian astronomer (d. 1946) births

      1. Austrian astronomer (1873–1946)

        Joseph Rheden

        Joseph Rheden was an Austrian astronomer, born in Amlach, East Tyrol, known for his astrographic observations of planets, minor planets and comets, and for the asteroids 744 Aguntina, 771 Libera, and 844 Leontina, which he discovered in 1913 and 1916, respectively.

    2. Milivoje Blaznavac, Serbian soldier and politician (b. 1824) deaths

      1. Serbian soldier and politician

        Milivoje Blaznavac

        General Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac was Serbian soldier and politician who served as the president of the ministry of Serbia from 1872 to 1873.

  143. 1872

    1. Samuel Cate Prescott, American microbiologist and chemist (d. 1962) births

      1. American food scientist and microbiologist (1872–1962)

        Samuel Cate Prescott

        Samuel Cate Prescott was an American food scientist and microbiologist who was involved in the development of food safety, food science, public health, and industrial microbiology.

    2. Paul-Auguste-Ernest Laugier, French astronomer (b. 1812) deaths

      1. French astronomer

        Paul-Auguste-Ernest Laugier

        Paul-Auguste-Ernest Laugier was a French astronomer, one of two French astronomers referred to as M. Laugier.

  144. 1871

    1. Stanisław Grabski, Polish economist and politician (d. 1949) births

      1. Polish economist

        Stanisław Grabski

        Stanisław Grabski was a Polish economist and politician associated with the National Democracy political camp. As the top Polish negotiator during the Peace of Riga talks in 1921, Grabski greatly influenced the future of Poland and the Soviet Union.

    2. Paolo Savi, Italian geologist and ornithologist (b. 1798) deaths

      1. Italian geologist and ornithologist (1798–1871)

        Paolo Savi

        Paolo Savi, was an Italian geologist and ornithologist.

  145. 1870

    1. Motobu Chōki, Japanese karateka (d. 1944) births

      1. Okinawan karateka

        Motobu Chōki

        Motobu Chōki was an Okinawan karate master and founder of Motobu-ryū. He was born into a branch of the Ryukyuan royal family, and at the age of 12, he and his older brother Motobu Chōyū invited Ankō Itosu to learn karate. Chōyū was also a noted martial artist.

  146. 1869

    1. Sergey Chaplygin, Russian physicist, mathematician, and engineer (d. 1942) births

      1. Russian-Soviet engineer, mathematician and physicist

        Sergey Chaplygin

        Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin was a Russian and Soviet physicist, mathematician, and mechanical engineer. He is known for mathematical formulas such as Chaplygin's equation and for a hypothetical substance in cosmology called Chaplygin gas, named after him.

    2. Albert Roussel, French composer (d. 1937) births

      1. French composer (1869–1937)

        Albert Roussel

        Albert Charles Paul Marie Roussel was a French composer. He spent seven years as a midshipman, turned to music as an adult, and became one of the most prominent French composers of the interwar period. His early works were strongly influenced by the impressionism of Debussy and Ravel, while he later turned toward neoclassicism.

  147. 1868

    1. Karel Purkyně, Czech painter (b. 1834) deaths

      1. Karel Purkyně

        Karel Purkyně was a painter in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was one of the most prominent proponents of realism in Czech art in the second half of the 19th century.

  148. 1867

    1. Ernest Lewis, British tennis player (d. 1930) births

      1. Ernest Lewis (tennis)

        Ernest Wool Lewis was a British amateur lawn tennis player who was active at the end of the 19th century.

  149. 1866

    1. Thomas Hodgkin, British physician (b. 1798) deaths

      1. British pathologist (1798–1866)

        Thomas Hodgkin

        Thomas Hodgkin was a British physician, considered one of the most prominent pathologists of his time and a pioneer in preventive medicine. He is now best known for the first account of Hodgkin's disease, a form of lymphoma and blood disease, in 1832. Hodgkin's work marked the beginning of times when a pathologist was actively involved in the clinical process. He was a contemporary of Thomas Addison and Richard Bright at Guy's Hospital in London.

  150. 1865

    1. Manfredo Fanti, Italian general (b. 1806) deaths

      1. Italian general (1806–1865)

        Manfredo Fanti

        Manfredo Fanti was an Italian general; he is known as the founder of the Regio Esercito.

  151. 1863

    1. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (d. 1950) births

      1. 19th and 20th-century British aristocrat, formerly German princess

        Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine

        Princess Victoria Alberta Elizabeth Mathilde Marie of Hesse and by Rhine, later Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven, was the eldest daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

  152. 1862

    1. Louis Ganne, French conductor (d. 1923) births

      1. Louis Ganne

        Louis-Gaston Ganne was a conductor and composer of French operas, operettas, ballets, and marches.

    2. Leo Stern, English cellist (d. 1904) births

      1. English cellist

        Leo Stern

        Leo Stern was an English cellist, best remembered for being the soloist in the premiere performance of Antonín Dvořák's Cello Concerto in B minor in London in 1896.

    3. Barend Cornelis Koekkoek, Dutch artist (b. 1803) deaths

      1. Dutch painter

        Barend Cornelis Koekkoek

        Barend Cornelis Koekkoek was a Dutch landscape artist and lithographer.

  153. 1861

    1. Ferdinand Joachimsthal, German mathematician (b. 1818) deaths

      1. German mathematician

        Ferdinand Joachimsthal

        Ferdinand Joachimsthal was a German mathematician.

  154. 1860

    1. Harry S. Barlow, British tennis player (d. 1917) births

      1. Harry S. Barlow

        Harry Sibthorpe Barlow was a British amateur lawn tennis player, active at the end of the 19th century.

  155. 1859

    1. Reinhold Seeberg, German theologian (d. 1935) births

      1. German Lutheran theologian

        Reinhold Seeberg

        Reinhold Seeberg was a German Lutheran theologian. He was a professor or theology at Erlangen, where he had studied, and then in 1893 a Professor of dogmatic theology at Friedrich Wilhelm University .

  156. 1858

    1. Washington Atlee Burpee, Canadian businessman, founded Burpee Seeds (d. 1915) births

      1. Businessman

        Washington Atlee Burpee

        Washington Atlee Burpee was the founder of the W. Atlee Burpee & Company, now more commonly known as Burpee Seeds.

      2. American seed company

        Burpee Seeds and Plants

        Burpee Seeds and Plants, officially W. Atlee Burpee & Co., is an American seed and plant company that was founded by Washington Atlee Burpee in Pennsylvania in 1876.

  157. 1857

    1. Alexander of Battenberg (d. 1893) births

      1. First prince of the Principality of Bulgaria

        Alexander of Battenberg

        Alexander Joseph, known as Alexander of Battenberg, was the first prince (knyaz) of the Principality of Bulgaria from 1879 until his abdication in 1886. The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly elected him as Prince of autonomous Bulgaria, which officially remained within the Ottoman Empire, in 1879. He dissolved the assembly in 1880 and suspended the Constitution in 1881, considering it too liberal. He restored the Constitution in 1883, leading to open conflict with Russia that made him popular in Bulgaria. Unification with Eastern Rumelia was achieved and recognised by the powers in 1885. A coup carried out by pro-Russian Bulgarian Army officers forced him to abdicate in September 1886. He later became a general in the Austrian army.

  158. 1856

    1. Booker T. Washington, African-American educator, essayist and historian (d. 1915) births

      1. American educator, author, orator and adviser (1856–1915)

        Booker T. Washington

        Booker Taliaferro Washington was an American educator, author, orator, and adviser to several presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community and of the contemporary black elite. Washington was from the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants. They were newly oppressed in the South by disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow discriminatory laws enacted in the post-Reconstruction Southern states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

  159. 1852

    1. Émile Billard, French sailor (d. 1930) births

      1. French sailor

        Émile Billard

        François Alexandre Émile Billard was a French sailor who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Billard took the gold in the 10 to 20 ton.

    2. Walter W. Winans, American marksman and sculptor (d. 1920) births

      1. American sport shooter and artist

        Walter W. Winans

        Walter W. Winans was an American marksman, horse breeder, sculptor, and painter who participated in the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. He won two medals for shooting: a gold in 1908 and a silver in 1912, as well as demonstrating the sport of pistol duelling in the 1908 Games. He also won a gold medal for his sculpture An American Trotter at Stockholm in 1912. In addition, Winans wrote ten books.

    3. Franz Eckert, German composer and musician (d. 1916) births

      1. German composer

        Franz Eckert

        Franz Eckert was a German composer and musician who composed the harmony for Japan's national anthem, "Kimigayo" and the national anthem of the Korean Empire, "Aegukga".

    4. Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg, (b. 1800) deaths

      1. Austrian prince

        Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg

        Felix Ludwig Johann Friedrich, Prince of Schwarzenberg was a Bohemian nobleman and an Austrian statesman who restored the Austrian Empire as a European great power following the Revolutions of 1848. He served as Minister-President of the Austrian Empire and Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire from 1848 to 1852.

  160. 1850

    1. Enrico Mazzanti, Italian engineer and cartoonist (d. 1910) births

      1. Italian engineer and cartoonist

        Enrico Mazzanti

        Enrico Mazzanti was an Italian engineer and cartoonist, who illustrated the first edition of Pinocchio.

  161. 1848

    1. Thure de Thulstrup, American illustrator (d. 1930) births

      1. Thure de Thulstrup

        Thure de Thulstrup, born Bror Thure Thulstrup in Sweden, was a leading American illustrator with contributions for numerous magazines, including three decades of work for Harper's Weekly. Thulstrup primarily illustrated historical military scenes.

    2. Ulrich Wille, Swiss army general (d. 1925) births

      1. Swiss general

        Ulrich Wille

        Conrad Ulrich Sigmund Wille was the General of the Swiss Army during the First World War. Inspired by the Prussian techniques that he had been able to observe at the time of his studies in Berlin, he attempted to impress the Swiss Army with a spirit based on instruction, discipline and technical control.

  162. 1846

    1. Sigmund Exner, Austrian physiologist (d. 1926) births

      1. Austrian physiologist

        Sigmund Exner

        Sigmund Exner was an Austrian physiologist born in Vienna.

    2. Henry Wellesley, British peer and politician (d. 1900) births

      1. Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington

        Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington was a British peer and Conservative Party politician.

  163. 1845

    1. Friedrich Sigmund Merkel, German anatomist and histopathologist (d. 1919) births

      1. Friedrich Sigmund Merkel

        Friedrich Sigmund Merkel was a leading German anatomist and histopathologist of the late 19th century. In 1875, he provided the first full description of Tastzellen which occur in the skin of all vertebrates. They were subsequently given the eponym "Merkel cells" in 1878 by Robert Bonnet (1851–1921).

    2. Jules Cambon, French diplomat (d. 1935) births

      1. French diplomat (1845–1935)

        Jules Cambon

        Jules-Martin Cambon was a French diplomat and brother to Paul Cambon. As the ambassador to Germany (1907–1914) he worked hard to secure a friendly détente. He was frustrated by French leaders such as Raymond Poincaré, who decided Berlin was trying to weaken the Triple Entente of France, Russia and Britain, and was not sincere in seeking peace. The French consensus was that war was inevitable.

  164. 1842

    1. Hans Hildebrand, Swedish archaeologist (d. 1913) births

      1. Swedish archeologist

        Hans Hildebrand

        Hans Olof Hildebrand Hildebrand was a Swedish archeologist. He is internationally known as one of the pioneers of the archaeological technique of typology.

    2. Shah Shujah Durrani, 5th Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1785) deaths

      1. Emir of the Durrani Empire

        Shah Shujah Durrani

        Padshah Sultan Shah Shuja Durrani was ruler of the Durrani Empire from 1803 to 1809. He then ruled from 1839 until his death in 1842. Son of Timur Shah Durrani, Shuja Shah was of the Sadduzai line of the Abdali group of ethnic Pashtuns. He became the fifth King of the Durrani Empire.

      2. Heads of state of Afghanistan since the first Afghan state from 1709

        List of heads of state of Afghanistan

        This article lists the heads of state of Afghanistan since the foundation of the first Afghan state, the Hotak Empire, in 1709.

  165. 1840

    1. Ghazaros Aghayan, Armenian historian and linguist (d. 1911) births

      1. Ghazaros Aghayan

        Ghazaros (Lazarus) Aghayan was an Armenian writer, educator, folklorist, historian, linguist and public figure.

  166. 1839

    1. Robert Smalls, African-American ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician (d. 1915) births

      1. American politician

        Robert Smalls

        Robert Smalls was an American politician, publisher, businessman, and maritime pilot. Born into slavery in Beaufort, South Carolina, he freed himself, his crew, and their families during the American Civil War by commandeering a Confederate transport ship, CSS Planter, in Charleston harbor, on May 13, 1862, and sailing it from Confederate-controlled waters of the harbor to the U.S. blockade that surrounded it. He then piloted the ship to the Union-controlled enclave in Beaufort–Port Royal–Hilton Head area, where it became a Union warship. His example and persuasion helped convince President Abraham Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army.

  167. 1837

    1. Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic (d. 1909) births

      1. English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic

        Algernon Charles Swinburne

        Algernon Charles Swinburne was an English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic. He wrote several novels and collections of poetry such as Poems and Ballads, and contributed to the famous Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

  168. 1835

    1. Vítězslav Hálek, Czech poet, writer, journalist, dramatist and theatre critic. (d. 1874) births

      1. Czech poet, publicist and writer

        Vítězslav Hálek

        Vítězslav Hálek, also known as Vincenc Hálek, was a Czech poet, writer, journalist, dramatist and theatre critic. He is considered one of the most important representatives of the May School, along with Jan Neruda and Karolína Světlá.

  169. 1834

    1. Prentice Mulford, American humorist and author (d. 1891) births

      1. Prentice Mulford

        Prentice Mulford was an American literary humorist and California author. In addition, he was pivotal in the development of the thought within the New Thought movement. Many of the principles that would become standard in the movement, including the Law of Attraction, were clearly laid out in his Your Forces and How to Use Them, released as a series of essays during 1886–1892.

    2. Wilhelm Olbers Focke, German medical doctor and botanist (d. 1922) births

      1. Wilhelm Olbers Focke

        Wilhelm Olbers Focke was a medical doctor and botanist who in 1881 published a significant work on plant breeding entitled Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge, Ein Beitrag zur Biologie der Gewächse which briefly mentioned Gregor Mendel's discoveries on hybridization. Although Charles Darwin had a copy of Focke's book he passed it along to a colleague apparently without reading this particular section. The rediscovery of Mendel's work is generally considered to have taken place in the first years of the 20th century, however in Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge, Mendel is mentioned about 18 times - although Focke did not apparently take Mendel's work all that seriously. Along with hybridization, Focke analyzed the non-Mendelian phenomena of graft hybrids, pseudogamy, and xenia.

    3. Frank R. Stockton, American writer and humorist (d. 1902) births

      1. American novelist

        Frank R. Stockton

        Frank Richard Stockton was an American writer and humorist, best known today for a series of innovative children's fairy tales that were widely popular during the last decades of the 19th century.

  170. 1832

    1. Jules Ferry, French lawyer and politician, 44th Prime Minister of France (d. 1893) births

      1. French Prime Minister in the 1800s

        Jules Ferry

        Jules François Camille Ferry was a French statesman and republican philosopher. He was one of the leaders of the Moderate Republicans and served as Prime Minister of France from 1880 to 1881 and 1883 to 1885. He was a promoter of laicism and colonial expansion. Under the Third Republic, Ferry made primary education free and compulsory through several new laws. However, he was forced to resign following the Sino-French War in 1885 due to his unpopularity and public opinion against the war.

      2. Head of Government of France

        Prime Minister of France

        The prime minister of France, officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.

  171. 1831

    1. Pierre Léonard Vander Linden, Belgian entomologist (b. 1797) deaths

      1. Pierre Léonard Vander Linden

        Pierre Léonard Vander Linden was a Belgian entomologist.

  172. 1830

    1. Richard Chenevix, Irish chemist and playwright (b. 1774) deaths

      1. Richard Chenevix (chemist)

        Richard Chenevix was an Irish chemist, mineralogist and playwright who also wrote on a range of other topics. He was known for his sharp cynicism and for engaging in combative criticism.

  173. 1827

    1. Joseph Lister, English surgeon and academic (d. 1912) births

      1. British surgeon and antiseptic pioneer (1827–1912)

        Joseph Lister

        Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, was a British surgeon, medical scientist, experimental pathologist and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery and preventative medicine. Joseph Lister revolutionised the craft of surgery in the same manner that John Hunter revolutionised the science of surgery.

  174. 1822

    1. Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye, Belgian economist (d. 1892) births

      1. Belgian economist, professor, historian

        Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye

        Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye was a Belgian economist. He was one of the co-founders of the Institut de Droit International in 1873.

  175. 1814

    1. Felix Lichnowsky, Czech soldier and politician (d. 1848) births

      1. Austrian politician

        Felix Lichnowsky

        Felix (von) Lichnowsky, fully Felix Maria Vincenz Andreas Fürst von Lichnowsky, Graf von Werdenberg was a son of the historian Eduard Lichnowsky who had written a history of the Habsburg family.

  176. 1811

    1. Jules Dupré, French painter (d. 1889) births

      1. French painter

        Jules Dupré

        Jules Louis Dupré was a French painter, one of the chief members of the Barbizon school of landscape painters. If Corot stands for the lyric and Rousseau for the epic aspect of the poetry of nature, Dupré is the exponent of its tragic and dramatic aspects.

  177. 1810

    1. Sir Henry Rawlinson, British East India Company army officer and politician (d. 1895) births

      1. Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet

        Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet, KLS was a British East India Company army officer, politician and Orientalist, sometimes described as the Father of Assyriology. His son, also Henry, was to become a senior commander in the British Army during World War I.

      2. 16th- to 19th-century British trading company

        East India Company

        The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies, and later with East Asia. The company seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonised parts of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. At its peak, the company was the largest corporation in the world. The EIC had its own armed forces in the form of the company's three Presidency armies, totalling about 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the British army at the time. The operations of the company had a profound effect on the global balance of trade, almost single-handedly reversing the trend of eastward drain of Western bullion, seen since Roman times.

  178. 1809

    1. Karl Felix Halm, German scholar and critic (d. 1882) births

      1. German classical philologist and librarian (1809–1882)

        Karl Felix Halm

        Karl Felix Halm, was a German classical scholar and critic.

  179. 1808

    1. Johann Georg Wille, German engraver (b. 1715) deaths

      1. Johann Georg Wille

        Johann Georg Wille, or Jean Georges Wille was a German-born copper engraver, who spent most of his life in France. He also worked as an art dealer.

  180. 1804

    1. Matthias Jakob Schleiden, German botanist (d. 1881) births

      1. German botanist

        Matthias Jakob Schleiden

        Matthias Jakob Schleiden was a German botanist and co-founder of cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.

    2. Jean-Charles Pichegru, French general (b. 1761) deaths

      1. French general

        Jean-Charles Pichegru

        Jean-Charles Pichegru was a French general of the Revolutionary Wars. Under his command, French troops overran Belgium and the Netherlands before fighting on the Rhine front. His royalist positions led to his loss of power and imprisonment in Cayenne, French Guiana during the Coup of 18 Fructidor in 1797. After escaping into exile in London and joining the staff of Alexander Korsakov, he returned to France and planned the Pichegru Conspiracy to remove Napoleon from power, which led to his arrest and death. Despite his defection, his surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 3.

  181. 1801

    1. Félix Dujardin, French biologist (d. 1860) births

      1. French biologist

        Félix Dujardin

        Félix Dujardin was a French biologist born in Tours. He is remembered for his research on protozoans and other invertebrates.

    2. Vincenzo Gioberti, Italian philosopher, publicist and politician (d. 1852) births

      1. Italian philosopher and politician

        Vincenzo Gioberti

        Vincenzo Gioberti was an Italian Catholic priest, philosopher, publicist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Sardinia from 1848 to 1849. He was a prominent spokesman for liberal Catholicism.

  182. 1799

    1. Jacques Denys Choisy, Swiss clergyman and botanist (d. 1859) births

      1. Jacques Denys Choisy

        Jacques Denys (Denis) Choisy was a Swiss Protestant clergyman and botanist.

    2. Johann Christoph Gatterer, German historian (b. 1727) deaths

      1. German historian

        Johann Christoph Gatterer

        Johann Christoph Gatterer was a German historian who was a native of Lichtenau. He was the father of cameralist Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer (1759–1838) and poet Magdalena Philippine Engelhard (1756–1831). He was a member of the Göttingen School of History.

  183. 1795

    1. Henry Havelock, British general (d. 1857) births

      1. British Army general

        Henry Havelock

        Major-General Sir Henry Havelock was a British general who is particularly associated with India and his recapture of Cawnpore during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

  184. 1794

    1. Georges Danton, French lawyer and politician, French Minister of Justice (b. 1759) deaths

      1. French revolutionary (1759–1794)

        Georges Danton

        Georges Jacques Danton was a French lawyer and a leading figure in the French Revolution. He became a deputy to the Paris Commune, presided in the Cordeliers district, and visited the Jacobin club. In August 1792 he became French Minister of Justice and was responsible for inciting the September Massacres. In Spring 1793 he supported the foundation of a Revolutionary Tribunal and became the first president of the Committee of Public Safety. After the Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 he changed his mind on the use of force and lost his seat in the committee; Danton and Robespierre became rivals. In early October 1793, he left politics but was urged to return to Paris to plead, as a moderate, for an end to the Terror. Danton's continual criticism of the Committee of Public Safety provoked further counter-attacks. At the end of March 1794, Danton made a speech announcing the end of the Terror. Within a week he became embroiled in a scandal concerning the bankruptcy proceedings of the French East India Company and was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror after accusations of conspiracy, venality and leniency toward the enemies of the Revolution.

      2. Ministry of Justice (France)

        The Ministry of Justice is a ministerial department of the Government of France, also known in French as la Chancellerie. It is headed by the Minister of Justice, also known as the Keeper of the Seals, a member of the Council of Ministers. The ministry's headquarters are on Place Vendôme, Paris.

    2. François Chabot, French politician (b. 1756) deaths

      1. French politician

        François Chabot

        François Chabot was a French politician.

    3. Camille Desmoulins, French journalist, lawyer, and politician (b. 1760) deaths

      1. 18th-century French journalist, politician, and revolutionary

        Camille Desmoulins

        Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoît Desmoulins was a French journalist and politician who played an important role in the French Revolution. Desmoulins was tried and executed alongside Georges Danton when the Committee of Public Safety reacted against Dantonist opposition. He was a schoolmate of Maximilien Robespierre and a close friend and political ally of Danton, who were both influential figures in the French Revolution. He is best known for criticizing the repressive measures of the Reign of Terror and pleading for clemency in Le Vieux Cordelier (1793-1794), as well as for calling the people to arms before the Palais Royal on July 12, 1789, which helped incite the storming of the Bastille.

    4. Fabre d'Églantine, French actor, dramatist, poet and politician (b. 1750) deaths

      1. Fabre d'Églantine

        Philippe François Nazaire Fabre d'Églantine, commonly known as Fabre d'Églantine, was a French actor, dramatist, poet, and politician of the French Revolution.

    5. Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles, French judge and politician (b. 1759) deaths

      1. French judge and politician

        Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles

        Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles was a French judge, freemason and politician who took part in the French Revolution.

    6. Pierre Philippeaux, French lawyer (b. 1754) deaths

      1. French lawyer

        Pierre Philippeaux

        Pierre Philippeaux, was a French lawyer who was a deputy to the National Convention for Sarthe.

    7. François Joseph Westermann, French general (b. 1751) deaths

      1. French general and political figure

        François Joseph Westermann

        François Joseph Westermann was a French general of the Revolutionary Wars and political figure of the French Revolution.

  185. 1793

    1. Casimir Delavigne, French poet and dramatist (d. 1843) births

      1. French poet and dramatist (1793–1843)

        Casimir Delavigne

        Jean-François Casimir Delavigne was a French poet and dramatist.

    2. Felix de Muelenaere, Belgian politician (d. 1862) births

      1. Belgian politician

        Félix de Muelenaere

        Félix Amandus, Count de Muelenaere was a Belgian Roman Catholic politician who served as the prime minister of Belgium from 1831 to 1832

  186. 1788

    1. Franz Pforr, German painter (d. 1812) births

      1. German painter

        Franz Pforr

        Franz Pforr was a painter of the German Nazarene movement.

  187. 1784

    1. Louis Spohr, German violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1859) births

      1. German composer, violinist and conductor (1784–1859)

        Louis Spohr

        Louis Spohr, baptized Ludewig Spohr, later often in the modern German form of the name Ludwig, was a German composer, violinist and conductor. Highly regarded during his lifetime, Spohr composed ten symphonies, ten operas, eighteen violin concerti, four clarinet concerti, four oratorios, and various works for small ensemble, chamber music, and art songs. Spohr invented the violin chinrest and the orchestral rehearsal mark. His output spans the transition between Classical and Romantic music, but fell into obscurity following his death, when his music was rarely heard. The late 20th century saw a revival of interest in his oeuvre, especially in Europe.

  188. 1782

    1. Wincenty Krasiński, Polish nobleman (d. 1858) births

      1. Wincenty Krasiński

        Count Wincenty Krasiński was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), political activist and military leader.

  189. 1777

    1. Marie Jules César Savigny, French zoologist (d. 1851) births

      1. French zoologist

        Marie Jules César Savigny

        Marie Jules César Lelorgne de Savigny was a French zoologist.

  190. 1773

    1. José María Coppinger, governor of Spanish East Florida (d. 1844) births

      1. José María Coppinger

        José María Coppinger was a Spanish soldier who served in the infantry of the Royal Spanish Army (Ejército de Tierra) and governed East Florida (1816–1821) and several areas in Cuba including Pinar Del Rio, Bayamo, the Cuatro Villas and Trinidad at various times between 1801 and 1834. He was also a member of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand and San Hermenegildo.

      2. Colony of Great Britain and a province of Spanish Florida

        East Florida

        East Florida was a colony of Great Britain from 1763 to 1783 and a province of Spanish Florida from 1783 to 1821. Great Britain gained control of the long-established Spanish colony of La Florida in 1763 as part of the treaty ending the French and Indian War. Deciding that the territory was too large to administer as a single unit, Britain divided Florida into two colonies separated by the Apalachicola River: East Florida with its capital in St. Augustine and West Florida with its capital in Pensacola. East Florida was much larger and comprised the bulk of the former Spanish territory of Florida and most of the current state of Florida. It had also been the most populated region of Spanish Florida, but before control was transferred to Britain, most residents – including virtually everyone in St. Augustine – left the territory, with most migrating to Cuba.

    2. Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, (d. 1839) births

      1. Princess consort of Thurn and Taxis

        Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

        Duchess Therese Mathilde Amalie of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a member of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and a Duchess of Mecklenburg. Through her marriage to Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Therese was also a member of the House of Thurn and Taxis.

  191. 1769

    1. Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, English admiral (d. 1839) births

      1. 18th and 19th-century Royal Navy admiral

        Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet

        Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, 1st Baronet, GCB was a British Royal Navy officer. He took part in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent in February 1797, the Battle of the Nile in August 1798 and the Battle of Copenhagen in April 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. He served as flag captain to Admiral Lord Nelson, and commanded HMS Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars. Nelson was shot as he paced the decks with Hardy, and as he lay dying, Nelson's famous remark of "Kiss me, Hardy" was directed at him. Hardy went on to become First Naval Lord in November 1830 and in that capacity refused to become a Member of Parliament and encouraged the introduction of steam warships.

    2. Marc-Antoine Laugier, Jesuit priest (b. 1713) deaths

      1. French architectural historian

        Marc-Antoine Laugier

        Marc-Antoine Laugier was a Jesuit priest until 1755 than a Benedictine monk. He was one of the first architectural theorist.Marc Antoine Laugier can perhaps be called the first modern architectural philosopher.

  192. 1768

    1. Egidio Forcellini, Italian philologist (b. 1688) deaths

      1. Italian philologist (1688–1768)

        Egidio Forcellini

        Egidio Forcellini was an Italian philologist.

  193. 1767

    1. Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, German princess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1685) deaths

      1. Countess of Hanau-Münzenberg

        Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

        Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was a German princess by birth and Countess of Hanau-Münzenberg by marriage.

  194. 1765

    1. Edward Young, English poet and author (b. 1683) deaths

      1. English poet

        Edward Young

        Edward Young was an English poet, best remembered for Night-Thoughts, a series of philosophical writings in blank verse, reflecting his state of mind following several bereavements. It was one of the most popular poems of the century, influencing Goethe and Edmund Burke, among many others, with its notable illustrations by William Blake.

  195. 1761

    1. Sybil Ludington, American figure of the American Revolutionary War (d. 1839) births

      1. 18th and 19th-century American revolutionary heroine

        Sybil Ludington

        Sybil Ludington is recognized as a heroine of the American Revolutionary War; the accuracy of these accounts is questioned by modern scholars. On April 26, 1777, the 16-year-old daughter of a colonel in the Colonial militia, Henry Ludington, is said to have made an all-night horseback ride 40 miles (64 km) to rally militia forces in neighboring towns after the burning of Danbury, Connecticut by British forces.

  196. 1752

    1. Sébastien Érard, French instrument maker (d. 1831) births

      1. Sébastien Érard

        Sébastien Érard was a French instrument maker of German origin who specialised in the production of pianos and harps, developing the capacities of both instruments and pioneering the modern piano.

  197. 1751

    1. Frederick I, prince consort and king of Sweden (b. 1676) deaths

      1. King of Sweden from 1720-51

        Frederick I of Sweden

        Frederick I was prince consort of Sweden from 1718 to 1720, and King of Sweden from 1720 until his death and also Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1730. He ascended the throne following the death of his brother-in-law absolutist Charles XII in the Great Northern War, and the abdication of his wife, Charles's sister and successor Ulrika Eleonora, after she had to relinquish most powers to the Riksdag of the Estates and thus chose to abdicate. His powerless reign and lack of legitimate heirs of his own saw his family's elimination from the line of succession after the parliamentary government dominated by pro-revanchist Hat Party politicians ventured into a war with Russia, which ended in defeat and the Russian tsarina Elizabeth getting Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp instated following the death of the king.

  198. 1739

    1. Philemon Dickinson, American lawyer and politician (d. 1809) births

      1. American soldier

        Philemon Dickinson

        Philemon Dickinson was an American lawyer and politician from Trenton, New Jersey. As a brigadier general of the New Jersey militia, he was one of the most effective militia officers of the American Revolutionary War. He was also a Continental Congressman from Delaware and a United States Senator from New Jersey.

  199. 1735

    1. Franziskus Herzan von Harras, Czech Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1804) births

      1. Franziskus Herzan von Harras

        Franziskus von Paula Herzan von Harras or František de Paula Hrzán z Harasova was a Roman Catholic cardinal from what is now the Czech Republic.

    2. William Derham, English minister and philosopher (b. 1657) deaths

      1. William Derham

        William Derham FRS was an English clergyman, natural theologian, natural philosopher and scientist. He produced the earliest, reasonably accurate measurement of the speed of sound.

  200. 1732

    1. Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter and etcher (d. 1806) births

      1. 18th and 19th-century French Rococo painter

        Jean-Honoré Fragonard

        Jean-Honoré Fragonard was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism. One of the most prolific artists active in the last decades of the Ancien Régime, Fragonard produced more than 550 paintings, of which only five are dated. Among his most popular works are genre paintings conveying an atmosphere of intimacy and veiled eroticism.

  201. 1730

    1. Jean Baptiste Seroux d'Agincourt, French archaeologist and historian (d. 1814) births

      1. Jean Baptiste Seroux d'Agincourt

        Jean Baptiste Louis George Seroux D'Agincourt was a French archaeologist and historian.

  202. 1729

    1. Frederick Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1809) births

      1. Frederick Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern

        Frederick Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was a member of the House of Guelph. He was a Danish field marshal and also the last Duke of Brunswick-Bevern.

  203. 1727

    1. Pasquale Anfossi, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1797) births

      1. Italian opera composer (1727–1797)

        Pasquale Anfossi

        Pasquale Anfossi was an Italian opera composer. Born in Taggia, Liguria, he studied with Niccolò Piccinni and Antonio Sacchini, and worked mainly in London, Venice and Rome.

  204. 1726

    1. Benjamin Harrison V, American politician, planter and merchant (d. 1791) births

      1. American planter and merchant (1726-1791)

        Benjamin Harrison V

        Benjamin Harrison V was an American planter, merchant, and politician who served as a legislator in colonial Virginia, following his namesakes’ tradition of public service. He was a signer of the Continental Association, as well as the United States Declaration of Independence, and was one of the nation’s Founding Fathers. He served as Virginia's governor from 1781 to 1784.

  205. 1723

    1. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Austrian architect, sculptor and historian (b. 1656) deaths

      1. Austrian architect, artist, and historian

        Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach

        Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach was an Austrian architect, sculptor, engraver, and architectural historian whose Baroque architecture profoundly influenced and shaped the tastes of the Habsburg Empire. His influential book A Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture (1721) was one of the first and most popular comparative studies of world architecture. His major works include Schönbrunn Palace, Karlskirche, and the Austrian National Library in Vienna, and Schloss Klessheim, Holy Trinity Church, and the Kollegienkirche in Salzburg.

  206. 1719

    1. Axel von Fersen the Elder, Swedish field marshal and politician, Lord Marshal of Sweden (d. 1794) births

      1. 18th-century Swedish lantmarskalk or marshal of the diet

        Axel von Fersen the Elder

        Count Fredrik Axel von Fersen was a Swedish statesman and soldier. He served as Lord Marshal of the Riksdag of the Estates, and although he worked closely with King Gustav III before and through the Revolution of 1772, he later opposed the king.

      2. Lord Marshal (Sweden)

        Lantmarskalk, was the title of one of the speakers of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates, from 1627 to 1866 and of the Diet of Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906. The Lantmarskalk was appointed by the Estate of the Nobles and also served as its speaker (talman). The Lantmarskalk should not be confused with the Riksmarsk or the Riksmarskalk, which were Great Officers of the Realm and royal appointees.

  207. 1717

    1. Jean Jouvenet, French painter (b. 1647) deaths

      1. Jean Jouvenet

        Jean-Baptiste Jouvenet was a French painter, especially of religious subjects.

  208. 1712

    1. Jan Luyken, Dutch poet, illustrator and engraver (b. 1649) deaths

      1. Dutch engraver (1649–1712)

        Jan Luyken

        Johannes or Jan Luyken was a Dutch poet, illustrator, and engraver.

  209. 1709

    1. Roger de Piles, French painter, engraver, art critic and diplomat (b. 1635) deaths

      1. French artist (1635–1709)

        Roger de Piles

        Roger de Piles was a French painter, engraver, art critic and diplomat.

  210. 1708

    1. Christian Heinrich, German prince and member of the House of Hohenzollern (b. 1661) deaths

      1. Christian Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach

        Christian Heinrich of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach, was a German prince and member of the House of Hohenzollern and nominal Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach.

      2. Former ruling royal and imperial house of Prussia and the German Empire

        House of Hohenzollern

        The House of Hohenzollern is a German royal dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania. The family came from the area around the town of Hechingen in Swabia during the late 11th century and took their name from Hohenzollern Castle. The first ancestors of the Hohenzollerns were mentioned in 1061.

  211. 1704

    1. Christian Ulrich I, German nobleman and Duke of Württemberg-Oels (b. 1652) deaths

      1. Christian Ulrich I, Duke of Württemberg-Oels

        Duke Christian Ulrich I of Württemberg-Oels was a German nobleman. He was the ruling Duke of Württemberg-Bernstadt from 1669 to 1697 and then the ruling Duke of Oels-Württemberg from 1697 until his death.

  212. 1697

    1. Charles XI, king of Sweden (b. 1655) deaths

      1. King of Sweden from 1660 to 1697

        Charles XI of Sweden

        Charles XI or Carl was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721).

  213. 1695

    1. George Savile, English politician, Lord President of the Council (b. 1633) deaths

      1. English statesman, writer, and politician

        George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax

        George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax,, was an English statesman, writer, and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660, and in the House of Lords after he was raised to the peerage in 1668.

      2. United Kingdom official position

        Lord President of the Council

        The lord president of the Council is the presiding officer of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and the fourth of the Great Officers of State, ranking below the Lord High Treasurer but above the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The Lord President usually attends and is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Privy Council, presenting business for the approval of the sovereign. In the modern era, the incumbent is by convention always a member of one of the Houses of Parliament, and the office is normally a Cabinet position.

  214. 1693

    1. Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, French noblewoman (b. 1627) deaths

      1. La Grande Mademoiselle

        Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier

        Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the only daughter of Gaston d'Orléans with his first wife, Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier. One of the greatest heiresses in history, she died unmarried and childless, leaving her vast fortune to her cousin Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. After a string of proposals from various members of European ruling families, including Charles II of England, Afonso VI of Portugal, and Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy, she eventually fell in love with the courtier Antoine Nompar de Caumont and scandalised the court of France when she asked Louis XIV for permission to marry him, as such a union was viewed as a mésalliance. She is best remembered for her role in the Fronde and her role in bringing the famous composer Jean-Baptiste Lully to the king's court, and her Mémoires.

    2. Philip William August, German nobleman (b. 1668) deaths

      1. Philip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg

        Philip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg was a Prince and Count Palatine of Neuburg.

  215. 1692

    1. Adrienne Lecouvreur, French actress (d. 1730) births

      1. French actress (1692-1730)

        Adrienne Lecouvreur

        Adrienne Lecouvreur, born Adrienne Couvreur, was a French actress, considered by many as the greatest of her time. Born in Damery, she first appeared professionally on the stage in Lille. After her Paris debut at the Comédie-Française in 1717, she was immensely popular with the public. Together with Michel Baron, she was credited for having developed a more natural, less stylized, type of acting.

  216. 1691

    1. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1768) births

      1. Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

        Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

        Louis VIII was the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1739 to 1768. He was the son of Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Margravine Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach.

      2. State of the Holy Roman Empire

        Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt

        The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by a younger branch of the House of Hesse. It was formed in 1567 following the division of the Landgraviate of Hesse between the four sons of Landgrave Philip I.

  217. 1684

    1. William Brouncker, English mathematician (b. 1620) deaths

      1. English mathematician

        William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker

        William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker, PRS was an English mathematician who introduced Brouncker's formula, and was the first president of the Royal Society. He was also a civil servant, serving as a commissioner of the Royal Navy. He was a friend and colleague of Samuel Pepys, and features prominently in the Great Diary.

    2. Karl Eusebius, prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1611) deaths

      1. Prince of Liechtenstein

        Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein

        Karl Eusebius was the Prince of Liechtenstein. He inherited this title in 1627 from his father Karl I. He was 16 and thus considered underage, and his uncles Prince Gundakar and Maximillian acted as regents until 1632. From 1639 to 1641 Karl was Chief Captain of High and Low Silesia.

  218. 1679

    1. Anne Geneviève de Bourbon, French princess (b. 1619) deaths

      1. Duchess of Longueville

        Anne Geneviève de Bourbon

        Anne-Geneviève de Bourbon was a French princess who is remembered for her beauty and amours, her influence during the civil wars of the Fronde, and her final conversion to Jansenism.

  219. 1674

    1. Margravine Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg, (d. 1748) births

      1. Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg (1674–1748)

        Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg, was a Duchess consort of Courland by marriage to Duke Frederick Casimir Kettler of Courland, a Margravine consort of Brandenburg-Bayreuth by marriage to Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and a Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen by marriage to Ernst Ludwig I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. She was joint regent in Courland during the minority of her son Frederick William, Duke of Courland from 1698 until 1701.

  220. 1673

    1. François Caron, Belgian-French explorer and politician, 8th Governor of Formosa (b. 1600) deaths

      1. François Caron

        François Caron (1600–1673) was a French Huguenot refugee to the Netherlands who served the Dutch East India Company for 30 years, rising from cook's mate to the director-general at Batavia (Jakarta), only one grade below governor-general. He retired from the VOC in 1651, and was later recruited to become director-general of the newly formed French East Indies Company in 1665 until his death in 1673.

      2. Governor of Formosa

        The governor of Formosa was the head of government during the Dutch colonial period in Taiwan, which lasted from 1624 to 1662. Appointed by the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia, the governor of Formosa was empowered to legislate, collect taxes, wage war and declare peace on behalf of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and therefore by extension the Dutch state.

  221. 1664

    1. Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, French noblewoman and Princess of Epinoy (d. 1748) births

      1. Princess of Epinoy

        Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine

        Élisabeth of Lorraine was a French noblewoman and the Princess of Epinoy by marriage. She is often styled as the princesse de Lillebonne. She was the mother of Louis de Melun, Duke of Joyeuse who disappeared under mysterious circumstances in 1724 and of Anne Julie de Melun, princesse de Soubise.

  222. 1656

    1. Nikita Demidov, Russian industrialist (d. 1725) births

      1. Nikita Demidov

        Nikita Demidov, was a Russian industrialist who founded the Demidov industrial dynasty.

  223. 1649

    1. Elihu Yale, American-English merchant and philanthropist (d. 1721) births

      1. British philanthropist (1649–1721)

        Elihu Yale

        Elihu Yale was a British-American colonial administrator and philanthropist. Although born in Boston, Massachusetts, he only lived in America as a child, spending the rest of his life in England, Wales and India. Starting as a clerk, he eventually rose up to the rank of President of the British East India Company settlement in Fort St George, Madras. He later lost that position under charges of corruption for self-dealing and had to pay a fine. In 1699, he returned to Britain with a considerable fortune, around £200,000, mostly made by selling diamonds, and spent his time and wealth toward philanthropy and art collecting. He is best remembered as the primary benefactor of Yale College, which was named in his honor, following a sizable donation of books, portrait and textiles under the request of Rev. Cotton Mather, a Harvard graduate. No direct descendants of his has survived to this day.

  224. 1626

    1. Anna Koltovskaya, Russian tsarina deaths

      1. Tsaritsa of All Russia

        Anna Koltovskaya

        Anna Alexeievna Koltovskaya was Tsaritsa of the Tsardom of Russia and the fourth spouse of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.

  225. 1622

    1. Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (d. 1703) births

      1. Vincenzo Viviani

        Vincenzo Viviani was an Italian mathematician and scientist. He was a pupil of Torricelli and a disciple of Galileo.

  226. 1617

    1. Alonso Lobo, Spanish composer (b. 1555) deaths

      1. Spanish composer

        Alonso Lobo

        Alonso Lobo was a Spanish composer of the late Renaissance. Although not as famous as Tomás Luis de Victoria, he was highly regarded at the time, and Victoria himself considered him to be his equal.

  227. 1616

    1. Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1661) births

      1. Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

        Frederick was the Duke of Zweibrücken from 1635 until 1661.

  228. 1612

    1. Diana Scultori, Italian engraver deaths

      1. Italian sculptor (1547–1612)

        Diana Scultori

        Diana Scultori, Diana Mantuana, or Diana Ghisi (1547–1612) was an Italian engraver from Mantua, Italy. She is one of the earliest known women printmakers, making mostly reproductive engravings of well-known paintings or drawings, especially those of Raphael and Giulio Romano, or ancient Roman sculptures.

  229. 1604

    1. Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1675) births

      1. Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine

        Charles IV was Duke of Lorraine from 1624 until his death in 1675, with a brief interruption in 1634, when he abdicated under French pressure in favor of his younger brother, Nicholas Francis.

  230. 1595

    1. John Wilson, English composer and educator (d. 1674) births

      1. English composer, lutenist and teacher

        John Wilson (composer)

        John Wilson was an English composer, lutenist and teacher. Born in Faversham, Kent, he moved to London by 1614, where he succeeded Robert Johnson as principal composer for the King's Men, and entered the King's Musick in 1635 as a lutenist. He received the degree of D.Mus from Oxford in 1644, and he was Heather Professor of Music there from 1656 to 1661. Following the Restoration, he joined the Chapel Royal in 1662. He died at Westminster.

  231. 1594

    1. Catherine of Palma, Spanish nun (b. 1533) deaths

      1. Spanish religious (1531–1574)

        Catherine of Palma

        Catherine of Palma was a Spanish nun canonised in 1930.

  232. 1591

    1. Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (d. 1634) births

      1. Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

        Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1613 until his death.

  233. 1588

    1. Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (d. 1679) births

      1. English philosopher (1588–1679)

        Thomas Hobbes

        Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, theology, and ethics, as well as philosophy in general.

  234. 1568

    1. Pope Urban VIII (d. 1644) births

      1. Bishop of Rome from 1623 to 1644

        Pope Urban VIII

        Pope Urban VIII, born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in July 1644. As pope, he expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts and a reformer of Church missions.

  235. 1549

    1. Princess Elizabeth of Sweden (d. 1597) births

      1. Princess Elizabeth of Sweden

        Princess Elizabeth of Sweden, was a Swedish princess, and a duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch by marriage to Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch. She was a daughter of King Gustav I of Sweden and his second spouse, Queen Margaret.

  236. 1539

    1. George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1603) births

      1. Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach

        George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach

        George Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach was Margrave of Ansbach and Bayreuth, as well as Regent of Prussia. He was the son of George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and a member of the House of Hohenzollern. He married firstly, in 1559, Elisabeth of Brandenburg-Küstrin. He married secondly, in 1579, Sophie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, daughter of William of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Dorothea of Denmark.

  237. 1534

    1. Jan Matthys, Dutch anabaptist reformer deaths

      1. Jan Matthys

        Jan Matthys was a charismatic Anabaptist leader of the Münster Rebellion, regarded by his followers as a prophet.

  238. 1533

    1. Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic Cardinal (d. 1578) births

      1. Giulio della Rovere

        Giulio della Rovere, also known as Giulio Feltrio della Rovere was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church and a member of the della Rovere family.

  239. 1523

    1. Blaise de Vigenère, French cryptographer and diplomat (d. 1596) births

      1. French cryptographer

        Blaise de Vigenère

        Blaise de Vigenère was a French diplomat, cryptographer, translator and alchemist.

  240. 1521

    1. Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (d. 1570) births

      1. Francesco Laparelli

        Francesco Laparelli da Cortona was an Italian architect. He was an assistant of Michelangelo, and later was sent by the Pope to supervise the construction of Valletta in Malta.

  241. 1512

    1. Lazzaro Bastiani, Italian painter (b. 1429) deaths

      1. Italian painter (1429–1512)

        Lazzaro Bastiani

        Lazzaro Bastiani was an Italian painter of the Renaissance, active mainly in Venice.

  242. 1472

    1. Bianca Maria Sforza, Italian wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1510) births

      1. 16th-century empress of the Holy Roman Empire

        Bianca Maria Sforza

        Bianca Maria Sforza was Queen of Germany and Italy, and Empress of the Holy Roman Empire as the third spouse of Maximilian I. She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan by his second wife, Bona of Savoy.

      2. Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 to 1519

        Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

        Maximilian I was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. He was never crowned by the pope, as the journey to Rome was blocked by the Venetians. He proclaimed himself Elected Emperor in 1508 at Trent, thus breaking the long tradition of requiring a Papal coronation for the adoption of the Imperial title. Maximilian was the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Eleanor of Portugal. Since his coronation as King of the Romans in 1486, he ran a double government, or Doppelregierung, with his father until Frederick's death in 1493.

  243. 1431

    1. Bernard I, margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1364) deaths

      1. Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden

        Bernard I of Baden was Margrave of the Margraviate of Baden from 1391 to 1431.

  244. 1419

    1. Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (b. 1350) deaths

      1. Valencian Dominican friar

        Vincent Ferrer

        Vincent Ferrer, OP was a Valencian Dominican friar and preacher, who gained acclaim as a missionary and a logician. He is honored as a saint of the Catholic Church and other churches of Catholic traditions.

  245. 1365

    1. William II, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1417) births

      1. German politician

        William II, Duke of Bavaria

        William II of Bavaria was Duke of Bavaria-Straubing and count of Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland. He ruled from 1404 until 1417, when he died from an infection caused by a dog bite.

  246. 1325

    1. Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron of Monthermer and Earl of Gloucester (b. c.1270) deaths

      1. 13th and 14th-century English nobleman

        Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer

        Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester, Hertford, and Atholl was an English nobleman, who was the son-in-law of King Edward I. His clandestine marriage to the King's widowed daughter Joan greatly offended her father, but he was quickly persuaded to pardon Ralph.

  247. 1315

    1. James III of Majorca (d. 1349) births

      1. King of Majorca

        James III of Majorca

        James III, known as James the Rash, was King of Majorca from 1324 to 1344. He was the son of Ferdinand of Majorca and Isabella of Sabran.

  248. 1308

    1. Ivan Kőszegi, Hungarian baron and oligarch deaths

      1. Lord in the Kingdom of Hungary at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries

        Ivan Kőszegi

        Ivan Kőszegi was an influential lord in the Kingdom of Hungary at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Earlier historiographical works also refer to him Ivan Németújvári. He was Palatine in 1281, between 1287 and 1288, and from 1302 until 1307, Ban of Slavonia in 1275, from 1284 until 1285 and in 1290, and Master of the treasury in 1276 and 1291.

      2. Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)

        An oligarch or provincial lord was a powerful lord who administered huge contiguous territories through usurping royal prerogatives in the Kingdom of Hungary in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

  249. 1288

    1. Emperor Go-Fushimi of Japan (d. 1336) births

      1. Emperor of Japan, reigned 1298–1301

        Emperor Go-Fushimi

        Emperor Go-Fushimi was the 93rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1298 to 1301.

  250. 1279

    1. Al-Nuwayri, Egyptian Muslim historian (d. 1333) births

      1. Egyptian Historian, encyclopedist and calligrapher

        Al-Nuwayri

        Al-Nuwayrī, full name Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad bin ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī was an Egyptian Muslim historian and civil servant of the Bahri Mamluk dynasty. He is most notable for his compilation of a 9,000-page encyclopedia of the Mamluk era, titled The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition, which pertained to zoology, anatomy, history, chronology, amongst others. He is also known for his extensive work regarding the Mongols' conquest of Syria. Al-Nuwayri started his encyclopedia around the year 1314 and completed it in 1333.

  251. 1258

    1. Juliana of Liège, Belgian canoness and saint deaths

      1. Juliana of Liège

        Juliana of Liège, was a medieval Norbertine canoness regular and mystic in what is now Belgium. Traditional scholarly sources have long recognized her as the promoter of the Feast of Corpus Christi, first celebrated in Liège in 1246, and later adopted for the Catholic Church in 1264. More recent scholarship includes manuscript analysis of the initial version of the Office, as found in The Hague, National Library of the Netherlands and a close reading of her Latin vita, a critical edition of which was published in French by the Belgian scholar, Jean-Pierre Delville.

  252. 1219

    1. Wonjong of Goryeo, 24th ruler of Goryeo (d. 1274) births

      1. Wonjong of Goryeo

        Wonjong of Goryeo was the 24th ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea from 1260 to 1274.

      2. Korean dynasty (918–1392)

        Goryeo

        Goryeo was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae, who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea. The name "Korea" is derived from the name of Goryeo, also spelled Koryŏ, which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo. According to Korean historians, it was during the Goryeo period that the individual identities of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla were successfully merged into a single entity that became the basis of modern-day 'Korean' identity.

  253. 1205

    1. Isabella I of Jerusalem, queen regnant of Jerusalem (b. 1172) deaths

      1. Queen of Jerusalem

        Isabella I of Jerusalem

        Isabella I was reigning Queen of Jerusalem from 1190 to her death. She was the daughter of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his second wife Maria Comnena, a Byzantine princess. Her half-brother, Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, engaged her to Humphrey IV of Toron. Her mother's second husband, Balian of Ibelin, and his stepfather, Raynald of Châtillon, were influential members of the two baronial parties. The marriage of Isabella and Humphrey was celebrated in Kerak Castle in autumn 1183. Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria, laid siege to the fortress during the wedding, but Baldwin IV forced him to lift the siege.

  254. 1183

    1. Ramon Berenguer III, Spanish count of Cerdanya and Provence deaths

      1. Count of Provence

        Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence

        Ramon Berenguer III or IV(c. 1158 – 5 April 1181), born Peter, was the count of Cerdanya (1162–1168) and count of Provence (1173–1181).

  255. 1170

    1. Isabella of Hainault (d. 1190) births

      1. Queen consort of France

        Isabella of Hainault

        Isabella of Hainault was a Queen of France as the first wife of King Philip II. She was also formally ruling Countess of Artois de jure between 1180 and 1190.

  256. 1168

    1. Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, English politician (b. 1104) deaths

      1. English nobleman (1104-1168)

        Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester

        Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester was Justiciar of England 1155–1168.

  257. 902

    1. Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid caliph deaths

      1. 16th Abbasid Caliph (r. 892–902)

        Al-Mu'tadid

        Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Ṭalḥa al-Muwaffaq, 853/4 or 860/1 – 5 April 902, better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtaḍid bi-llāh, was the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 892 until his death in 902.

  258. 584

    1. Ruadán of Lorrha, Irish abbot deaths

      1. Ruadhán of Lorrha

        St. Ruadán mac Fergusa Birn, also known Rowan, Ruadon, Roadan, Ruadhán, Rodon and Rodan, was an Irish Christian abbot who founded the monastery of Lorrha, near Terryglass. He was known for his prophesies. After his death, he was venerated as a saint and as one of the "Twelve Apostles of Ireland". His feast day is 15 April.

  259. 582

    1. Eutychius of Constantinople, Byzantine patriarch deaths

      1. Patriarch of Constantinople (552-565, 577-582); Christian saint

        Eutychius of Constantinople

        Eutychius, considered a saint in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian traditions, was the patriarch of Constantinople from 552 to 565, and from 577 to 582. His feast is kept by the Orthodox Church on 6 April, and he is mentioned in the Catholic Church's "Corpus Juris". His terms of office, occurring during the reign of Emperor Justinian the Great, were marked by controversies with both imperial and papal authority.

  260. 517

    1. Timothy I of Constantinople, Byzantine patriarch deaths

      1. Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 511 to 518

        Timothy I of Constantinople

        Timothy I or Timotheus I was a Christian priest who was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople by the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I in 511.

Holidays

  1. Christian feast day: Albert of Montecorvino

    1. Italian Roman Catholic saint

      Albert of Montecorvino

      Albert, born in Normandy, was taken to Motta Montecorvino in Apulia, Italy as a child. He later became Bishop there. Albert became blind in later years, but was known for his visions and as a miracle worker.

  2. Christian feast day: Derfel Gadarn

    1. Saint Derfel

      Derfel, known as Derfel Gadarn, was a 6th-century Celtic Christian monk regarded as a saint. Local legend holds that he was a warrior of King Arthur.

  3. Christian feast day: Æthelburh of Kent

    1. Second wife of Edwin of Northumbria

      Æthelburh of Kent

      Æthelburh of Kent (born c. 601, sometimes spelled Æthelburg, Ethelburga, Æthelburga; Old English: Æþelburh, Æðelburh, Æðilburh, also known as Tate or Tata), was an early Anglo-Saxon queen consort of Northumbria, the second wife of King Edwin. As she was a Christian from Kent, their marriage triggered the initial phase of the conversion of the pagan north of England to Christianity.

  4. Christian feast day: Gerald of Sauve-Majeure

    1. Gerald of Sauve-Majeure

      Saint Gerald of Sauve-Majeure, also known, from his place of origin, as Gerald of Corbie, was a Benedictine abbot.

  5. Christian feast day: Juliana of Liège

    1. Juliana of Liège

      Juliana of Liège, was a medieval Norbertine canoness regular and mystic in what is now Belgium. Traditional scholarly sources have long recognized her as the promoter of the Feast of Corpus Christi, first celebrated in Liège in 1246, and later adopted for the Catholic Church in 1264. More recent scholarship includes manuscript analysis of the initial version of the Office, as found in The Hague, National Library of the Netherlands and a close reading of her Latin vita, a critical edition of which was published in French by the Belgian scholar, Jean-Pierre Delville.

  6. Christian feast day: Maria Crescentia Höss

    1. Religious sister and saint (1682–1744)

      Maria Crescentia Höss

      Maria Crescentia Höss (Höß), TOR (1682–1744) was a religious sister of the Third Order Regular of St. Francis. In 1900, she was beatified by Pope Leo XIII, and she was canonized in 2001 by Pope John Paul II.

  7. Christian feast day: Blessed Mariano de la Mata

    1. Recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into heaven

      Beatification

      Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. Beati is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed" before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds".

    2. Mariano de la Mata

      Mariano de la Mata Aparício was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Order of Saint Augustine. He joined the missions in Brazil where he served until his death and was known for his educational work with the poor. His age and diminishing health was no obstacle for him throughout his time in Brazil and it did not hinder his efforts to visit the sick or go out to be with the people he looked after.

  8. Christian feast day: Pandita Mary Ramabai (Episcopal Church (USA))

    1. Indian feminist historian and social reformer

      Pandita Ramabai

      Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati was an Indian Social Reformer. She was the first woman to be awarded the titles of Pandita as a Sanskrit scholar and Sarasvati after being examined by the faculty of the University of Calcutta. She was one of the ten women delegates of the Congress session of 1889.During her stay in England in early 1880s she converted to christianity.After that she toured extensively in the United states to collect funds for destitute Indian women.With the funds raised she started Sharada sadan for child widows. In the late 1890s, she founded Mukti Mission, a christian charity at Kedgaon village, forty miles east of the city of Pune. The mission was later named Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission.

    2. Anglican denomination in the United States

      Episcopal Church (United States)

      The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.

  9. Christian feast day: Ruadhán of Lorrha

    1. Ruadhán of Lorrha

      St. Ruadán mac Fergusa Birn, also known Rowan, Ruadon, Roadan, Ruadhán, Rodon and Rodan, was an Irish Christian abbot who founded the monastery of Lorrha, near Terryglass. He was known for his prophesies. After his death, he was venerated as a saint and as one of the "Twelve Apostles of Ireland". His feast day is 15 April.

  10. Christian feast day: Vincent Ferrer

    1. Valencian Dominican friar

      Vincent Ferrer

      Vincent Ferrer, OP was a Valencian Dominican friar and preacher, who gained acclaim as a missionary and a logician. He is honored as a saint of the Catholic Church and other churches of Catholic traditions.

  11. Christian feast day: April 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

    1. April 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

      April 4 – Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar – April 6

  12. Cold Food Festival, held on April 4 if it is a leap year (China); and its related observances:

    1. East Asian holiday in April, in which the lighting of fire is avoided

      Cold Food Festival

      The Cold Food or Hanshi Festival is a traditional Chinese holiday which developed from the local commemoration of the death of the Jin nobleman Jie Zitui in the 7th century BC under the Zhou dynasty, into an occasion across East Asia for the commemoration and veneration of ancestors by the 7th-century Tang dynasty. Its name derives from the tradition of avoiding the lighting of any kind of fire, even for the preparation of food. This practice originally occurred at midwinter for as long as a month, but the hardship this involved led to repeated attempts to ban its observance out of concern for its practitioners. By the end of the Three Kingdoms Period, it was limited to three days in the spring around the Qingming solar term. Under the Tang, ancestral observance was limited to the single day which is now the Tomb-Sweeping Festival. The Tomb-Sweeping Festival is a official holiday in several countries, and the Cold Food Festival which stretches either side of it continues to see some observance in China, South Korea, and Vietnam.

    2. Calendar year containing an additional day

      Leap year

      A leap year is a calendar year that contains an additional day added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical year or seasonal year. Because astronomical events and seasons do not repeat in a whole number of days, calendars that have a constant number of days in each year will unavoidably drift over time with respect to the event that the year is supposed to track, such as seasons. By inserting an additional day or month into some years, the drift between a civilization's dating system and the physical properties of the Solar System can be corrected. A year that is not a leap year is a common year.

  13. Earliest day on which Sham el-Nessim can fall, while May 9 is the latest; celebrated on Monday after the Orthodox Easter (Egypt)

    1. Sham Ennessim

      Sham Ennessim is an Egyptian national festival marking the beginning of spring, as it originates from the ancient Egyptian Shemu festival. Sham Ennessim always falls on Easter Monday, which is the day after Easter, in accordance with the Coptic Orthodox Church.

    2. Christian traditions originating from Greek- and Syriac-speaking populations

      Eastern Christianity

      Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Northeast Africa, the Fertile Crescent and the Malabar coast of South Asia, and ephemerally parts of Persia, Central Asia, the Near East and the Far East. The term does not describe a single communion or religious denomination.

    3. Christian commemoration of the resurrection of Jesus

      Easter

      Easter, also called Pascha or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus Christ, preceded by Lent, a 40-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance.

    4. Country in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia

      Egypt

      Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world.

  14. Children's Day (Palestinian territories)

    1. Public observance in honor of children

      Children's Day

      Children's Day is a commemorative date celebrated annually in honor of children, whose date of observance varies by country. In 1925, International Children's Day was first proclaimed in Geneva during the World Conference on Child Welfare. Since 1950, it is celebrated on June 1 in most Communist and post-Communist countries. World Children's Day is celebrated on the 20th November to commemorate the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1959. In some countries, it is Children's Week and not Children's Day.

    2. Territory in the Middle East

      Palestinian territories

      The Palestinian territories are the two regions of the former British Mandate for Palestine that have been militarily occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967, namely: the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has referred to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory", and this term was used as the legal definition by the ICJ in its advisory opinion of July 2004. The term occupied Palestinian territory was used by the United Nations and other international organizations between October 1999 and December 2012 to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority, but from 2012, when Palestine was admitted as one of its non-member observer states, the United Nations started using exclusively the name State of Palestine. The European Union (EU) also adopts the term occupied Palestinian territory, with a parallel term Palestinian Authority territories also occasionally used.

  15. Sikmogil (South Korea)

    1. Singmogil

      Singmogil or Sikmogil is a holiday in South Korea, the Korean Arbor Day. It is celebrated annually on April 5.

    2. Country in East Asia

      South Korea

      South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. It has a population of 51.75 million, of which roughly half live in the Seoul Capital Area, the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the world. Other major cities include Incheon, Busan, and Daegu.

  16. National Maritime Day is observed in India, in commemoration of the first voyage of SS Loyalty of the Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd. in 1919.

    1. Aspect of Indian history

      Indian maritime history

      Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia. As per Vedic records, Indian traders and merchants traded with the far east and Arabia. During the Maurya Empire, there was a definite "naval department" to supervise the ships and trade. At the end of 1st century BCE Indian products reached the Romans during the rule of Augustus, and the Roman historian Strabo mentions an increase in Roman trade with India following the Roman annexation of Egypt. As trade between India and the Greco-Roman world increased, spices became the main import from India to the Western world, bypassing silk and other commodities. Indians were present in Alexandria while Christian and Jewish settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman Empire, which resulted in Rome's loss of the Red Sea ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Indian commercial connection with Southeast Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th–8th century. A study published in 2013 found that some 11 percent of Australian Aboriginal DNA is of Indian origin and suggests these immigrants arrived about 4,000 years ago, possibly at the same time dingoes first arrived in Australia.

    2. Ocean Liner

      RMS Empress of India (1890)

      RMS Empress of India was an ocean liner built in 1890-1891 by Naval Construction & Armaments Co, Barrow-in-Furness, England for Canadian Pacific Steamships. This ship would be the first of two CP vessels to be named Empress of India, and on 28 April 1891, she was the very first of many ships named Empress arriving at Vancouver harbor.

    3. Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.

      The Scindia Steam Navigation Company, founded in 1919, is the second oldest shipping company of India. The first being the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company of VOC Pillai in today's Tamilnadu that was founded in 1906.