On This Day /

Important events in history
on April 22 nd

Events

  1. 2020

    1. Four police officers are killed after being struck by a truck on the Eastern Freeway in Melbourne while speaking to a speeding driver, marking the largest loss of police lives in Victoria Police history.

      1. 2020 traffic accident in Victoria

        2020 Eastern Freeway truck crash

        On 23 April 2020, a truck driver under the influence of drugs, Mohinder Singh, crashed his truck into a Porsche 911 and two police cars on the Eastern Freeway, in the city of Melbourne, killing four police officers who were on routine highway patrol. Prior to the incident, the officers had pulled over the Porsche driver, Richard Pusey, for speeding. After the truck ploughed into the officers, Pusey filmed them for several minutes with vulgar commentary as they lay dying, before fleeing.

      2. Eastern Freeway (Melbourne)

        The Eastern Freeway is an urban freeway in eastern Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. It is one of the most important freeways in terms of commuting to the city, connecting Alexandra Parade and Hoddle Street in the inner suburbs, with EastLink tollway farther east. It consists of between three and six lanes in each direction, also an inbound transit lane reserved for vehicles with two or more occupants during peak hours.

      3. Capital city of Victoria, Australia

        Melbourne

        Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a 9,993 km2 (3,858 sq mi) metropolitan area known as Greater Melbourne, comprising an urban agglomeration of 31 local municipalities, although the name is also used specifically for the local municipality of City of Melbourne based around its central business area. The metropolis occupies much of the northern and eastern coastlines of Port Phillip Bay and spreads into the Mornington Peninsula, West Gippsland, as well as the hinterlands towards the Yarra Valley, the Dandenong and Macedon Ranges. It has a population over 5 million, mostly residing to the east side of the city centre, and its inhabitants are commonly referred to as "Melburnians".

      4. Police service of Victoria, Australia

        Victoria Police

        Victoria Police is the primary law enforcement agency of the Australian state of Victoria. It was formed in 1853 and currently operates under the Victoria Police Act 2013.

  2. 2016

    1. The Paris Agreement is signed, an agreement to help fight global warming.

      1. 2015 international agreement about climate change

        Paris Agreement

        The Paris Agreement, often referred to as the Paris Accords or the Paris Climate Accords, is an international treaty on climate change. Adopted in 2015, the agreement covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France. As of September 2022, 194 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the four UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United States withdrew from the Agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021.

  3. 2013

    1. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police arrested two men who were plotting to commit terrorist attacks against Via Rail operations.

      1. Canadian federal police service

        Royal Canadian Mounted Police

        The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, commonly known in English as the Mounties is the federal and national police service of Canada. As police services are the constitutional responsibility of provinces and territories of Canada, the RCMP's primary responsibility is the enforcement of federal criminal law, and sworn members of the RCMP have jurisdiction as a peace officer in all provinces and territories of Canada. However, the service also provides police services under contract to eight of Canada's provinces, all three of Canada's territories, more than 150 municipalities, and 600 Indigenous communities. In addition to enforcing federal legislation and delivering local police services under contract, the RCMP is responsible for border integrity; overseeing Canadian peacekeeping missions involving police; managing the Canadian Firearms Program, which licenses and registers firearms and their owners; and the Canadian Police College, which provides police training to Canadian and international police services. The service has faced criticism for its broad mandate, and since the early 2020s, several governments, politicians, and scholars have recommended terminating the RCMP's contract policing program. Public Safety Minister Marco Mendicino was mandated to conduct a review of RCMP contract policing when he took office in 2022.

      2. Conspiracy to commit terrorist acts in and against Canada

        2013 Via Rail Canada terrorism plot

        The 2013 Via Rail Canada terrorism plot was a conspiracy to commit terrorist acts in and against Canada in the form of disruption, destruction or derailment of trains operated by Canada's national passenger railway service, Via Rail Canada. The alleged targeted train route was the Maple Leaf, the daily train service between Toronto and New York City operated jointly by Via Rail and Amtrak. A railway bridge over the Twenty Mile Creek in Jordan, Ontario, was later identified as the target, according to unsealed court documents.

      3. Inter-city passenger rail operator in Canada

        Via Rail

        Via Rail Canada Inc., operating as Via Rail or Via, is a Canadian Crown corporation that is mandated to operate intercity passenger rail service in Canada. It receives an annual subsidy from Transport Canada to offset the cost of operating services connecting remote communities.

  4. 2005

    1. Japan's Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi apologizes for Japan's war record.

      1. Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006

        Junichiro Koizumi

        Junichiro Koizumi is a former Japanese politician who was Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from 2001 to 2006. He retired from politics in 2009. He is the sixth-longest serving Prime Minister in Japanese history.

      2. List of war apology statements issued by Japan

        This is a list of war apology statements issued by Japan regarding war crimes committed by the Empire of Japan during World War II. The statements were made at and after the end of World War II in Asia, from the 1950s to present day. Controversies remain to this day about war crimes of the past.

  5. 2004

    1. Flammable cargo exploded at a railway station in Ryongchon, North Korea, killing at least 54 people and injuring more than a thousand others.

      1. 2004 train wreck in North Korea

        Ryongchon disaster

        The Ryongchŏn disaster was a train disaster that occurred on 22 April 2004 in the town of Ryongchŏn, North Korea, near the border with the People's Republic of China. At least 54 people were killed, including some Syrian scientists.

      2. County in North P'yŏngan, North Korea

        Ryongchon County

        Ryongch'ŏn County is a kun (county) in North P'yǒngan province, North Korea, at the mouth of the Yalu River. The county seat is Ryongch'ŏn-ŭp, about 20 km (12 mi) from the border with China. The area has a reported population of 27,000 and is a centre of chemical and metalworking production.

  6. 2000

    1. In a pre-dawn raid, U.S. federal agents seized six-year-old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami and returned him to his Cuban father.

      1. Cuban boy in 2000 international custody dispute

        Elián González

        Elián González Brotons is a Cuban technician who, as a child, became embroiled in a heated international custody and immigration controversy in 2000 involving the governments of Cuba and the United States, his father Juan Miguel González Quintana, his other relatives in Cuba and in Miami, and Miami's Cuban community.

      2. City in Florida, United States

        Miami

        Miami, officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a coastal metropolis and the county seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida, United States. With a population of 442,241 as of the 2020 census, it is the second-most populous city in Florida and the eleventh-most populous city in the Southeastern United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the U.S. with a population of 6.138 million people as of 2020. The city has the third-largest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises, 58 of which exceed 491 ft (150 m).

  7. 1993

    1. Stephen Lawrence, a black British teenager, was murdered while waiting for a bus in Eltham, London, leading to cultural changes of attitudes on racism and the police, and to the law and police practice.

      1. British people of African descent

        Black British people

        Black British people are a multi-ethnic group of British citizens of either African or Afro-Caribbean descent. The term Black British developed in the 1950s, referring to the Black British West Indian people from the former Caribbean British colonies in the West Indies now referred to as the Windrush Generation and people from Africa, who are residents of the United Kingdom and are British.

      2. 1993 killing in London

        Murder of Stephen Lawrence

        Stephen Lawrence was a black British teenager from Plumstead, southeast London, who was murdered in a racially motivated attack while waiting for a bus in Well Hall Road, Eltham on the evening of 22 April 1993, when he was 18 years old. The case became a cause célèbre: its fallout included changes of attitudes on racism and the police, and to the law and police practice. It also led to the partial revocation of the rule against double jeopardy. Two of the perpetrators were convicted of murder on 3 January 2012.

      3. District of southeast London, England

        Eltham

        Eltham is a district of southeast London, England, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich. It is 8.7 miles (14.0 km) east-southeast of Charing Cross, and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. The three wards of Eltham North, South and West have a total population of 35,459. 88,000 people live in Eltham.

    2. Eighteen-year-old Stephen Lawrence is murdered in a racially motivated attack while waiting for a bus in Well Hall, Eltham.

      1. 1993 killing in London

        Murder of Stephen Lawrence

        Stephen Lawrence was a black British teenager from Plumstead, southeast London, who was murdered in a racially motivated attack while waiting for a bus in Well Hall Road, Eltham on the evening of 22 April 1993, when he was 18 years old. The case became a cause célèbre: its fallout included changes of attitudes on racism and the police, and to the law and police practice. It also led to the partial revocation of the rule against double jeopardy. Two of the perpetrators were convicted of murder on 3 January 2012.

      2. Human settlement in England

        Well Hall

        Well Hall is a place to the north of Eltham in the Royal Borough of Greenwich in southeast London, England, with no present formal boundaries and located 13.5 km (8.4 mi) east-southeast of Charing Cross. In the past Well Hall was the grounds of a manor house, and then a hamlet. Today it is a largely residential suburb and housing estate absorbed by the development of Eltham and London. It is centred on the main road between Eltham and Woolwich, on which many shops and businesses are located. Several major A roads including the South Circular Road and A2 road pass through the area, as does a railway line, serving Eltham station which is located in Well Hall. The Postcode that covers Well Hall and most of the Eltham area is SE9, and the 020 dialing covers the entire Royal Borough of Greenwich. Well Hall is split across two electoral wards, Eltham West on the west side of Well Hall Road, and Eltham North on the east side of Well Hall Road. In 2015 the population of these two wards combined was recorded as 24,621, although the wards cover a larger area than just Well Hall.

      3. District of southeast London, England

        Eltham

        Eltham is a district of southeast London, England, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich. It is 8.7 miles (14.0 km) east-southeast of Charing Cross, and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. The three wards of Eltham North, South and West have a total population of 35,459. 88,000 people live in Eltham.

  8. 1992

    1. A series of gas explosions rip through the streets in Guadalajara, Mexico, killing 206.

      1. Explosion caused by mixing a combustible gas with air in the presence of an ignition source

        Gas explosion

        A gas explosion is an explosion resulting from mixing a gas, typically from a gas leak, with air in the presence of an ignition source. In household accidents, the principal explosive gases are those used for heating or cooking purposes such as natural gas, methane, propane, butane. In industrial explosions many other gases, like hydrogen, as well as evaporated (gaseous) gasoline /petrol or ethanol play an important role. Industrial gas explosions can be prevented with the use of intrinsic safety barriers to prevent ignition.

      2. 1992 Guadalajara explosions

        A series of ten explosions took place on April 22, 1992, in the downtown district of Analco Colonia Atlas in Guadalajara city, Jalisco state, Mexico. Numerous gasoline explosions in the sewer system and fires over four hours destroyed 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of streets. Gante Street was the most damaged. By the accounting of Lloyd's of London, the reported number of people killed was about 252, although many estimate that the catastrophe actually caused at least 1,000 deaths. About 500 to 600 people were missing, nearly 500 were injured and 15,000 were left homeless. The estimated monetary damage ranges between $300 million and $3 billion. The affected areas can be recognized by the more modern architecture in the areas that were destroyed.

      3. City & municipality in Jalisco, Mexico

        Guadalajara

        Guadalajara is a metropolis in western Mexico and the capital of the state of Jalisco. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 7th largest city by population in Mexico, while the Guadalajara metropolitan area has a population of 5,268,642 people, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in the country and the twentieth largest metropolitan area in the Americas Guadalajara has the second-highest population density in Mexico, with over 10,361 people per square kilometer. Within Mexico, Guadalajara is a center of business, arts and culture, technology and tourism; as well as the economic center of the Bajío region. It usually ranks among the 100 most productive and globally competitive cities in the world. It is home to numerous landmarks, including Guadalajara Cathedral, the Teatro Degollado, the Templo Expiatorio, the UNESCO World Heritage site Hospicio Cabañas, and the San Juan de Dios Market—the largest indoor market in Latin America.

  9. 1977

    1. Optical fiber is first used to carry live telephone traffic.

      1. Light-conducting fiber

        Optical fiber

        An optical fiber, or optical fibre in Commonwealth English, is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths than electrical cables. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss; in addition, fibers are immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem from which metal wires suffer. Fibers are also used for illumination and imaging, and are often wrapped in bundles so they may be used to carry light into, or images out of confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope. Specially designed fibers are also used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fiber optic sensors and fiber lasers.

  10. 1974

    1. Pan Am Flight 812 crashes on approach to Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, killing all 107 people on board.

      1. 1974 passenger plane crash in Denpasar, Indonesia

        Pan Am Flight 812

        Pan Am Flight 812 (PA812), operated by a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707-321B registered N446PA and named Clipper Climax, was a scheduled international flight from Hong Kong to Los Angeles, California, with intermediate stops at Denpasar, Sydney, Nadi, and Honolulu. On April 22, 1974, it crashed into rough mountainous terrain while preparing for a runway 09 approach to Denpasar after a 4-hour 20-minute flight from Hong Kong. All 107 people on board perished. The location of the accident was about 42.5 nautical miles northwest of Ngurah Rai International Airport. Until the 1991 Jakarta Indonesian Air Force C-130 crash, it was the deadliest aviation accident to happen in Indonesian soil.

      2. Airport in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

        Ngurah Rai International Airport

        I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport, is the main airport in Bali, located 13 km south of Denpasar. Ngurah Rai is the second busiest airport in Indonesia after Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. In 2018, the airport served 23,779,178 passengers. The airport has category IX and is capable of serving wide-body aircraft including the Boeing 747-8 and Airbus A380.

      3. City and capital of Bali, Indonesia

        Denpasar

        Denpasar is the capital of Bali and the main gateway to the island. The city is also a hub for other cities in the Lesser Sunda Islands.

      4. Province and island in Indonesia

        Bali

        Bali is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan to the southeast. The provincial capital, Denpasar, is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after Makassar, in Eastern Indonesia. The upland town of Ubud in Greater Denpasar is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s. Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy.

      5. Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania

        Indonesia

        Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres. With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.

  11. 1970

    1. The first Earth Day is celebrated.

      1. Annual international event on April 22

        Earth Day

        Earth Day is an annual event on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First held on April 22, 1970, it now includes a wide range of events coordinated globally by EarthDay.org including 1 billion people in more than 193 countries. The official theme for 2022 is Invest In Our Planet.

  12. 1969

    1. British yachtsman Robin Knox-Johnston completed the first single-handed non-stop circumnavigation of the world, winning the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race.

      1. British yacht racer

        Robin Knox-Johnston

        Sir William Robert Patrick Knox-Johnston is a British sailor. In 1969, he became the first person to perform a single-handed non-stop circumnavigation of the globe. Along with Sir Peter Blake, he won the second Jules Verne Trophy, for which they were also named the ISAF Yachtsman of the Year award. In 2007, at the age of 67, he set a record as the oldest yachtsman to complete a round the world solo voyage in the Velux 5 Oceans Race.

      2. Navigation of a circumference

        Circumnavigation

        Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical body. This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth.

      3. Yacht race from 1968–1969

        Sunday Times Golden Globe Race

        The Sunday Times Golden Globe Race was a non-stop, single-handed, round-the-world yacht race, held in 1968–1969, and was the first round-the-world yacht race. The race was controversial due to the failure of most competitors to finish the race and because of the apparent suicide of one entrant; however, it ultimately led to the founding of the BOC Challenge and Vendée Globe round-the-world races, both of which continue to be successful and popular.

    2. British yachtsman Sir Robin Knox-Johnston wins the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race and completes the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world.

      1. British yacht racer

        Robin Knox-Johnston

        Sir William Robert Patrick Knox-Johnston is a British sailor. In 1969, he became the first person to perform a single-handed non-stop circumnavigation of the globe. Along with Sir Peter Blake, he won the second Jules Verne Trophy, for which they were also named the ISAF Yachtsman of the Year award. In 2007, at the age of 67, he set a record as the oldest yachtsman to complete a round the world solo voyage in the Velux 5 Oceans Race.

      2. Yacht race from 1968–1969

        Sunday Times Golden Globe Race

        The Sunday Times Golden Globe Race was a non-stop, single-handed, round-the-world yacht race, held in 1968–1969, and was the first round-the-world yacht race. The race was controversial due to the failure of most competitors to finish the race and because of the apparent suicide of one entrant; however, it ultimately led to the founding of the BOC Challenge and Vendée Globe round-the-world races, both of which continue to be successful and popular.

    3. The formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) is announced at a mass rally in Calcutta.

      1. Far-left political party in India from 1969–72

        Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)

        The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) was an Indian communist party formed by the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR) at a congress in Calcutta in 1969. The foundation of the party was declared by Kanu Sanyal at a mass meeting in Calcutta on 22 April, Vladimir Lenin's birthday. Later the CPI(ML) party splintered into several Naxalite groups.

  13. 1954

    1. Red Scare: Witnesses begin testifying and live television coverage of the Army–McCarthy hearings begins.

      1. Phenomenon of US political rhetoric after WWII

        McCarthyism

        McCarthyism is the practice of making false or unfounded accusations of subversion and treason, especially when related to anarchism, communism and socialism, and especially when done in a public and attention-grabbing manner.

      2. 1954 U.S. Senate hearings on conflicting accusations between Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Army

        Army–McCarthy hearings

        The Army–McCarthy hearings were a series of televised hearings held by the United States Senate's Subcommittee on Investigations to investigate conflicting accusations between the United States Army and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy. The Army accused McCarthy and his chief counsel Roy Cohn of pressuring the Army to give preferential treatment to G. David Schine, a former McCarthy aide and friend of Cohn's. McCarthy counter-charged that this accusation was made in bad faith and in retaliation for his recent aggressive investigations of suspected communists and security risks in the Army.

  14. 1951

    1. Korean War: The Chinese People's Volunteer Army attacked positions occupied mainly by Australian and Canadian forces, starting the Battle of Kapyong.

      1. 1950–1953 war between North and South Korea

        Korean War

        The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United States and allied countries. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.

      2. Communist Chinese forces during the Korean War

        People's Volunteer Army

        The People's Volunteer Army (PVA) was the armed expeditionary forces deployed by the People's Republic of China during the Korean War. Although all units in the PVA were actually transferred from the People's Liberation Army under the orders of Chairman Mao Zedong, the PVA was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the United States. The PVA entered Korea on 19 October 1950, and completely withdrew by October 1958. The nominal commander and political commissar of the PVA was Peng Dehuai before the ceasefire agreement in 1953, although both Chen Geng and Deng Hua served as the acting commander and commissar after April 1952 due to Peng's illness. The initial units in the PVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42nd, 50th, 66th Corps; totalling 250,000 men. About 3 million Chinese civilian and military personnel had served in Korea throughout the war.

      3. Battle during the Korean War

        Battle of Kapyong

        The Battle of Kapyong, also known as the Battle of Jiaping, was fought during the Korean War between United Nations Command (UN) forces—primarily Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand—and the 118th Division of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The fighting occurred during the Chinese Spring Offensive and saw the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade establish blocking positions in the Kapyong Valley, on a key route south to the capital, Seoul. The two forward battalions—the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, both battalions consisting of about 700 men each—were supported by guns from the 16th Field Regiment of the Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery along with a company of US mortars and fifteen Sherman tanks. These forces occupied positions astride the valley with hastily developed defences. As thousands of soldiers from the Republic of Korea Army (ROK) began to withdraw through the valley, the PVA infiltrated the brigade position under the cover of darkness, and assaulted the Australians on Hill 504 during the evening and into the following day.

    2. Korean War: The Chinese People's Volunteer Army begin assaulting positions defended by the Royal Australian Regiment and the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry at the Battle of Kapyong.

      1. 1950–1953 war between North and South Korea

        Korean War

        The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United States and allied countries. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.

      2. Communist Chinese forces during the Korean War

        People's Volunteer Army

        The People's Volunteer Army (PVA) was the armed expeditionary forces deployed by the People's Republic of China during the Korean War. Although all units in the PVA were actually transferred from the People's Liberation Army under the orders of Chairman Mao Zedong, the PVA was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the United States. The PVA entered Korea on 19 October 1950, and completely withdrew by October 1958. The nominal commander and political commissar of the PVA was Peng Dehuai before the ceasefire agreement in 1953, although both Chen Geng and Deng Hua served as the acting commander and commissar after April 1952 due to Peng's illness. The initial units in the PVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42nd, 50th, 66th Corps; totalling 250,000 men. About 3 million Chinese civilian and military personnel had served in Korea throughout the war.

      3. Administrative regiment for regular infantry battalions of the Australian Army

        Royal Australian Regiment

        The Royal Australian Regiment (RAR) is the parent administrative regiment for regular infantry battalions of the Australian Army and is the senior infantry regiment of the Royal Australian Infantry Corps. It was originally formed in 1948 as a three battalion regiment; however, since then its size has fluctuated as battalions have been raised, amalgamated or disbanded in accordance with the Australian government's strategic requirements. Currently, the regiment consists of seven battalions and has fulfilled various roles including those of light, parachute, motorised and mechanised infantry. Throughout its existence, units of the Royal Australian Regiment have deployed on operations in Japan, Korea, Malaya, Borneo, Vietnam, Somalia, Rwanda, Cambodia, East Timor, the Solomon Islands, Iraq and Afghanistan.

      4. Canadian military unit

        Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

        Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry is one of the three Regular Force infantry regiments of the Canadian Army of the Canadian Armed Forces. Formed in 1914, it is named for Princess Patricia of Connaught, daughter of the then-Governor General of Canada. The regiment is composed of three battalions, for a total of 2,000 soldiers. The PPCLI is the main lodger unit of Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Edmonton in Alberta and CFB Shilo in Manitoba, and attached to 3rd Canadian Division; as such, it serves as the "local" regular infantry regiment for much of Western Canada. The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (LER), a Reserve Force battalion, is affiliated with the PPCLI but is not formally part of it. As part of this affiliation, the LER carries the designation '4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry'.

      5. Battle during the Korean War

        Battle of Kapyong

        The Battle of Kapyong, also known as the Battle of Jiaping, was fought during the Korean War between United Nations Command (UN) forces—primarily Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand—and the 118th Division of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The fighting occurred during the Chinese Spring Offensive and saw the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade establish blocking positions in the Kapyong Valley, on a key route south to the capital, Seoul. The two forward battalions—the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, both battalions consisting of about 700 men each—were supported by guns from the 16th Field Regiment of the Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery along with a company of US mortars and fifteen Sherman tanks. These forces occupied positions astride the valley with hastily developed defences. As thousands of soldiers from the Republic of Korea Army (ROK) began to withdraw through the valley, the PVA infiltrated the brigade position under the cover of darkness, and assaulted the Australians on Hill 504 during the evening and into the following day.

  15. 1948

    1. Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: The Jewish paramilitary group Haganah captured Haifa from the Arab Liberation Army.

      1. First phase of the 1947–1949 Palestine war

        1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine

        The 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine was the first phase of the 1947–1949 Palestine war. It broke out after the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption of the Partition Plan for Palestine.

      2. An organization similar to, but not part of, a military

        Paramilitary

        A paramilitary is an organization whose structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces. Paramilitary units carry out duties that a country's military or police forces are unable or unwilling to handle. Other organizations may be considered paramilitaries by structure alone, despite being unarmed or lacking a combat role.

      3. Jewish paramilitary organization in Mandatory Palestine (1920–48)

        Haganah

        Haganah was the main Zionist paramilitary organization of the Jewish population ("Yishuv") in Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and its disestablishment in 1948, when it became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

      4. Battle of the Arab-Israeli War

        Battle of Haifa (1948)

        The Battle of Haifa, called by the Jewish forces Operation Bi'ur Hametz, was a Haganah operation carried out on 21–22 April 1948 and was a major event in the final stages of the civil war in Palestine, leading up to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The objective of the operation was the capture of the Arab neighborhoods of Haifa.

      5. Army of multinational Arab volunteers in the 1947–1949 Palestine war

        Arab Liberation Army

        The Arab Liberation Army, also translated as Arab Salvation Army, was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji. It fought on the Arab side in the 1948 Palestine war and was set up by the Arab League as a counter to the Arab High Committee's Holy War Army, but in fact, the League and Arab governments prevented thousands from joining either force.

    2. Arab–Israeli War: The port city of Haifa is captured by Jewish forces.

      1. Second and final stage of the 1947–1949 Palestine war

        1948 Arab–Israeli War

        The 1948 Arab–Israeli War was the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war. It formally began following the end of the British Mandate for Palestine at midnight on 14 May 1948; the Israeli Declaration of Independence had been issued earlier that day, and a military coalition of Arab states entered the territory of British Palestine in the morning of 15 May.

      2. City in Israel

        Haifa

        Haifa is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of 285,316 in 2019. The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropolitan area in Israel. It is home to the Baháʼí Faith's Baháʼí World Centre, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage.

      3. Battle of the Arab-Israeli War

        Battle of Haifa (1948)

        The Battle of Haifa, called by the Jewish forces Operation Bi'ur Hametz, was a Haganah operation carried out on 21–22 April 1948 and was a major event in the final stages of the civil war in Palestine, leading up to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The objective of the operation was the capture of the Arab neighborhoods of Haifa.

  16. 1945

    1. About 600 prisoners of the Jasenovac concentration camp in the Independent State of Croatia revolted, but only 80 managed to escape while the remainder were killed by the Ustaše regime.

      1. Concentration camp run by the Ustaše in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II

        Jasenovac concentration camp

        Jasenovac was a concentration and extermination camp established in the village of the same name by the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. The concentration camp, one of the ten largest in Europe, was established and operated by the governing Ustaše regime, Europe's only Nazi collaborationist regime that operated its own extermination camps for Serbs, Jews and other ethnic groups. It quickly grew into the third largest concentration camp in Europe.

      2. Puppet state of Nazi Germany and Italy within occupied Yugoslavia (1941–1945)

        Independent State of Croatia

        The Independent State of Croatia was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia on 10 April 1941, after the invasion by the Axis powers. Its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia, Istria, and Međimurje regions.

      3. Croatian fascist and ultranationalist organization (1929–45)

        Ustaše

        The Ustaše, also known by anglicised versions Ustasha or Ustashe, was a Croatian fascist and ultranationalist organization active, as one organization, between 1929 and 1945, formally known as the Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement. Its members murdered hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews, and Roma as well as political dissidents in Yugoslavia during World War II.

    2. World War II: Prisoners at the Jasenovac concentration camp revolt. Five hundred twenty are killed and around eighty escape.

      1. Concentration camp run by the Ustaše in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II

        Jasenovac concentration camp

        Jasenovac was a concentration and extermination camp established in the village of the same name by the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. The concentration camp, one of the ten largest in Europe, was established and operated by the governing Ustaše regime, Europe's only Nazi collaborationist regime that operated its own extermination camps for Serbs, Jews and other ethnic groups. It quickly grew into the third largest concentration camp in Europe.

    3. World War II: Sachsenhausen concentration camp is liberated by soldiers of the Red Army and Polish First Army.

      1. Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany

        Sachsenhausen concentration camp

        Sachsenhausen or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a German Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of Nazi Germany in May later that year. It mainly held political prisoners throughout World War II. Prominent prisoners included Joseph Stalin's oldest son, Yakov Dzhugashvili; assassin Herschel Grynszpan; Paul Reynaud, the penultimate Prime Minister of France; Francisco Largo Caballero, Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War; the wife and children of the Crown Prince of Bavaria; Ukrainian nationalist leader Stepan Bandera; and several enemy soldiers and political dissidents.

      2. 1918–1946 Russian then Soviet army and air force

        Red Army

        The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established in January 1918. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Starting in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in 1991.

      3. Military unit

        First Polish Army (1944–1945)

        The Polish First Army was an army unit of the Polish Armed Forces in the East. It was formed in the Soviet Union in 1944, from the previously existing Polish I Corps in the Soviet Union, as part of the People's Army of Poland (LWP). The First Army fought westward, subordinated to the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front, during the offensive against Nazi Germany that led to the capture of Warsaw in January 1945, and the capture of Berlin in May 1945.

  17. 1944

    1. The 1st Air Commando Group using Sikorsky R-4 helicopters stage the first use of helicopters in combat with combat search and rescue operations in the China Burma India Theater.

      1. Military unit

        1st Special Operations Wing

        The 1st Special Operations Wing at Hurlburt Field, Florida is one of three United States Air Force active duty Special Operations wings and falls under the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC).

      2. Two-seat military helicopter of the 1940s

        Sikorsky R-4

        The Sikorsky R-4 is a two-seat helicopter that was designed by Igor Sikorsky with a single, three-bladed main rotor and powered by a radial engine. The R-4 was the world's first large-scale mass-produced helicopter and the first helicopter used by the United States Army Air Forces, the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard and the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. In U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard service, the helicopter was known as the Sikorsky HNS-1. In British service it was known as the Hoverfly.

      3. Helicopter which is built or converted for use by military forces

        Military helicopter

        A military helicopter is a helicopter that is either specifically built or converted for use by military forces. A military helicopter's mission is a function of its design or conversion. The most common use of military helicopters is transport of troops, but transport helicopters can be modified or converted to perform other missions such as combat search and rescue (CSAR), medical evacuation (MEDEVAC), airborne command post, or even armed with weapons for attacking ground targets. Specialized military helicopters are intended to conduct specific missions. Examples of specialized military helicopters are attack helicopters, observation helicopters and anti-submarine warfare helicopters.

      4. Military personnel recovery from battlefield and enemy occupied areas

        Combat search and rescue

        Combat search and rescue (CSAR) are search and rescue operations that are carried out during war that are within or near combat zones.

      5. U.S. military designation during WWII for conflicts in East, Southeast, and South Asia

        China Burma India Theater

        China Burma India Theater (CBI) was the United States military designation during World War II for the China and Southeast Asian or India–Burma (IBT) theaters. Operational command of Allied forces in the CBI was officially the responsibility of the Supreme Commanders for South East Asia or China. However, US forces in practice were usually overseen by General Joseph Stilwell, the Deputy Allied Commander in China; the term "CBI" was significant in logistical, material and personnel matters; it was and is commonly used within the US for these theaters.

    2. World War II: Operation Persecution is initiated: Allied forces land in the Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura) area of New Guinea.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Battle of the Western New Guinea campaign of World War II

        Landing at Aitape

        The Landing at Aitape was a battle of the Western New Guinea campaign of World War II. American and Allied forces undertook an amphibious landing on 22 April 1944 at Aitape on northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The amphibious landing was undertaken simultaneously with the landings at Humboldt and Tanahmerah Bays to secure Hollandia to isolate the Japanese 18th Army at Wewak. Operations in the area to consolidate the landing continued until 4 May, although US and Japanese forces fought further actions in western New Guinea following a Japanese counter-offensive that lasted until early August 1944. Aitape was subsequently developed into an Allied base of operations and was used by Australian forces throughout late 1944 and into 1945 during the Aitape–Wewak campaign.

      3. Grouping of the victorious countries of the war

        Allies of World War II

        The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.

      4. Capital and largest city of Papua, Indonesia

        Jayapura

        Jayapura is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Papua. It is situated on the northern coast of New Guinea island and covers an area of 940.0 km2 (362.9 sq mi). The city borders the Pacific Ocean and Yos Sudarso Bay to the north, the sovereign state of Papua New Guinea to the east, Keerom Regency to the south, and Jayapura Regency to the west.

      5. Island in the Pacific Ocean

        New Guinea

        New Guinea is the world's second-largest island with an area of 785,753 km2 (303,381 sq mi). Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the 150-kilometre wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the independent state of Papua New Guinea. The western half, known as Western New Guinea, forms a part of Indonesia and is organized as the provinces of Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua. The largest cities on the island are Jayapura and Port Moresby.

    3. World War II: In Greenland, the Allied Sledge Patrol attack the German Bassgeiger weather station.

      1. History of Greenland during World War II

        Greenland in World War II

        The fall of Denmark in April 1940 left the Danish colony of Greenland an unoccupied territory of an occupied nation, under the possibility of seizure by the United Kingdom, United States or Canada. To forestall this, the United States acted to guarantee Greenland's position. With the entrance of the United States into the war in December 1941, Greenland became a combatant.

      2. Conflicts over the control of meteorological data during the Second World War

        North Atlantic weather war

        The North Atlantic weather war occurred during World War II. The Allies and Germany tried to gain a monopoly on weather data in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Meteorological intelligence was important as it affected military planning and the routing of ships and convoys. In some circumstances, visibility was necessary and in others concealment. D-day planning was greatly affected by weather forecasting; it was delayed by one day in the expectation that a storm would blow out and sea conditions would be acceptable. British sources of data included ships at sea and the weather stations at Valentia Observatory and Blacksod Point, in neutral Ireland; German use of weather ships also exposed their secret Enigma codes.

  18. 1930

    1. The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding.

      1. 1930 disarmament treaty between the UK, France, Imperial Japan, Italy, and the US

        London Naval Treaty

        The London Naval Treaty, officially the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament, was an agreement between the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States that was signed on 22 April 1930. Seeking to address issues not covered in the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, which had created tonnage limits for each nation's surface warships, the new agreement regulated submarine warfare, further controlled cruisers and destroyers, and limited naval shipbuilding.

      2. Watercraft capable of independent operation underwater

        Submarine

        A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships irrespective of their size.

      3. Construction of ships and floating vessels

        Shipbuilding

        Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.

  19. 1915

    1. World War I: The use of poison gas in World War I escalates when chlorine gas is released as a chemical weapon in the Second Battle of Ypres.

      1. The first large-scale use of chemical weapons leading to their banning

        Chemical weapons in World War I

        The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, but the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. They were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective. The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas, to lethal agents like phosgene, chlorine, and mustard gas. This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century. The killing capacity of gas was limited, with about 90,000 fatalities from a total of 1.3 million casualties caused by gas attacks. Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop countermeasures, such as gas masks. In the later stages of the war, as the use of gas increased, its overall effectiveness diminished. The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare, and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives, gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as "the chemist's war" and also the era where weapons of mass destruction were created.

      2. Chemical element, symbol Cl and atomic number 17

        Chlorine

        Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine.

      3. Using poison gas or other toxins in war

        Chemical warfare

        Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear, all of which are considered "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs), a term that contrasts with conventional weapons.

      4. Battle of the First World War

        Second Battle of Ypres

        During the First World War, the Second Battle of Ypres was fought from 22 April – 25 May 1915 for control of the tactically important high ground to the east and south of the Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the previous autumn. The Second Battle of Ypres was the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front.

  20. 1906

    1. The 1906 Intercalated Games open in Athens.

      1. 1906 international multi-sport event in Athens, Greece

        1906 Intercalated Games

        The 1906 Intercalated Games or 1906 Olympic Games was an international multi-sport event that was celebrated in Athens, Greece. They were at the time considered to be Olympic Games and were referred to as the "Second International Olympic Games in Athens" by the International Olympic Committee. However, the medals that were distributed to the participants during these games are not officially recognised by the Olympic Committee and are not displayed with the collection of Olympic medals at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland.

      2. Capital and largest city of Greece

        Athens

        Athens is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates and is the capital of the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence beginning somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC.

  21. 1898

    1. Spanish–American War: President William McKinley calls for 125,000 volunteers to join the National Guard and fight in Cuba, while Congress more than doubles regular Army forces to 65,000.

      1. 1898 conflict between Spain and the US

        Spanish–American War

        The Spanish–American War was a period of armed conflict between Spain and the United States. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war led to the United States emerging predominant in the Caribbean region, and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions. It led to United States involvement in the Philippine Revolution and later to the Philippine–American War.

      2. President of the United States from 1897 to 1901

        William McKinley

        William McKinley was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. As a politician he led a realignment that made his Republican Party largely dominant in the industrial states and nationwide until the 1930s. He presided over victory in the Spanish–American War of 1898; gained control of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba; restored prosperity after a deep depression; rejected the inflationary monetary policy of free silver, keeping the nation on the gold standard; and raised protective tariffs to boost American industry and keep wages high.

      3. Reserve force of the United States Army and Air Force

        National Guard (United States)

        The National Guard is a state-based military force that becomes part of the reserve components of the United States Army and the United States Air Force when activated for federal missions. It is a military reserve force composed of National Guard military members or units of each state and the territories of Guam, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, for a total of 54 separate organizations. It is officially created under Congress's Article 1 Section 8 ability to 'raise and support armies'. All members of the National Guard are also members of the organized militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 246. National Guard units are under the dual control of the state governments and the federal government.

      4. Island country in the Caribbean

        Cuba

        Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi) but a total of 350,730 km² including the exclusive economic zone. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.

      5. Branch of the United States federal government

        United States Congress

        The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.

      6. Land service branch of the United States Armed Forces

        United States Army

        The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.

  22. 1889

    1. At noon, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Rush of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed with populations of at least 10,000.

      1. 1889 land run in the United States

        Land Rush of 1889

        The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 was the first land run into the Unassigned Lands of former Indian Territory, which had earlier been assigned to the Creek and Seminole peoples. The area that was opened to settlement included all or part of Canadian, Cleveland, Kingfisher, Logan, Oklahoma, and Payne counties of the present-day US state of Oklahoma.

      2. Capital city of Oklahoma, United States

        Oklahoma City

        Oklahoma City, officially the City of Oklahoma City, and often shortened to OKC, is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, it ranks 20th among United States cities in population, and is the 8th largest city in the Southern United States. The population grew following the 2010 census and reached 687,725 in the 2020 census. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,396,445, and the Oklahoma City–Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,469,124, making it Oklahoma's largest municipality and metropolitan area by population.

      3. City in Oklahoma, United States

        Guthrie, Oklahoma

        Guthrie is a city and county seat in Logan County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City Metroplex. The population was 10,191 at the 2010 census, a 2.7 percent increase from the figure of 9,925 in the 2000 census.

  23. 1876

    1. The first National League baseball game is played at the Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia.

      1. Baseball league, part of Major League Baseball

        National League

        The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League (NL), is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada, and the world's oldest extant professional team sports league. Founded on February 2, 1876, to replace the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP) of 1871–1875, the NL is sometimes called the Senior Circuit, in contrast to MLB's other league, the American League, which was founded 25 years later and is called the "Junior Circuit".

      2. Former baseball field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (1864-90)

        Jefferson Street Grounds

        Jefferson Street Grounds was a baseball field located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was also known as Jefferson Park and Athletics Park. It was home to three different professional baseball teams, competing in three different leagues. Notably, it was the venue for the first game in National League history, played on April 22, 1876.

  24. 1864

    1. The U.S. Congress authorized the creation of a two-cent coin (pictured), the first U.S. currency to bear the phrase "In God We Trust".

      1. 1864 U.S. federal legislation regulating one- and two-cent coins

        Coinage Act of 1864

        The Coinage Act of 1864 was a United States federal law passed on April 22, 1864, which changed the composition of the one-cent coin and authorized the minting of the two-cent coin. The Director of the U.S. Mint developed the designs for these coins for final approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. As a result of this law, the phrase "In God We Trust" first appeared, on the 1864 two-cent coin. An Act of Congress, passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the phrase on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon." In 1956, "In God We Trust" replaced "E Pluribus Unum" as the national motto. All currency was printed and minted with the new motto.

      2. Coin of the United States (1864–1873)

        Two-cent piece (United States)

        The two-cent piece was produced by the Mint of the United States for circulation from 1864 to 1872 and for collectors in 1873. Designed by James B. Longacre, there were decreasing mintages each year, as other minor coins such as the nickel proved more popular. It was abolished by the Mint Act of 1873.

      3. Official motto of the United States and the U.S. state of Florida

        In God We Trust

        "In God We Trust" is the official motto of the United States and of the U.S. state of Florida. It was adopted by the U.S. Congress in 1956, replacing E pluribus unum, which had been the de facto motto since the initial design of the Great Seal of the United States.

    2. The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 that permitted the inscription In God We Trust be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.

      1. Branch of the United States federal government

        United States Congress

        The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.

      2. 1864 U.S. federal legislation regulating one- and two-cent coins

        Coinage Act of 1864

        The Coinage Act of 1864 was a United States federal law passed on April 22, 1864, which changed the composition of the one-cent coin and authorized the minting of the two-cent coin. The Director of the U.S. Mint developed the designs for these coins for final approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. As a result of this law, the phrase "In God We Trust" first appeared, on the 1864 two-cent coin. An Act of Congress, passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the phrase on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon." In 1956, "In God We Trust" replaced "E Pluribus Unum" as the national motto. All currency was printed and minted with the new motto.

      3. Official currency of the United States

        United States dollar

        The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introduced the U.S. dollar at par with the Spanish silver dollar, divided it into 100 cents, and authorized the minting of coins denominated in dollars and cents. U.S. banknotes are issued in the form of Federal Reserve Notes, popularly called greenbacks due to their predominantly green color.

  25. 1836

    1. Texas Revolution: A day after the Battle of San Jacinto, forces under Texas General Sam Houston identify Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna among the captives of the battle when some of his fellow soldiers mistakenly give away his identity.

      1. Rebellion of US colonists and Tejanos against the Mexican government (1835–36)

        Texas Revolution

        The Texas Revolution was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico. Although the uprising was part of a larger one, the Mexican Federalist War, that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States.

      2. Decisive battle of the Texas Revolution

        Battle of San Jacinto

        The Battle of San Jacinto, fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day La Porte and Pasadena, Texas, was the final and decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Samuel Houston, the Texan Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes. A detailed, first-hand account of the battle was written by General Houston from the headquarters of the Texan Army in San Jacinto on April 25, 1836. Numerous secondary analyses and interpretations have followed.

      3. Sovereign state in North America from 1836 to 1846

        Republic of Texas

        The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846, that bordered Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America, although Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence despite the Treaties of Velasco of May 1836. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo residents of the area and of the republic became known as Texians.

      4. American general and statesman (1793–1863)

        Sam Houston

        Samuel Houston was an American general and statesman who played an important role in the Texas Revolution. He served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas and was one of the first two individuals to represent Texas in the United States Senate. He also served as the sixth governor of Tennessee and the seventh governor of Texas, the only individual to be elected governor of two different states in the United States.

      5. Mexican general and politician (1794–1876)

        Antonio López de Santa Anna

        Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, usually known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna, was a Mexican politician and general. His influence on post-independence Mexican politics and government in the first half of the nineteenth century is such that historians of Mexico often refer to it as the "Age of Santa Anna". He has been called "the Man of Destiny", "a quintessential caudillo [strongman]". Although initially in the post-independence period he identified as a federalist and participated in a coup that ousted the conservatives in 1833, he became increasingly conservative. Elected President in 1833, López de Santa Anna declined to serve and retired to his home state and power base of Veracruz, a pattern that was to repeat itself until his ouster in 1855.

  26. 1809

    1. The second day of the Battle of Eckmühl: The Austrian army is defeated by the First French Empire army led by Napoleon and driven over the Danube in Regensburg.

      1. 1809 battle of the War of the Fifth Coalition

        Battle of Eckmühl

        The Battle of Eckmühl, fought on 22 April 1809, was the turning point of the 1809 Campaign, also known as the War of the Fifth Coalition. Napoleon I had been unprepared for the start of hostilities on 10 April 1809, by the Austrians under the Archduke Charles of Austria and for the first time since assuming the French Imperial Crown had been forced to give up the strategic initiative to an opponent. Thanks to the dogged defense waged by the III Corps, commanded by Marshal Davout, and the Bavarian VII Corps, commanded by Marshal Lefebvre, Napoleon was able to defeat the principal Austrian army and wrest the strategic initiative for the remainder of the war.

      2. Central European multinational Empire from 1804 to 1867

        Austrian Empire

        The Austrian Empire was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom. Along with Prussia, it was one of the two major powers of the German Confederation. Geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire.

      3. 1804–1815 empire of Napoleon Bonaparte

        First French Empire

        The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 11 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815.

      4. Military leader and emperor of France

        Napoleon

        Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.

      5. Second-longest river in Europe

        Danube

        The Danube is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km (1,770 mi), passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine before draining into the Black Sea. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries. The largest cities on the river are Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade and Bratislava, all of which are the capitals of their respective countries. The Danube passes through four capital cities, more than any other river in the world. Five more capital cities lie in the Danube's basin: Bucharest, Sofia, Zagreb, Ljubljana and Sarajevo. The fourth-largest city in its basin is Munich, the capital of Bavaria, standing on the Isar River.

      6. Place in Bavaria, Germany

        Regensburg

        Regensburg is a city in eastern Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers. It is capital of the Upper Palatinate subregion of the state in the south of Germany. With more than 150,000 inhabitants, Regensburg is the fourth-largest city in the State of Bavaria after Munich, Nuremberg and Augsburg. From its foundation as an imperial Roman river fort, the city has been the political, economic and cultural centre of the surrounding region; it is still known in the Romance languages by a cognate of its Latin name of "Ratisbona". Later, under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, it housed the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg.

  27. 1622

    1. Anglo-Persian forces combined to capture the Portuguese garrison at Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf.

      1. Combined 1622 Anglo-Persian expedition that captured the Portuguese garrison at Hormuz Island

        Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz

        The Capture of Ormuz was a combined Anglo-Persian expedition that successfully captured the Portuguese garrison at Hormuz Island after a ten-week siege, thus opening up Persian trade with England in the Persian Gulf. Before the capture of Ormuz, the Portuguese had held the Castle of Ormuz for more than a century, since 1507 when Afonso de Albuquerque established it in the capture of Ormuz, giving them full control of the trade between India and Europe through the Persian Gulf. According to Stephen Neill, the capture of Ormuz entirely changed the balance of power and trade.

      2. Place in Hormozgān, Iran

        Hormuz Island

        Hormuz Island, also spelled Hormoz, is an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf. Located in the Strait of Hormuz, 8 km (5 mi) off the Iranian coast, the island is part of Hormozgan Province. It is sparsely inhabited, but some development has taken place since the late 20th century.

      3. Arm of the Indian Ocean in western Asia

        Persian Gulf

        The Persian Gulf, sometimes called the Arabian Gulf, is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Arabian Sea located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. It is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz. The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline.

  28. 1529

    1. Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues (1,250 kilometres (780 mi)) east of the Moluccas.

      1. 1529 peace treaty between Spain and Portugal

        Treaty of Zaragoza

        The Treaty of Zaragoza, also called the Capitulation of Zaragoza was a peace treaty between Castile and Portugal, signed on 22 April 1529 by King John III of Portugal and the Castilian emperor Charles V, in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza. The treaty defined the areas of Castilian and Portuguese influence in Asia, in order to resolve the "Moluccas issue", which had arisen because both kingdoms claimed the Maluku Islands for themselves, asserting that they were within their area of influence as specified in 1494 by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The conflict began in 1520, when expeditions of both kingdoms reached the Pacific Ocean, because no agreed meridian of longitude had been established in the Orient.

      2. Archipelago in eastern Indonesia, also called the Spice Islands

        Maluku Islands

        The Maluku Islands or the Moluccas are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. Lying within Wallacea, the Maluku Islands have been considered as a geographical and cultural intersection of Asia and Oceania.

  29. 1519

    1. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.

      1. Soldiers and explorers for the Spanish and Portuguese empires

        Conquistador

        Conquistadors or conquistadores were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, colonizing and opening trade routes. They brought much of the Americas under the dominion of Spain and Portugal.

      2. Spanish conquistador

        Hernán Cortés

        Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish explorers and conquistadors who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

      3. City and municipality in Veracruz, Mexico

        Veracruz City

        Veracruz, known officially as Heroica Veracruz, is a major port city and municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. The city is located along the coast in the central part of the state, 90 km (56 mi) southeast of the state capital Xalapa along Federal Highway 140.

  30. 1500

    1. A fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral anchored off the coast of present-day Brazil, claiming the land for the Portuguese Empire.

      1. Portuguese explorer

        Pedro Álvares Cabral

        Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. He was the first human in history to ever be in 4 continents, uniting all of them in his famous voyage of 1500, where he also conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly-opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India—bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean, Cabral led the first known expedition to have touched four continents: Europe, Africa, America, and Asia.

      2. Colonial empire of Portugal (1415–1999)

        Portuguese Empire

        The Portuguese Empire, also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and the later overseas territories governed by Portugal. It was one of the longest-lived empires in European history, lasting almost six centuries from the conquest of Ceuta in North Africa, in 1415, to the transfer of sovereignty over Macau to China in 1999. The empire began in the 15th century, and from the early 16th century it stretched across the globe, with bases in North and South America, Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania.

    2. Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.

      1. Portuguese explorer

        Pedro Álvares Cabral

        Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. He was the first human in history to ever be in 4 continents, uniting all of them in his famous voyage of 1500, where he also conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life remain unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly-opened route around Africa. The undertaking had the aim of returning with valuable spices and of establishing trade relations in India—bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, had recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean, Cabral led the first known expedition to have touched four continents: Europe, Africa, America, and Asia.

      2. Country in South America

        Brazil

        Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world; and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.

Births & Deaths

  1. 2022

    1. Guy Lafleur, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1951) deaths

      1. Canadian ice hockey player (1951–2022)

        Guy Lafleur

        Guy Damien Lafleur, nicknamed "the Flower" and "Le Démon Blond", was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He was the first player in National Hockey League (NHL) history to score 50 goals in six consecutive seasons as well as 50 goals and 100 points in six consecutive seasons. Between 1971 and 1991, Lafleur played right wing for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and Quebec Nordiques in an NHL career spanning 17 seasons, and five Stanley Cup championships in 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979. Lafleur was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history in 2017, and was named to the Order of Hockey in Canada in 2022.

  2. 2021

    1. Adrian Garrett, American professional baseball player (b. 1943) deaths

      1. American baseball player and coach (1943–2021)

        Adrian Garrett

        Henry Adrian Garrett Jr., nicknamed "Pat" and "Smokey", was an American professional baseball player and coach. A utility man in Major League Baseball, he appeared in 163 total games during eight seasons between 1966 and 1976 for the Atlanta Braves, Chicago Cubs, Oakland Athletics and California Angels. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and was listed at 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and 185 pounds (84 kg).

  3. 2020

    1. Shirley Knight, American actress (b. 1936) deaths

      1. American actress (1936–2020)

        Shirley Knight

        Shirley Knight Hopkins was an American actress who appeared in more than 50 feature films, television films, television series, and Broadway and Off-Broadway productions in her career, playing leading and character roles. She was a member of the Actors Studio.

  4. 2017

    1. Donna Leanne Williams, Australian writer, artist, and activist (b. 1963) deaths

      1. Donna Williams

        Donna Leanne Williams, also known by her married name Donna Leanne Samuel, was an Australian writer, artist, singer-songwriter, screenwriter, and sculptor.

  5. 2015

    1. Dick Balharry, Scottish environmentalist and photographer (b. 1937) deaths

      1. Dick Balharry

        Richard Balharry was a Scottish conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer.

  6. 2014

    1. Oswaldo Vigas, Venezuelan painter (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Venezuelan painter and muralist

        Oswaldo Vigas

        Oswaldo Vigas was a Venezuelan artist, best known as a self-taught painter and muralist. His work includes painting, sculptures, prints, drawings, ceramics and tapestries. His artwork was created in France and Venezuela. He had over one hundred solo exhibitions and is represented in numerous public institutions and private collections around the world.

  7. 2013

    1. Richie Havens, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1941) deaths

      1. American singer-songwriter and guitarist

        Richie Havens

        Richard Pierce Havens was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. His music encompassed elements of folk, soul, and rhythm and blues. He had a rhythmic guitar style. He was the opening act at Woodstock, and also the voice-over for the GeoSafari toys.

    2. Lalgudi Jayaraman, Indian violinist and composer (b. 1930) deaths

      1. Carnatic violinist/composer

        Lalgudi Jayaraman

        Lalgudi Gopala Iyer Jayaraman was an Indian Carnatic violinist, vocalist and composer. He is commonly grouped with M.S. Gopalakrishnan and T.N.Krishnan as part of the violin-trinity of Carnatic Music. He was awarded Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 2001.

    3. Robert Suderburg, American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1936) deaths

      1. American composer

        Robert Suderburg

        Robert Charles Suderburg was an American composer, conductor, and pianist.

  8. 2012

    1. George Rathmann, American chemist, biologist, and businessman (b. 1927) deaths

      1. American chemist and biologist (1927–2012)

        George Rathmann

        George Blatz Rathmann (1927–2012) was an American chemist, biologist, pioneer in biotechnology and corporate executive. In 1980 he co-founded and served as the first CEO of Amgen, and later founded Icos.

  9. 2010

    1. Richard Barrett, American lawyer and activist (b. 1943) deaths

      1. American lawyer

        Richard Barrett (lawyer)

        Richard Barrett was an American lawyer, white nationalist, and self-proclaimed leader in the nationalist Skinheadz movement. Barrett was a speaker and editor of the All The Way monthly newsletter. He was general counsel of the Nationalist Movement, which he founded in Mississippi.

  10. 2009

    1. Jack Cardiff, British cinematographer, director and photographer (b. 1914) deaths

      1. British cinematographer, director and photographer (1914–2009)

        Jack Cardiff

        Jack Cardiff, was a British cinematographer, film and television director, and photographer. His career spanned the development of cinema, from silent film, through early experiments in Technicolor, to filmmaking more than half a century later.

  11. 2007

    1. Juanita Millender-McDonald, American educator and politician (b. 1938) deaths

      1. American politician

        Juanita Millender-McDonald

        Juanita Millender-McDonald was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1996 until her death in 2007, representing California's 37th congressional district, which includes most of South Central Los Angeles and the city of Long Beach, California. She was a member of the Democratic Party.

  12. 2006

    1. Henriette Avram, American computer scientist and academic (b. 1919) deaths

      1. American computer programmer and system analyst

        Henriette Avram

        Henriette Davidson Avram was a computer programmer and systems analyst who developed the MARC format, the international data standard for bibliographic and holdings information in libraries. Avram's development of the MARC format in the late 1960s and early 1970s at the Library of Congress had a revolutionizing effect on the practice of librarianship, making possible the automation of many library functions and the sharing of bibliographic information electronically between libraries using pre-existing cataloging standards.

    2. Alida Valli, Italian actress (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Italian actress (1921–2006)

        Alida Valli

        Alida Maria Laura, Freiin Altenburger von Marckenstein-Frauenberg, better known by her stage name Alida Valli, was an Italian actress who appeared in more than 100 films in a 70-year career, spanning from the 1930s to the early 2000s. She was one of the biggest stars of Italian film during the Fascist era, once being coined "the most beautiful woman in the world" by Benito Mussolini, but managed to find continued international success post-World War II. According to Frédéric Mitterrand, Valli was the only actress in Europe to equal Marlene Dietrich or Greta Garbo.

  13. 2005

    1. Erika Fuchs, German translator (b. 1906) deaths

      1. Erika Fuchs

        Erika Fuchs, née Petri, was a German translator. She is largely known in Germany due to her translations of American Disney comics, especially Carl Barks' stories about Duckburg and its inhabitants.

    2. Philip Morrison, American physicist and academic (b. 1915) deaths

      1. American astrophysicist

        Philip Morrison

        Philip Morrison was a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is known for his work on the Manhattan Project during World War II, and for his later work in quantum physics, nuclear physics high energy astrophysics, and SETI.

    3. Eduardo Paolozzi, Scottish sculptor and artist (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Scottish sculptor and artist

        Eduardo Paolozzi

        Sir Eduardo Luigi Paolozzi was a Scottish artist, known for his sculpture and graphic works. He is widely considered to be one of the pioneers of pop art.

  14. 2003

    1. Felice Bryant, American songwriter (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American husband-and-wife music duo

        Felice and Boudleaux Bryant

        Felice Bryant and Diadorius Boudleaux Bryant were an American husband-and-wife country music and pop songwriting team. They were best known for songs such as "Rocky Top," "We Could", "Love Hurts", and numerous hits by the Everly Brothers, including "All I Have to Do Is Dream", "Bye Bye Love", and "Wake Up Little Susie".

  15. 1999

    1. Munir Ahmad Khan, Pakistani nuclear engineer (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Pakistani physicist

        Munir Ahmad Khan

        Munir Ahmad Khan, NI, HI, FPAS, was a Pakistani nuclear reactor physicist who is credited, among others, with being the "father of the atomic bomb program" of Pakistan for their leading role in developing their nation's nuclear weapons during the successive years after the war with India in 1971.

  16. 1996

    1. Erma Bombeck, American journalist and author (b. 1927) deaths

      1. American humorist and writer

        Erma Bombeck

        Erma Louise Bombeck was an American humorist who achieved great popularity for her newspaper humor column describing suburban home life, syndicated from 1965 to 1996. She also published 15 books, most of which became bestsellers.

    2. Jug McSpaden, American golfer and architect (b. 1908) deaths

      1. Jug McSpaden

        Harold Lee "Jug" McSpaden was an American professional golfer, and golf course architect.

  17. 1995

    1. Jane Kenyon, American poet and author (b. 1947) deaths

      1. American poet, translator

        Jane Kenyon

        Jane Kenyon was an American poet and translator. Her work is often characterized as simple, spare, and emotionally resonant. Kenyon was the second wife of poet, editor, and critic Donald Hall who made her the subject of many of his poems.

  18. 1994

    1. Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (b. 1913) deaths

      1. President of the United States from 1969 to 1974

        Richard Nixon

        Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.

      2. Head of state and head of government of the United States of America

        President of the United States

        The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.

  19. 1991

    1. Danni Wyatt, English cricketer births

      1. English cricketer

        Danni Wyatt

        Danielle Nicole Wyatt is an English cricketer who plays for Sussex, Southern Vipers, Southern Brave and England. She plays as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm off break. She made her England debut against India in Mumbai on 1 March 2010.

  20. 1990

    1. Machine Gun Kelly, American rapper, singer, songwriter, actor births

      1. American musician (born 1990)

        Machine Gun Kelly (musician)

        Colson Baker, known professionally as Machine Gun Kelly (MGK), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor. He is noted for his genre duality across alternative rock with hip hop.

    2. Albert Salmi, American actor (b. 1928) deaths

      1. American actor (1928–1990)

        Albert Salmi

        Albert Salmi was an American actor of stage, film, and television. Best known for his work as a character actor, he appeared in over 150 film and television productions.

  21. 1989

    1. Emilio G. Segrè, Italian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905) deaths

      1. Italian-American physicist and Nobel laureate

        Emilio Segrè

        Emilio Gino Segrè was an Italian-American physicist and Nobel laureate, who discovered the elements technetium and astatine, and the antiproton, a subatomic antiparticle, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1959 along with Owen Chamberlain.

      2. One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physics

        The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.

  22. 1988

    1. Grigori Kuzmin, Russian-Estonian astronomer and academic (b. 1917) deaths

      1. Estonian astronomer

        Grigori Kuzmin

        Grigori Kuzmin was an Estonian astronomer, who worked mainly in the field of stellar dynamics.

    2. Irene Rich, American actress (b. 1891) deaths

      1. American actress (1891–1988)

        Irene Rich

        Irene Rich was an American actress who worked in both silent films and talkies, as well as radio.

  23. 1987

    1. Erika Nõva, Estonian architect (b. 1905) deaths

      1. Estonian architect

        Erika Nõva

        Erika Nõva née Volberg was an Estonian architect, remembered mainly for her farmhouse designs. She was the first woman to graduate as an architect in Estonia.

  24. 1986

    1. Mircea Eliade, Romanian historian and author (b. 1907) deaths

      1. Romanian historian of religion, writer and philosopher

        Mircea Eliade

        Mircea Eliade was a Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago. He was a leading interpreter of religious experience, who established paradigms in religious studies that persist to this day. His theory that hierophanies form the basis of religion, splitting the human experience of reality into sacred and profane space and time, has proved influential. One of his most instrumental contributions to religious studies was his theory of eternal return, which holds that myths and rituals do not simply commemorate hierophanies, but, at least in the minds of the religious, actually participate in them.

  25. 1985

    1. Paul Hugh Emmett, American chemist and academic (b. 1900) deaths

      1. American chemical engineer (1900–1985)

        Paul Hugh Emmett

        Paul Hugh Emmett was an American chemist best known for his pioneering work in the field of catalysis and for his work on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He spearheaded the research to separate isotopes of uranium and to develop a corrosive uranium gas. Emmett also made significant contributions to BET Theory which explains the relationship between surface area and gas adsorption. He served on the faculty of Johns Hopkins University for 23 years throughout his scientific career.

    2. Jacques Ferron, Canadian physician and author (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Canadian physician and author

        Jacques Ferron

        Jacques Ferron was a Canadian physician and author.

  26. 1984

    1. Ansel Adams, American photographer and environmentalist (b. 1902) deaths

      1. American photographer and environmentalist (1902–1984)

        Ansel Adams

        Ansel Easton Adams was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his black-and-white images of the American West. He helped found Group f/64, an association of photographers advocating "pure" photography which favored sharp focus and the use of the full tonal range of a photograph. He and Fred Archer developed an exacting system of image-making called the Zone System, a method of achieving a desired final print through a deeply technical understanding of how tonal range is recorded and developed during exposure, negative development, and printing. The resulting clarity and depth of such images characterized his photography.

  27. 1983

    1. Sam W. Heads, English-American entomologist and palaeontologist births

      1. Sam W. Heads

        Sam W. Heads is a British palaeontologist, a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society, as well as a former Officer and Editor-in-Chief at the Orthopterists' Society.

    2. Shkëlzen Shala, Albanian entrepreneur and veganism activist births

      1. Albanian entrepreneur, gastronome and veganism activist

        Shkëlzen Shala

        Shkëlzen Shala is an Albanian entrepreneur, gastronome and veganism activist based in Pristina, Kosovo.

    3. Earl Hines, American pianist and bandleader (b. 1903) deaths

      1. American jazz pianist

        Earl Hines

        Earl Kenneth Hines, also known as Earl "Fatha" Hines, was an American jazz pianist and bandleader. He was one of the most influential figures in the development of jazz piano and, according to one source, "one of a small number of pianists whose playing shaped the history of jazz".

  28. 1982

    1. Kaká, Brazilian footballer births

      1. Brazilian footballer (born 1982)

        Kaká

        Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite, commonly known as Kaká or Ricardo Kaká, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. In his prime as a playmaker at AC Milan, a period marked by his creative passing, goal scoring and dribbles from midfield, Kaká is widely considered one of the best players of his generation. With success at club and international level, he is one of eight players to have won the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or.

  29. 1980

    1. Quincy Timberlake, Kenyan-Australian activist, engineer, and politician births

      1. Quincy Timberlake

        Quincy Zuma Wambitta Timberlake is a Kenyan political activist, occulist, and former presidential candidate, now resident in Australia. Along with Esther Arunga and Joseph Hellon, he is the co-founder of the PlaCenta Party of Kenya, which according to its manifesto aims "to promote and protect individual rights and freedoms set forth in the Kenyan Constitution and to limit the scope of national government authority and spending."

    2. Jane Froman, American actress and singer (b. 1907) deaths

      1. American actress (1907–1980)

        Jane Froman

        Ellen Jane Froman was an American actress and singer. During her thirty-year career, she performed on stage, radio and television despite chronic health problems due to injuries sustained in a 1943 plane crash.

    3. Fritz Strassmann, German chemist and physicist (b. 1902) deaths

      1. German chemist

        Fritz Strassmann

        Friedrich Wilhelm Strassmann was a German chemist who, with Otto Hahn in December 1938, identified the element barium as a product of the bombardment of uranium with neutrons. Their observation was the key piece of evidence necessary to identify the previously unknown phenomenon of nuclear fission, as was subsequently recognized and published by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch.

  30. 1979

    1. Zoltán Gera, Hungarian international footballer and manager births

      1. Hungarian footballer

        Zoltán Gera

        Zoltán Gera is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He played for Fulham, Pécsi Mecsek and Harkány SE, as well as enjoying two spells at Ferencváros and West Bromwich Albion.

    2. Daniel Johns, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. Australian musician

        Daniel Johns

        Daniel Paul Johns is an Australian musician, singer, and songwriter best known as the former frontman, guitarist, and main songwriter of the rock band Silverchair. Johns is also one half of The Dissociatives with Paul Mac and one half of Dreams with Luke Steele. He released his first solo album, Talk, in 2015. Johns' second solo album, FutureNever, was released on 22 April 2022. In 2007, Johns was ranked at number 18 on Rolling Stone's list of The 25 Most Underrated Guitarists. Johns has won 21 ARIA Awards from 49 nominations as a member of Silverchair, and has earned four other nominations as a solo artist.

  31. 1978

    1. Paul Malakwen Kosgei, Kenyan runner and coach births

      1. Kenyan long-distance and marathon runner (born 1978)

        Paul Malakwen Kosgei

        Paul Malakwen Kosgei is a Kenyan long-distance and marathon runner. He first came to prominence in athletics by taking the World Junior Record of 3000m steeple in 1997, and later with consecutive medals at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships from 1998 to 2000.

    2. Will Geer, American actor (b. 1902) deaths

      1. American actor (1902–1978)

        Will Geer

        Will Geer was an American actor, musician, and social activist, who was active in labor organizing and other movements in New York and Southern California in the 1930s and 1940s. In California he befriended rising singer Woody Guthrie. They both lived in New York for a time in the 1940s. He was blacklisted in the 1950s by Hollywood after refusing, in testimony before Congress, to name persons who had joined the Communist Party.

  32. 1976

    1. Dan Cloutier, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Dan Cloutier

        Daniel Cloutier is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. In his 10-year National Hockey League (NHL) career, Cloutier played with the New York Rangers, Tampa Bay Lightning, Vancouver Canucks and Los Angeles Kings, spending the majority of his career in Vancouver. He employed a combination of both butterfly and stand-up goaltending and was known for wearing the uncommon birdcage style helmet.

  33. 1970

    1. Regine Velasquez, Filipino singer and actress births

      1. Filipina singer and actress (born 1970)

        Regine Velasquez

        Regina Encarnacion Ansong Velasquez is a Filipina singer, actress, and record producer. She is considered one of the most influential figures in Philippine popular culture and is known for her vocal range and belting technique. She had unorthodox voice training during her childhood, where she was immersed neck-deep in the sea. Velasquez rose to prominence after winning the television talent show Ang Bagong Kampeon in 1984 and the Asia Pacific Singing Contest in 1989. Under the name Chona, she signed a recording contract with OctoArts International in 1986 and released the single "Love Me Again", which was commercially unsuccessful. The following year, she adopted the stage name Regine Velasquez for her debut studio album, Regine (1987), under the guidance of Viva Records executive Vic del Rosario and producer Ronnie Henares. She explored Manila sound and kundiman genres on her second and third studio albums, Nineteen 90 (1990) and Tagala Talaga (1991).

  34. 1967

    1. David J. C. MacKay, English physicist, engineer, and academic (d. 2016) births

      1. Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Cambridge

        David J. C. MacKay

        Professor Sir David John Cameron MacKay was a British physicist, mathematician, and academic. He was the Regius Professor of Engineering in the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge and from 2009 to 2014 was Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). MacKay wrote the book Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air.

  35. 1966

    1. Mickey Morandini, American baseball player and manager births

      1. American baseball player

        Mickey Morandini

        Michael Robert "Mickey" Morandini, is an American former professional baseball second baseman and coach, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, and Toronto Blue Jays. His career highlights include selection as a 1995 National League (NL) All-Star, playing for the Phillies in the 1993 NL Championship Series and World Series, and appearing for the Cubs in the 1998 NL Division Series.

  36. 1963

    1. Rosalind Gill, English sociologist and academic births

      1. Rosalind Gill

        Rosalind Clair Gill is a British sociologist and feminist cultural theorist. She is currently Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis at City, University of London. Gill is author or editor of ten books, and numerous articles and chapters, and her work has been translated into Chinese, German, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish.

  37. 1962

    1. Jeff Minter, British video game designer and programmer births

      1. British video game designer

        Jeff Minter

        Jeff Minter is an independent English video game designer and programmer who often goes by the name Yak. He is the founder of software house Llamasoft and has created dozens of games during his career, which began in 1981 with games for the Sinclair ZX80. Minter's games are often arcade style shoot 'em ups which contain titular or in-game references demonstrating his fondness of ruminants. Many of his programs also feature something of a psychedelic element, as in some of the earliest "light synthesizer" programs including Trip-a-Tron.

    2. Danièle Sauvageau, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births

      1. Danièle Sauvageau

        Danièle Sauvageau, is a Canadian ice hockey executive and former coach, and former police officer. Sauvageau was the head coach of the Canadian national women's hockey team that won the gold medal in ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

  38. 1961

    1. Alo Mattiisen, Estonian composer (d. 1996) births

      1. Estonian musician and composer

        Alo Mattiisen

        Alo Mattiisen was an Estonian musician and composer.

  39. 1960

    1. Mart Laar, Estonian historian and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Estonia births

      1. Estonian politician and historian

        Mart Laar

        Mart Laar is an Estonian politician and historian. He served as the Prime Minister of Estonia from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2002. Laar is credited with having helped bring about Estonia's rapid economic development during the 1990s. He is a member of the centre-right Isamaa party.

      2. Head of government of the Republic of Estonia

        Prime Minister of Estonia

        The Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is nominated by the president after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions and confirmed by the parliament (Riigikogu). In case of disagreement, the Parliament can reject the president's nomination and choose their own candidate. In practice, since the prime minister must maintain the confidence of Parliament in order to remain in office, they are usually the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition. The current prime minister is Kaja Kallas of the Reform Party. She took the office on 26 January 2021 following the resignation of Jüri Ratas.

  40. 1957

    1. Donald Tusk, Polish journalist and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Poland births

      1. Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014

        Donald Tusk

        Donald Franciszek Tusk is a Polish politician who was President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019. He served as the 14th Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014 and was a co-founder and leader of the Civic Platform political party from 2003 to 2014. On 20 November 2019, Tusk was elected as the president of the European People's Party (EPP), Europe's largest transnational political party and on 3 July 2021 he returned to Polish politics by reassuming the leadership of the Civic Platform.

      2. Head of Government of Poland

        Prime Minister of Poland

        The President of the Council of Ministers, colloquially referred to as the prime minister, is the head of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland. The responsibilities and traditions of the office stem from the creation of the contemporary Polish state, and the office is defined in the Constitution of 1997. According to the Constitution, the president nominates and appoints the prime minister, who will then propose the composition of the Cabinet. Fourteen days following their appointment, the prime minister must submit a programme outlining the government's agenda to the Sejm, requiring a vote of confidence. Conflicts stemming from both interest and powers have arisen between the offices of President and Prime Minister in the past.

  41. 1951

    1. Aivars Kalējs, Latvian organist, composer, and pianist births

      1. Latvian composer, organist and pianist

        Aivars Kalējs

        Aivars Kalējs is a Latvian composer, organist and pianist.

    2. Ana María Shua, Argentinian author and poet births

      1. Argentine writer (born 1951)

        Ana María Shua

        Ana María Shua is an Argentine writer. She is particularly well known for her work in microfiction.

    3. Horace Donisthorpe, English myrmecologist and coleopterist (b. 1870) deaths

      1. Horace Donisthorpe

        Horace St. John Kelly Donisthorpe was an eccentric British myrmecologist and coleopterist, memorable in part for his enthusiastic championing of the renaming of the genus Lasius after him as Donisthorpea, and for his many claims of discovering new species of beetles and ants.

  42. 1950

    1. Peter Frampton, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births

      1. English guitarist

        Peter Frampton

        Peter Kenneth Frampton is an English musician and songwriter. He was previously associated with the rock bands Humble Pie and the Herd. As a solo artist, he has released several albums, including his international breakthrough album, the live release Frampton Comes Alive!, which spawned several hit singles and has earned 8× Platinum in the United States to date. He has also worked with Ringo Starr, the Who's John Entwistle, David Bowie, and both Matt Cameron and Mike McCready from Pearl Jam, among others.

    2. Jancis Robinson, English journalist and critic births

      1. British journalist

        Jancis Robinson

        Jancis Mary Robinson OBE, ComMA, MW is a British wine critic, journalist and wine writer. She currently writes a weekly column for the Financial Times, and writes for her website JancisRobinson.com, updated daily. She provided advice for the wine cellar of Queen Elizabeth II.

    3. Charles Hamilton Houston, American lawyer and academic (b. 1895) deaths

      1. African-American lawyer

        Charles Hamilton Houston

        Charles Hamilton Houston was a prominent African-American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School, and NAACP first special counsel, or Litigation Director. A graduate of Amherst College and Harvard Law School, Houston played a significant role in dismantling Jim Crow laws, especially attacking segregation in schools and racial housing covenants. He earned the title "The Man Who Killed Jim Crow".

  43. 1949

    1. Spencer Haywood, American basketball player births

      1. American basketball player (born 1949)

        Spencer Haywood

        Spencer Haywood is an American former professional basketball player and Olympic gold medalist. Haywood is a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, being inducted in 2015.

  44. 1948

    1. John Pritchard, English bishop births

      1. John Pritchard (bishop)

        John Lawrence Pritchard is a Church of England bishop. He was the Bishop of Oxford from 2007 to 2014. He is in the Open Evangelical tradition.

  45. 1946

    1. Steven L. Bennett, American captain and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1972) births

      1. US Air Force officer and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor

        Steven L. Bennett

        Steven Logan Bennett was a United States Air Force pilot who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for heroism during the Vietnam War on August 8, 1974.

      2. Highest award in the United States Armed Forces

        Medal of Honor

        The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".

    2. Paul Davies, English physicist and author births

      1. British physicist

        Paul Davies

        Paul Charles William Davies is an English physicist, writer and broadcaster, a professor in Arizona State University and Director of BEYOND: Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science. He is affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies in Chapman University in California. He previously held academic appointments in the University of Cambridge, University College London, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, University of Adelaide and Macquarie University. His research interests are in the fields of cosmology, quantum field theory, and astrobiology.

    3. Louise Harel, Canadian lawyer and politician births

      1. Canadian politician

        Louise Harel

        Louise Harel is a Quebec politician. In 2005 she served as interim leader of the Parti Québécois following the resignation of Bernard Landry. She was also interim leader of the opposition in the National Assembly of Quebec. She represented the riding of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve in the Montreal region, and its predecessors, from 1981 to 2008. She ran for Mayor of Montreal as the representative of the Vision Montreal municipal political party in the 2009 election, but was defeated by incumbent Gérald Tremblay. In the 2013 Montreal election, Harel supported federalist Marcel Côté for mayor but failed to be elected to her own council seat.

    4. Archy Kirkwood, Baron Kirkwood of Kirkhope, Scottish lawyer and politician births

      1. British politician

        Archy Kirkwood

        Archibald Johnstone Kirkwood, Baron Kirkwood of Kirkhope, is a British Liberal Democrat politician.

    5. Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford, English economist and academic births

      1. British economist and academic (born 1946)

        Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford

        Nicholas Herbert Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford, is a British economist, banker, and academic. He is the IG Patel Professor of Economics and Government and Chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics (LSE), and 2010 Professor of Collège de France. He was President of the British Academy from 2013 to 2017, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 2014.

    6. John Waters, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. American filmmaker, actor, comedian, writer, and artist (born 1946)

        John Waters

        John Samuel Waters Jr. is an American filmmaker, writer, actor, and artist. He rose to fame in the early 1970s for his transgressive cult films, including Multiple Maniacs (1970), Pink Flamingos (1972) and Female Trouble (1974). He wrote and directed the comedy film Hairspray (1988), which was an international success and was later adapted into a hit Broadway musical. He has written and directed other films, including Polyester (1981), Cry-Baby (1990), Serial Mom (1994), Pecker (1998), and Cecil B. Demented (2000). His films contain elements of post-modern comedy and surrealism.

  46. 1945

    1. Gopalkrishna Gandhi, Indian civil servant and politician, 22nd Governor of West Bengal births

      1. Indian civil servant and diplomat

        Gopalkrishna Gandhi

        Gopalkrishna Devadas Gandhi is a former administrator and diplomat who served as the 22nd Governor of West Bengal serving from 2004 to 2009. He is the grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji). As a former IAS officer he served as Secretary to the President of India and as High Commissioner to South Africa and Sri Lanka, among other administrative and diplomatic posts. He was the United Progressive Alliance nominee for Vice President of India 2017 elections and lost with 244 votes against NDA candidate Venkaiah Naidu, who got 516 votes.

      2. List of governors of West Bengal

        The Governor of West Bengal is the nominal head of state of the Indian state of West Bengal and a representative of the President of India. The governor is appointed by the president for a term of five years. His official residence is the Raj Bhavan. C. V. Ananda Bose was appointed as the Governor of West Bengal on 23 November 2022.

    2. Demetrio Stratos, Egyptian-Italian singer-songwriter (d. 1979) births

      1. Greek musician and lyricist (1945–1979)

        Demetrio Stratos

        Efstratios Dimitriou, known professionally as Demetrio Stratos, was a Greek lyricist, multi-instrumentalist, music researcher, and co-founder, frontman and lead singer of the Italian progressive rock band Area – International POPular Group.

    3. Wilhelm Cauer, German mathematician and academic (b. 1900) deaths

      1. German mathematician and scientist

        Wilhelm Cauer

        Wilhelm Cauer was a German mathematician and scientist. He is most noted for his work on the analysis and synthesis of electrical filters and his work marked the beginning of the field of network synthesis. Prior to his work, electronic filter design used techniques which accurately predicted filter behaviour only under unrealistic conditions. This required a certain amount of experience on the part of the designer to choose suitable sections to include in the design. Cauer placed the field on a firm mathematical footing, providing tools that could produce exact solutions to a given specification for the design of an electronic filter.

    4. Käthe Kollwitz, German painter and sculptor (b. 1867) deaths

      1. German artist

        Käthe Kollwitz

        Käthe Kollwitz was a German artist who worked with painting, printmaking and sculpture. Her most famous art cycles, including The Weavers and The Peasant War, depict the effects of poverty, hunger and war on the working class. Despite the realism of her early works, her art is now more closely associated with Expressionism. Kollwitz was the first woman not only to be elected to the Prussian Academy of Arts but also to receive honorary professor status.

  47. 1944

    1. Steve Fossett, American businessman, pilot, and sailor (d. 2007) births

      1. American businessman, aviator, sailor, and adventurer (1944–2007)

        Steve Fossett

        James Stephen Fossett was an American businessman and a record-setting aviator, sailor, and adventurer. He was the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon and in a fixed-wing aircraft. He made his fortune in the financial services industry and held world records for five nonstop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo flight fixed-wing aircraft pilot.

    2. Doug Jarrett, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014) births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Doug Jarrett

        Douglas William Jarrett was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman, who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers.

    3. Joshua Rifkin, American conductor and musicologist births

      1. American conductor, keyboard player, and musicologist

        Joshua Rifkin

        Joshua Rifkin is an American conductor, keyboard player, and musicologist who is currently a Professor of Music at Boston University. As a performer he has recorded music by composers from Antoine Busnois to Silvestre Revueltas, and as a scholar has published research on composers from the Renaissance to the 20th century. He is famed among classical musicians and aficionados for his increasingly influential theory that most of Bach's choral works were sung with only one singer per choral line. Rifkin argued: "So long as we define 'chorus' in the conventional modern sense, then Bach's chorus, with few exceptions, simply did not exist." He is best known by the general public, however, for having played a central role in the ragtime revival in the 1970s, with the three albums he recorded of Scott Joplin's works for Nonesuch Records.

  48. 1943

    1. Keith Crisco, American businessman and politician (d. 2014) births

      1. American politician

        Keith Crisco

        John Keith Crisco Sr. was an American businessman and public official from the State of North Carolina.

    2. Janet Evanovich, American author births

      1. American writer

        Janet Evanovich

        Janet Evanovich is an American writer. She began her career writing short contemporary romance novels under the pen name Steffie Hall, but gained fame authoring a series of contemporary mysteries featuring Stephanie Plum, a former lingerie buyer from Trenton, New Jersey, who becomes a bounty hunter to make ends meet after losing her job. The novels in this series have been on The New York Times, USA Today, Wall Street Journal and Amazon bestseller lists. Evanovich has had her last seventeen Plums debut at #1 on the NY Times Best Sellers list and eleven of them have hit #1 on USA Today Best-Selling Books list. She has over two hundred million books in print worldwide, and her books have been translated into over 40 languages.

    3. Louise Glück, American poet births

      1. American poet and Nobel laureate

        Louise Glück

        Louise Elisabeth Glück is an American poet and essayist. She won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature, whose judges praised "her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal". Her other awards include the Pulitzer Prize, National Humanities Medal, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, and Bollingen Prize. From 2003 to 2004, she was Poet Laureate of the United States.

    4. John Maples, Baron Maples, English lawyer and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence (d. 2012) births

      1. British politician and life peer

        John Maples

        John Cradock Maples, Baron Maples was a British politician and life peer who served as Economic Secretary to the Treasury from 1989 to 1992. A member of the Conservative Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Lewisham West from 1983 to 1992 and Stratford-upon-Avon from 1997 to 2010.

      2. Shadow Secretary of State for Defence

        The Shadow Secretary of State for Defence is a member of the UK Shadow Cabinet responsible for the scrutiny of the Secretary of State for Defence and the department, the Ministry of Defence. The post is currently held by John Healey.

    5. Scott W. Williams, American mathematician and professor births

      1. American mathematician

        Scott W. Williams

        Scott Williams is a Professor of Mathematics at the University at Buffalo, SUNY. He was recognized by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2017 Honoree.

  49. 1942

    1. Giorgio Agamben, Italian philosopher and academic births

      1. Italian philosopher

        Giorgio Agamben

        Giorgio Agamben is an Italian philosopher best known for his work investigating the concepts of the state of exception, form-of-life and homo sacer. The concept of biopolitics informs many of his writings.

    2. Mary Prior, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Bristol births

      1. Mary Prior

        Alice Mary Prior served as Lord Lieutenant of Bristol from 2007 to 2017. She is currently the Pro-chancellor of University of Bristol and a trustee of the environmental fund Viridor Credits.

      2. Lord Lieutenant of Bristol

        This is a list of Lord-Lieutenants of the County and City of Bristol.

  50. 1941

    1. Greville Howard, Baron Howard of Rising, English politician births

      1. Greville Howard, Baron Howard of Rising

        Greville Patrick Charles Howard, Baron Howard of Rising is a British Conservative politician and, before the 2010 general election, was variously an Opposition Whip and Shadow Minister for Cabinet Office, for Treasury and for Culture, Media and Sport.

  51. 1939

    1. Mel Carter, American singer and actor births

      1. American singer and actor

        Mel Carter

        Mel Carter is an American singer and actor. He is best known for his 1965 million-selling recording, "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me".

    2. John Foley, English general and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey births

      1. British Army general

        John Foley (British Army officer)

        Lieutenant General Sir John Paul Foley, is a retired British Army officer with a long career in military intelligence. He is the great-grandson of Henry Hodgetts-Foley, and was educated at Bradfield College.

      2. Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey

        The Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey is the representative of the British monarch in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a Crown dependency of the British Crown. The role of the Lieutenant Governor is to act as the de facto head of state in Guernsey and as liaison between the governments of Guernsey and the United Kingdom. The holder of this office is also ex officio a member of the States of Guernsey but may not vote and, by convention, speaks in the Chamber only on appointment and on departure from post. The duties are primarily diplomatic and ceremonial. He has the authority to appointment two members of the board of governors of Elizabeth College and the Priaulx Library.

    3. Ray Guy, Canadian journalist and author (d. 2013) births

      1. Ray Guy (humorist)

        Ray Guy was a Canadian journalist and humourist, best known for his satirical newspaper and magazine columns.

    4. Jason Miller, American actor and playwright (d. 2001) births

      1. American actor and playwright (1939–2001)

        Jason Miller (playwright)

        Jason Miller was an American playwright and actor. He won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play for his play That Championship Season, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Father Damien Karras in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist, a role he reprised in The Exorcist III. He later became artistic director of the Scranton Public Theatre in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where That Championship Season was set.

    5. Theodor Waigel, German lawyer and politician, German Federal Minister of Finance births

      1. German politician

        Theo Waigel

        Theodor Waigel is a German politician of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). He represented Neu-Ulm in the Bundestag from 1976 to 2002.

      2. Federal ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany

        Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)

        The Federal Ministry of Finance, abbreviated BMF, is the cabinet-level finance ministry of Germany, with its seat at the Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus in Berlin and a secondary office in Bonn. The current Federal Minister of Finance is Christian Lindner (FDP).

  52. 1938

    1. Alan Bond, English-Australian businessman (d. 2015) births

      1. English-born Australian businessman

        Alan Bond

        Alan Bond was an English-born Australian businessman noted for his high-profile and often corrupt business dealings. These included his central role in the WA Inc scandals of the 1980s, and what was at the time the biggest corporate collapse in Australian history and also for his criminal conviction that saw him serve four years in prison. He is also remembered for bankrolling the successful challenge for the 1983 America's Cup, the first time the New York Yacht Club had lost it in its 132-year history. He is also the founder of Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.

    2. Gani Fawehinmi, Nigerian lawyer and activist (d. 2009) births

      1. Nigerian lawyer (1938–2009)

        Gani Fawehinmi

        Chief Abdul-Ganiyu "Gani" Oyesola FawehinmiListen,, SAN was a Nigerian author, publisher, philanthropist, social critic, human and civil rights lawyer, and politician.

    3. Issey Miyake, Japanese fashion designer (d. 2022) births

      1. Japanese fashion designer (1938–2022)

        Issey Miyake

        Issey Miyake was a Japanese fashion designer. He was known for his technology-driven clothing designs, exhibitions and fragrances, such as L'eau d'Issey, which became his best-known product.

    4. Adam Raphael, English journalist and author births

      1. Adam Raphael

        Adam Eliot Geoffrey Raphael is an English journalist and author. In the British Press Awards of 1973, he was named Journalist of the Year for his work on labour conditions in South Africa, and he has also been a presenter of BBC Television's Newsnight. Since 2004, he has edited The Good Hotel Guide. He is not to be confused with another BBC producer of the same name, Adam Jocelyn Raphael (1937–1999).

  53. 1937

    1. Jack Nicholson, American actor and producer births

      1. American actor and filmmaker (born 1937)

        Jack Nicholson

        John Joseph Nicholson is an American retired actor and filmmaker. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of all time. In many of his films, he played rebels against the social structure. He received numerous accolades throughout his career which spanned over five decades, including three Academy Awards.

    2. Jack Nitzsche, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and conductor (d. 2000) births

      1. American musician and composer

        Jack Nitzsche

        Bernard Alfred Nitzsche, known professionally as Jack Nitzsche, was an American musician, arranger, songwriter, composer, and record producer. He first came to prominence in the early 1960s as the right-hand-man of producer Phil Spector and went on to work with the Rolling Stones and Neil Young, among others. He also worked extensively in film scores, notably for films such as Performance, The Exorcist and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. In 1983, he won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for co-writing "Up Where We Belong" with Buffy Sainte-Marie.

  54. 1936

    1. Glen Campbell, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 2017) births

      1. American guitarist, singer, songwriter, actor and TV host

        Glen Campbell

        Glen Travis Campbell was an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, actor and television host. He was best known for a series of hit songs in the 1960s and 1970s, and for hosting The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour on CBS television from 1969 until 1972. He released 64 albums in a career that spanned five decades, selling over 45 million records worldwide, including twelve gold albums, four platinum albums, and one double-platinum album.

    2. Pierre Hétu, Canadian pianist and conductor (d. 1998) births

      1. Canadian politician (1936–1998)

        Pierre Hétu

        Pierre Hétu was a conductor and pianist. He studied music from 1955–57 at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal with Germaine Malépart (piano) and at the University of Montreal with Jean Papineau-Couture (acoustics), Gabriel Cusson and Conrad Letendre and Jean Vallerand.

  55. 1935

    1. Christopher Ball, English linguist and academic births

      1. British academic

        Christopher Ball (linguist)

        Sir Christopher John Elinger Ball is a British academic, who served as Warden of Keble College, Oxford, from 1980 to 1988, and as the first Chancellor of the University of Derby, from 1995 to 2003.

    2. Paul Chambers, African-American bassist and composer (d. 1969) births

      1. American jazz double bassist

        Paul Chambers

        Paul Laurence Dunbar Chambers Jr. was an American jazz double bassist. A fixture of rhythm sections during the 1950s and 1960s, he has become one of the most widely-known jazz bassists of the hard bop era. He was also known for his bowed solos. Chambers recorded about a dozen albums as a leader or co-leader, and over 100 more as a sideman, especially as the anchor of trumpeter Miles Davis's "first great quintet" (1955–63) and with pianist Wynton Kelly (1963–68).

    3. Bhama Srinivasan, Indian-American mathematician and academic births

      1. Indian-American mathematician

        Bhama Srinivasan

        Bhama Srinivasan is a mathematician known for her work in the representation theory of finite groups. Her contributions were honored with the 1990 Noether Lecture. She served as President of the Association for Women in Mathematics from 1981 to 1983. She earned her Ph.D. in physics in 1959 with her dissertation Problems on Modular Representations of Finite Groups under J. A. Green at the University of Manchester. She currently is a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She has had five doctoral students. She has co-authored a number of papers with Paul Fong in modular representation theory and Deligne–Lusztig theory.

  56. 1933

    1. Anthony Llewellyn, Welsh-American chemist and astronaut (d. 2013) births

      1. Welsh-born American scientist, astronaut

        Anthony Llewellyn

        John Anthony Llewellyn, was a Welsh-born American scientist and a former NASA astronaut candidate.

    2. Henry Royce, English engineer and businessman, co-founded Rolls-Royce Limited (b. 1863) deaths

      1. English engineer and car designer

        Henry Royce

        Sir Frederick Henry Royce, 1st Baronet, was an English engineer famous for his designs of car and aeroplane engines with a reputation for reliability and longevity. With Charles Rolls (1877–1910) and Claude Johnson (1864–1926), he founded Rolls-Royce.

      2. 1906–1987 UK automobile and aerospace manufacturer

        Rolls-Royce Limited

        Rolls-Royce was a British luxury car and later an aero-engine manufacturing business established in 1904 in Manchester by the partnership of Charles Rolls and Henry Royce. Building on Royce's good reputation established with his cranes, they quickly developed a reputation for superior engineering by manufacturing the "best car in the world". The business was incorporated as Rolls-Royce Limited in 1906, and a new factory in Derby was opened in 1908. The First World War brought the company into manufacturing aero-engines. Joint development of jet engines began in 1940, and they entered production. Rolls-Royce has built an enduring reputation for development and manufacture of engines for defence and civil aircraft.

  57. 1932

    1. Ferenc Oslay, Hungarian-Slovene historian and author (b. 1883) deaths

      1. Ferenc Oslay

        Ferenc Oslay was a Hungarian-Slovene historian, writer, Trianon irredentist, and propagandist.

  58. 1931

    1. John Buchanan, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 2019) births

      1. Canadian lawyer and politician (1931–2019)

        John Buchanan (Canadian politician)

        John MacLennan Buchanan was a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Nova Scotia from 1978 to 1990 and as a member of the Senate of Canada from 1990 to 2006.

      2. First minister for the Canadian province of Nova Scotia

        Premier of Nova Scotia

        The premier of Nova Scotia is the first minister to the lieutenant governor of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia and presides over the Executive Council of Nova Scotia. Following the Westminster system, the premier is normally the leader of the political party which has the most seats in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly who is called upon by the lieutenant governor to form a government. As the province's head of government, the premier exercises considerable power.

    2. Ronald Hynd, English dancer and choreographer births

      1. Ronald Hynd

        Ronald Hynd is an English choreographer, and in his youth was a ballet dancer.

  59. 1930

    1. Enno Penno, Estonian politician, Prime Minister of Estonia in exile (d. 2016) births

      1. Estonian politician

        Enno Penno

        Enno Penno was an Estonian politician, who was acting as Acting Prime Minister of Estonia in exile from 1 March 1990 to 20 June 1992.

      2. Formally declared governmental authority of Estonia between 1944–1992

        Estonian government-in-exile

        The Estonian government-in-exile was the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile, existing from 1944 until the reestablishment of Estonian sovereignty over Estonian territory in 1991 and 1992. It traced its legitimacy through constitutional succession to the last Estonian government in power prior to the Soviet invasion of 1940. During its existence, it was the internationally recognized government of Estonia.

  60. 1929

    1. Michael Atiyah, English-Lebanese mathematician and academic (d. 2019) births

      1. British-Lebanese mathematician (1929–2019)

        Michael Atiyah

        Sir Michael Francis Atiyah was a British-Lebanese mathematician specialising in geometry. His contributions include the Atiyah–Singer index theorem and co-founding topological K-theory. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 and the Abel Prize in 2004.

    2. Robert Wade-Gery, English diplomat, British High Commissioner to India (d. 2015) births

      1. Robert Wade-Gery

        Sir Robert Wade-Gery was a British diplomat who was High Commissioner to India 1982–87.

      2. List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to India

        Countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations exchange High Commissioners rather than Ambassadors. Though there are a few technical differences, they are in practice the same office. The following persons have served as British High Commissioner to India.

    3. Henry Lerolle, French painter and art collector (b. 1848) deaths

      1. French painter (1848–1929)

        Henry Lerolle

        Henry Lerolle was a French painter, art collector and patron, born in Paris. He studied at Académie Suisse and in the studio of Louis Lamothe.

  61. 1928

    1. Estelle Harris, American actress and comedian (d. 2022) births

      1. American actress (1928–2022)

        Estelle Harris

        Estelle Harris was an American actress and comedienne, known for her exaggerated shrill, grating voice. She was best known for her role as Estelle Costanza on Seinfeld. Her other roles included the voice of Mrs. Potato Head in the Toy Story franchise, Muriel in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, and Mama Gunda in Tarzan II. During her career, Harris starred in various television commercials.

  62. 1927

    1. Laurel Aitken, Cuban-Jamaican singer (d. 2005) births

      1. Cuban-Jamaican musician

        Laurel Aitken

        Lorenzo "Laurel" Aitken was an influential Caribbean singer and one of the pioneers of Jamaican ska music. He is often referred to as the "Godfather of Ska".

  63. 1926

    1. Charlotte Rae, American actress and singer (d. 2018) births

      1. American actress (1926–2018)

        Charlotte Rae

        Charlotte Rae Lubotsky, known professionally as Charlotte Rae, was an American character actress and singer whose career spanned six decades.

    2. James Stirling, Scottish architect, designed the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart and Seeley Historical Library (d. 1992) births

      1. British architect

        James Stirling (architect)

        Sir James Frazer Stirling was a British architect.

      2. Art museum in Stuttgart, Germany

        Staatsgalerie Stuttgart

        The Staatsgalerie Stuttgart is an art museum in Stuttgart, Germany, it opened in 1843. In 1984, the opening of the Neue Staatsgalerie designed by James Stirling transformed the once provincial gallery into one of Europe's leading museums.

      3. Seeley Historical Library

        The Seeley Historical Library is the history library of the University of Cambridge, England. It is housed within the History Faculty building on the Sidgwick Site off West Road, Cambridge. Since October 2003, incoming books have been classified according to the Library of Congress scheme; before that a unique system was used.

  64. 1925

    1. André Caplet, French composer and conductor (b. 1878) deaths

      1. French composer and conductor

        André Caplet

        André Caplet was a French composer and conductor of classical music. He was a friend of Claude Debussy and completed the orchestration of several of Debussy's compositions as well as arrangements of several of them for different instruments.

  65. 1924

    1. Nam Duck-woo, South Korean politician, 12th Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2013) births

      1. South Korean politician

        Nam Duck-woo

        Nam Duck-woo was the 12th Prime Minister of South Korea from 1980 to 1982.

      2. Deputy head of government of the Republic of Korea

        Prime Minister of South Korea

        The prime minister of the Republic of Korea is the deputy head of government and the second highest political office of South Korea who is appointed by the President of the Republic of Korea, with the National Assembly's approval. The prime minister may be a member of the National Assembly, but this is not required to hold the office. The prime minister of South Korea is not the head of government of South Korea, for the President is both the head of state and government in the country.

  66. 1923

    1. Peter Kane Dufault, American soldier, pilot, and poet (d. 2013) births

      1. American poet

        Peter Kane Dufault

        Peter Kane Dufault was an American poet. He was born in New Jersey.

    2. Bettie Page, American model and actress (d. 2008) births

      1. American pin-up model

        Bettie Page

        Bettie Mae Page was an American model who gained notoriety in the 1950s for her pin-up photos. She was often referred to as the "Queen of Pinups": her long jet-black hair, blue eyes, and trademark bangs have influenced artists for generations. After her death, Playboy founder Hugh Hefner called her "a remarkable lady, an iconic figure in pop culture who influenced sexuality, taste in fashion, someone who had a tremendous impact on our society".

    3. Aaron Spelling, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2006) births

      1. American film and television producer (1923-2006)

        Aaron Spelling

        Aaron Spelling was an American film and television producer and occasional actor. His productions included the TV series Family (1976–1980), Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), The Love Boat (1977–1986), Hart to Hart (1979–1984), Dynasty (1981–1989), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976), and Sunset Beach (1997–1999).

  67. 1922

    1. Richard Diebenkorn, American soldier and painter (d. 1993) births

      1. American painter

        Richard Diebenkorn

        Richard Diebenkorn was an American painter and printmaker. His early work is associated with abstract expressionism and the Bay Area Figurative Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. In the late 1960s he began his extensive series of geometric, lyrical abstract paintings. Known as the Ocean Park paintings, these paintings were instrumental to his achievement of worldwide acclaim.

    2. Charles Mingus, American bassist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1979) births

      1. American jazz bassist, composer and bandleader (1922–1979)

        Charles Mingus

        Charles Mingus Jr. was an American jazz upright bassist, pianist, composer, bandleader, and author. A major proponent of collective improvisation, he is considered to be one of the greatest jazz musicians and composers in history, with a career spanning three decades and collaborations with other jazz musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Herbie Hancock.

    3. Wolf V. Vishniac, American microbiologist and academic (d. 1973) births

      1. American microbiologist (1922–1973)

        Wolf V. Vishniac

        Wolf Vladimir Vishniac was an American microbiologist. He was the son of photographer Roman Vishniac and the father of astronomer Ethan Vishniac. Educated at Brooklyn College and Stanford University, he was a professor of biology at the University of Rochester. He died on a research trip to the Antarctic attempting to retrieve equipment in a crevasse. The crater Vishniac on Mars is named in his honor.

  68. 1919

    1. Donald J. Cram, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) births

      1. American chemist (1919–2001)

        Donald J. Cram

        Donald James Cram was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host–guest chemistry.

      2. One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Chemistry

        The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.

    2. Carl Lindner, Jr., American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2011) births

      1. American businessman

        Carl Lindner Jr.

        Carl Henry Lindner Jr. was an American businessman from Norwood, Ohio, a member of the Lindner family, and one of the world's richest people. According to the 2006 issue of Forbes's 400 list, Lindner was ranked 133rd and was worth an estimated $2.3 billion.

  69. 1918

    1. William Jay Smith, American poet and academic (d. 2015) births

      1. American writer, translator, editor

        William Jay Smith

        William Jay Smith was an American poet. He was appointed the nineteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1968 to 1970.

    2. Mickey Vernon, American baseball player and coach (d. 2008) births

      1. American baseball player and manager

        Mickey Vernon

        James Barton "Mickey" Vernon was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) first baseman who played for the Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox (1956–1957), Milwaukee Braves (1959) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1960). He also was the first manager in the history of the expansion edition of the Senators, serving from 1961 through May 21, 1963, and was a coach for four MLB teams between 1960 and 1982.

  70. 1917

    1. Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016) births

      1. French prima ballerina and actress

        Yvette Chauviré

        Yvette Chauviré was a French prima ballerina and actress. She is often described as France's greatest ballerina, and was the coach of prima ballerinas Sylvie Guillem and Marie-Claude Pietragalla. She was awarded the Légion d'Honneur in 1964.

    2. Sidney Nolan, Australian painter (d. 1992) births

      1. Australian artist (1917–1992)

        Sidney Nolan

        Sir Sidney Robert Nolan was one of Australia's leading artists of the 20th century. Working in a wide variety of mediums, his oeuvre is among the most diverse and prolific in all of modern art. He is best known for his series of paintings on legends from Australian history, most famously Ned Kelly, the bushranger and outlaw. Nolan's stylised depiction of Kelly's armour has become an icon of Australian art.

  71. 1916

    1. Hanfried Lenz, German mathematician and academic (d. 2013) births

      1. German mathematician

        Hanfried Lenz

        Hanfried Lenz was a German mathematician, who is mainly known for his work in geometry and combinatorics.

    2. Yehudi Menuhin, American-Swiss violinist and conductor (d. 1999) births

      1. American violinist and conductor (1916–1999)

        Yehudi Menuhin

        Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, was an American-born violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in Britain. He is widely considered one of the great violinists of the 20th century. He played the Soil Stradivarius, considered one of the finest violins made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari.

  72. 1914

    1. Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian director and producer (d. 2008) births

      1. Indian film director (1914–2008)

        B. R. Chopra

        Baldev Raj Chopra was a famous Indian director and producer of Bollywood industry and television series. Best known for directing Hindi films like Naya Daur (1957), Sadhna (1958), Kanoon (1961), Gumrah (1963), Humraaz (1967), Insaf Ka Tarazu (1980), Nikaah (1982), Awam (1987), and the producer of TV series, Mahabharat in 1988. He was awarded Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema, for the year 1998, and Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, in 2001.

    2. Jan de Hartog, Dutch-American author and playwright (d. 2002) births

      1. Jan de Hartog

        Jan de Hartog was a Dutch playwright, novelist and occasional social critic who moved to the United States in the early 1960s and became a Quaker.

    3. José Quiñones Gonzales, Peruvian soldier and pilot (d. 1941) births

      1. José Quiñones Gonzales

        José Abelardo Quiñones Gonzáles was a Peruvian military aviator and posthumously became a national hero for his actions at the Battle of Zarumilla during the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941.

    4. Michael Wittmann, German SS officer (d. 1944) births

      1. German tank commander (1914–1944)

        Michael Wittmann

        Michael Wittmann was a German Waffen-SS tank commander during the Second World War. He is known for his ambush of elements of the British 7th Armored Division during the Battle of Villers-Bocage on 13 June 1944. While in command of a Tiger I tank, Wittmann destroyed up to 14 tanks, 15 personnel carriers and two anti-tank guns within 15 minutes for the loss of his own tank. The news was disseminated by Nazi propaganda and added to Wittmann's reputation.

      2. Nazi paramilitary organization

        Schutzstaffel

        The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

  73. 1912

    1. Kathleen Ferrier, English operatic singer (d. 1953) births

      1. English contralto (1912–1953)

        Kathleen Ferrier

        Kathleen Mary Ferrier, CBE was an English contralto singer who achieved an international reputation as a stage, concert and recording artist, with a repertoire extending from folksong and popular ballads to the classical works of Bach, Brahms, Mahler and Elgar. Her death from cancer, at the height of her fame, was a shock to the musical world and particularly to the general public, which was kept in ignorance of the nature of her illness until after her death.

    2. Kaneto Shindo, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2012) births

      1. Japanese film director, screenwriter, film producer, and writer

        Kaneto Shindo

        Kaneto Shindo was a Japanese film director, screenwriter, film producer, and writer, who directed 48 films and wrote scripts for 238. His best known films as a director include Children of Hiroshima, The Naked Island, Onibaba, Kuroneko and A Last Note. His screenplays were filmed by directors such as Kenji Mizoguchi, Kōzaburō Yoshimura, Kon Ichikawa, Keisuke Kinoshita, Seijun Suzuki, and Tadashi Imai.

  74. 1910

    1. Norman Steenrod, American mathematician and academic (d. 1971) births

      1. American mathematician

        Norman Steenrod

        Norman Earl Steenrod was an American mathematician most widely known for his contributions to the field of algebraic topology.

  75. 1909

    1. Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) births

      1. Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

        Rita Levi-Montalcini

        Rita Levi-Montalcini was an Italian Nobel laureate, honored for her work in neurobiology. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF).

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

        The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

    2. Indro Montanelli, Italian journalist and historian (d. 2001) births

      1. Italian journalist and historian (1909–2001)

        Indro Montanelli

        Indro Alessandro Raffaello Schizogene Montanelli was an Italian journalist, historian and writer. He was one of the fifty World Press Freedom Heroes according to the International Press Institute.

    3. Spyros Markezinis, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2000) births

      1. 20th-century Greek politician

        Spyros Markezinis

        Spyridon Markezinis or Markesinis was a Greek politician, longtime member of the Hellenic Parliament, and briefly the Prime Minister of Greece during the aborted attempt at democratization of the Greek military regime in 1973.

      2. Head of government of Greece

        Prime Minister of Greece

        The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.

  76. 1908

    1. Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1836) deaths

      1. British Prime Minister from 1905 to 1908

        Henry Campbell-Bannerman

        Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman was a British statesman and Liberal politician. He served as the prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1905 to 1908 and leader of the Liberal Party from 1899 to 1908. He also served as secretary of state for war twice, in the cabinets of Gladstone and Rosebery. He was the first first lord of the treasury to be officially called the "prime minister", the term only coming into official usage five days after he took office. He remains the only person to date to hold the positions of prime minister and Father of the House at the same time, and the last Liberal leader to gain a UK parliamentary majority.

      2. Head of Government in the United Kingdom

        Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

        The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.

  77. 1906

    1. Eric Fenby, English composer and educator (d. 1997) births

      1. Eric Fenby

        Eric William Fenby OBE was an English composer, conductor, pianist, organist and teacher who is best known for being Frederick Delius's amanuensis from 1928 to 1934. He helped Delius realise a number of works that would not otherwise have been forthcoming.

    2. Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten (d. 1947) births

      1. Swedish prince

        Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten

        Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten was a Swedish prince, who for most of his life was second in the line of succession to the Swedish throne. He was the eldest son of Gustaf VI Adolf, who was crown prince for most of his son's life and ascended the Swedish throne three years after his son's death. The current king, Carl XVI Gustaf, is Prince Gustaf Adolf's son. The prince was killed on 26 January 1947 in an airplane crash at Kastrup Airport, Copenhagen, Denmark.

  78. 1905

    1. Robert Choquette, American-Canadian author, poet, and diplomat (d. 1991) births

      1. Canadian novelist, poet and diplomat

        Robert Choquette

        Robert Guy Choquette was a Canadian novelist, poet and diplomat.

  79. 1904

    1. J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist and academic (d. 1967) births

      1. American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)

        J. Robert Oppenheimer

        J. Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist. A professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, Oppenheimer was the wartime head of the Los Alamos Laboratory and is often credited as the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project – the World War II undertaking that developed the first nuclear weapons. Oppenheimer was among those who observed the Trinity test in New Mexico, where the first atomic bomb was successfully detonated on July 16, 1945. He later remarked that the explosion brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." In August 1945, the weapons were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

  80. 1900

    1. Nellie Beer, British politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester from 1966 to 1967 (d. 1988) births

      1. Nellie Beer

        Nellie Beer, OBE, JP, was a Conservative member of Manchester City Council from 1937 to 1972. She was Lord Mayor of Manchester from 1966 to 1967.

      2. City in Greater Manchester, England

        Manchester

        Manchester is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The two cities and the surrounding towns form one of the United Kingdom's most populous conurbations, the Greater Manchester Built-up Area, which has a population of 2.87 million.

  81. 1899

    1. Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born novelist and critic (d. 1977) births

      1. Russian-American novelist (1899–1977)

        Vladimir Nabokov

        Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov, also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin, was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist. Born in Imperial Russia in 1899, Nabokov wrote his first nine novels in Russian (1926–1938) while living in Berlin, where he met his wife. He achieved international acclaim and prominence after moving to the United States, where he began writing in English. Nabokov became an American citizen in 1945 and lived mostly on the East Coast before returning to Europe in 1961, where he settled in Montreux, Switzerland.

  82. 1896

    1. Thomas Meik, English engineer, founded Halcrow Group (b. 1812) deaths

      1. Thomas Meik

        Thomas Meik was a 19th-century Scottish engineer.

      2. Halcrow Group

        Halcrow Group Limited was a multinational engineering consultancy company, based in the United Kingdom

  83. 1894

    1. Kostas Krystallis, Greek author and poet (b. 1868) deaths

      1. Greek writer and poet

        Kostas Krystallis

        Kostas Krystallis was a Greek author and poet, representative of 19th century Greek pastoral literature. He was born an Ottoman subject in Epirus, but escaped to Greece after being denounced to the authorities for writing a patriotic collection of poetry. Krystallis initially wrote his works in archaic language, but after 1891 he adopted the vernacular (Demotic) Greek language and became influenced by the New Athenian school. He was a pictorial writer, with a love of nature, while most of his work was based on traditional folk poetry.

  84. 1893

    1. Chaim Aronson, Lithuanian businessman and author (b. 1825) deaths

      1. Chaim Aronson

        Chaim Aronson was an inventor and memoirist. He was a Lithuanian Jew who lived during the time when Lithuania belonged to the Russian Empire.

  85. 1892

    1. Vernon Johns, African-American minister and activist (d. 1965) births

      1. American pastor and public intellectual (1892–1965)

        Vernon Johns

        Vernon Johns was an American minister based in the South and a pioneer in the civil rights movement. He is best known as the pastor (1947–52) of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. He was succeeded there by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

    2. Édouard Lalo, French violinist and composer (b. 1823) deaths

      1. French composer

        Édouard Lalo

        Édouard-Victoire-Antoine Lalo was a French composer. His most celebrated piece is the Symphonie espagnole, a five-movement concerto for violin and orchestra, which remains a popular work in the standard repertoire.

  86. 1891

    1. Laura Gilpin, American photographer (d. 1979) births

      1. American fine art photographer

        Laura Gilpin

        Laura Gilpin was an American photographer.

    2. Vittorio Jano, Italian engineer (d. 1965) births

      1. Italian automobile designer

        Vittorio Jano

        Vittorio Jano was an Italian automobile designer of Hungarian descent from the 1920s through 1960s.

    3. Harold Jeffreys, English mathematician, geophysicist, and astronomer (d. 1989) births

      1. British physicist and mathematician

        Harold Jeffreys

        Sir Harold Jeffreys, FRS was a British mathematician, statistician, geophysicist, and astronomer. His book, Theory of Probability, which was first published in 1939, played an important role in the revival of the objective Bayesian view of probability.

    4. Nicola Sacco, Italian-American anarchist (d. 1927) births

      1. Italian American anarchist duo executed by Massachusetts

        Sacco and Vanzetti

        Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrant anarchists who were controversially accused of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter, a guard and paymaster respectively, during the April 15, 1920, armed robbery of the Slater and Morrill Shoe Company in Braintree, Massachusetts, United States. Seven years later, they were executed in the electric chair at Charlestown State Prison.

  87. 1889

    1. Richard Glücks, German SS officer (d. 1945) births

      1. German general

        Richard Glücks

        Richard Glücks was a high-ranking German Nazi official in the SS. From November 1939 until the end of World War II, he was Concentration Camps Inspector (CCI), which became Amt D: Konzentrationslagerwesen under the WVHA in Nazi Germany. As a direct subordinate of Heinrich Himmler, he was responsible for the forced labour of the camp inmates, and was also the supervisor for the medical practices in the camps, ranging from human experimentation to the implementation of the "Final Solution", in particular the mass murder of inmates with Zyklon B gas. After Germany capitulated, Glücks committed suicide by swallowing a potassium cyanide capsule.

      2. Nazi paramilitary organization

        Schutzstaffel

        The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

  88. 1887

    1. Harald Bohr, Danish mathematician and footballer (d. 1951) births

      1. Danish footballer

        Harald Bohr

        Harald August Bohr was a Danish mathematician and footballer. After receiving his doctorate in 1910, Bohr became an eminent mathematician, founding the field of almost periodic functions. His brother was the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Niels Bohr. He was a member of the Danish national football team for the 1908 Summer Olympics, where he won a silver medal.

  89. 1886

    1. Izidor Cankar, Slovenian historian, author, and diplomat (d. 1958) births

      1. Izidor Cankar

        Izidor Cankar was a Slovenian author, art historian, diplomat, journalist, translator, and liberal conservative politician. He was one of the most important Slovenian art historians of the first part of the 20th century, and one of the most influential cultural figures in interwar Slovenia.

  90. 1884

    1. Otto Rank, Austrian-American psychologist and academic (d. 1939) births

      1. Austrian psychologist

        Otto Rank

        Otto Rank was an Austrian psychoanalyst, writer, and philosopher. Born in Vienna, he was one of Sigmund Freud's closest colleagues for 20 years, a prolific writer on psychoanalytic themes, editor of the two leading analytic journals of the era, managing director of Freud's publishing house, and a creative theorist and therapist. In 1926, Rank left Vienna for Paris and, for the remainder of his life, led a successful career as a lecturer, writer, and therapist in France and the United States.

  91. 1879

    1. Bernhard Gregory, Estonian-German chess player (d. 1939) births

      1. Baltic German chess player

        Bernhard Gregory

        Bernhard Gregory was a Baltic German chess master.

  92. 1877

    1. James P. Kirkwood, Scottish-American engineer (b. 1807) deaths

      1. James P. Kirkwood

        James Pugh Kirkwood was a 19th-century American civil engineer, and general superintendent of the Erie Railroad in the year 1849–1850. He left the Erie to go to the southwest to construct railroads, and he made the first survey for the Pacific Railroad west from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. Late 1860s he served as President of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

  93. 1876

    1. Róbert Bárány, Austrian-Swedish otologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936) births

      1. Austria-born otologist (1876–1936)

        Robert Bárány

        Robert Bárány was an Austrian-born otologist. He received the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

        The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

    2. Georg Lurich, Estonian wrestler and strongman (d. 1920) births

      1. Estonian wrestler and strongman

        Georg Lurich

        Georg Lurich was an Estonian Greco-Roman wrestler and strongman of the early 20th century. Lurich was also the trainer of Estonian wrestlers and weightlifters Georg Hackenschmidt and Aleksander Aberg.

  94. 1874

    1. Wu Peifu, Chinese warlord, politician, and marshal of the Beiyang Army (d. 1939) births

      1. Chinese general and warlord

        Wu Peifu

        Wu Peifu or Wu P'ei-fu was a major figure in the struggles between the warlords who dominated Republican China from 1916 to 1927.

      2. 19th century Imperial Chinese Army

        Beiyang Army

        The Beiyang Army, named after the Beiyang region, was a large, Western-style Imperial Chinese Army established by the Qing Dynasty government in the late 19th century. It was the centerpiece of a general reconstruction of Qing China's military system. The Beiyang Army played a major role in Chinese politics for at least three decades and arguably right up to 1949. It made the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 possible, and, by dividing into warlord factions known as the Beiyang Clique, ushered in a period of regional division.

  95. 1873

    1. Ellen Glasgow, American author (d. 1945) births

      1. American novelist

        Ellen Glasgow

        Ellen Anderson Gholson Glasgow was an American novelist who won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1942 for her novel In This Our Life. She published 20 novels, as well as short stories, to critical acclaim. A lifelong Virginian, Glasgow portrayed the changing world of the contemporary South in a realistic manner, differing from the idealistic escapism that characterized Southern literature after Reconstruction.

  96. 1872

    1. Princess Margaret of Prussia (d. 1954) births

      1. Queen consort-elect of Finland

        Princess Margaret of Prussia

        Princess Margaret Beatrice Feodora of Prussia was the youngest child of Frederick III, German Emperor, and Victoria, Princess Royal. As such, she was the younger sister of Emperor Wilhelm II and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She married Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, the elected King of Finland, making her the would-be Queen of Finland had he not decided to renounce the throne on 14 December 1918. In 1926 they assumed the titles of Landgrave and Landgravine of Hesse. The couple had six sons and lost three in the First and Second World Wars.

  97. 1871

    1. Martín Carrera, Mexican general and president (1855) (b. 1806) deaths

      1. President of Mexico in 1855

        Martín Carrera

        Martín Carrera Sabat was a Mexican general, senator, and interim president of the country for about a month in 1855. He was a moderate Liberal.

  98. 1870

    1. Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary and founder of Soviet Russia (d. 1924) births

      1. Russian politician, communist theorist and founder of the Soviet Union

        Vladimir Lenin

        Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Leninism.

      2. Independent socialist state (1917–1922); constituent republic of the Soviet Union (1922–1991)

        Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

        The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR, previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic as well as being unofficially known as Soviet Russia, the Russian Federation or simply Russia, was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous of the Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR. The Russian Republic was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Gorky and Kuybyshev. It was the first Marxist-Leninist state in the world.

  99. 1858

    1. Ethel Smyth, English composer (d. 1944) births

      1. English composer and suffragette (1858–1944)

        Ethel Smyth

        Dame Ethel Mary Smyth was an English composer and a member of the women's suffrage movement. Her compositions include songs, works for piano, chamber music, orchestral works, choral works and operas.

    2. Fritz Mayer van den Bergh, Belgian art collector and art historian (d. 1901) births

      1. Fritz Mayer van den Bergh

        Frédéric Henri Godefroid Émile Constantin (Fritz) ridder Mayer van den Bergh was a Belgian art collector and art historian.

  100. 1854

    1. Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943) births

      1. Belgian politician and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1854–1913)

        Henri La Fontaine

        Henri La Fontaine, was a Belgian international lawyer and president of the International Peace Bureau. He received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1913 because "he was the effective leader of the peace movement in Europe".

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Peace Prize

        The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".

    2. Nicolás Bravo, Mexican general and politician, 11th President of Mexico (b. 1786) deaths

      1. Mexican politician

        Nicolás Bravo

        Nicolás Bravo was a Mexican soldier and politician who first distinguished himself during the Mexican War of Independence. He was Mexico's first vice-president though while holding this office Bravo would try to overthrow President Guadalupe Victoria through the Plan of Montaño in 1827. His revolt failed and in part due to the services Bravo had provided the nation during the War of Independence, he was allowed to live, but nonetheless exiled.

      2. Head of state and Head of government of Mexico

        President of Mexico

        The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.

  101. 1852

    1. William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912) births

      1. Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1905–1912)

        William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

        William IV reigned as the Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 17 November 1905 until his death. He succeeded his father, Adolphe.

  102. 1850

    1. Friedrich Robert Faehlmann, Estonian philologist and physician (b. 1798) deaths

      1. Estonian writer

        Friedrich Robert Faehlmann

        Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (Fählmann) was an Estonian writer, medical doctor and philologist active in Livonia, Russian Empire. He was a co-founder of the Learned Estonian Society at the University of Dorpat and its chairman (1843-1850).

  103. 1844

    1. Lewis Powell, American soldier, attempted assassin of William H. Seward (d. 1865) births

      1. American Confederate Army soldier and assassin (1844–1865)

        Lewis Powell (conspirator)

        Lewis Thornton Powell, also known as Lewis Payne and Lewis Paine, was an American Confederate soldier who attempted to assassinate William Henry Seward as part of the Lincoln assassination plot. Wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg, he later served in Mosby's Rangers before working with the Confederate Secret Service in Maryland. John Wilkes Booth recruited him into a plot to kidnap Lincoln and turn the president over to the Confederacy, but then decided to assassinate Lincoln, Seward, and Vice President Andrew Johnson instead, and assigned Powell the task to kill Seward.

      2. United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869

        William H. Seward

        William Henry Seward was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as governor of New York and as a United States Senator. A determined opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War, he was a prominent figure in the Republican Party in its formative years, and was praised for his work on behalf of the Union as Secretary of State during the Civil War. He also negotiated the treaty for the United States to purchase the Alaskan Territory.

  104. 1833

    1. Richard Trevithick, English engineer and explorer (b. 1771) deaths

      1. British inventor and mining engineer (1771-1833)

        Richard Trevithick

        Richard Trevithick was a British inventor and mining engineer. The son of a mining captain, and born in the mining heartland of Cornwall, Trevithick was immersed in mining and engineering from an early age. He was an early pioneer of steam-powered road and rail transport, and his most significant contributions were the development of the first high-pressure steam engine and the first working railway steam locomotive. The world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place on 21 February 1804, when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren Ironworks, in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales.

  105. 1832

    1. Julius Sterling Morton, American journalist and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Agriculture (d. 1902) births

      1. American politician

        Julius Sterling Morton

        Julius Sterling Morton was a Nebraska newspaper editor and politician who served as President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of Agriculture. He was a prominent Bourbon Democrat, taking a conservative position on political, economic, and social issues, and opposing agrarianism. Among his most notable achievements was the founding of Arbor Day in 1872. In 1897 he started a weekly magazine entitled The Conservative.

      2. Head of the US Department of Agriculture

        United States Secretary of Agriculture

        The United States secretary of agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. The position carries similar responsibilities to those of agriculture ministers in other governments.

  106. 1830

    1. Emily Davies, British suffragist and educator, co-founder and an early Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge University births

      1. English campaigner for women's university access, 1830–1921

        Emily Davies

        Sarah Emily Davies was an English feminist and suffragist, and a pioneering campaigner for women's rights to university access. She is remembered above all as a co-founder and an early Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge, the first university college in England to educate women.

      2. College of the University of Cambridge

        Girton College, Cambridge

        Girton College is one of the 31 constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge. The college was established in 1869 by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon as the first women's college in Cambridge. In 1948, it was granted full college status by the university, marking the official admittance of women to the university. In 1976, it was the first Cambridge women's college to become coeducational.

  107. 1821

    1. Gregory V of Constantinople, Greek patriarch and saint (b. 1746) deaths

      1. Three-time Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

        Gregory V of Constantinople

        Gregory V was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808, and from 1818 to 1821. He was responsible for much restoration work to the Patriarchal Cathedral of St George, which had been badly damaged by fire in 1738.

  108. 1816

    1. Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French general (d. 1897) births

      1. Charles-Denis Bourbaki

        Charles Denis Sauter Bourbaki was a French general.

  109. 1812

    1. Solomon Caesar Malan, Swiss-English orientalist (d. 1894) births

      1. Solomon Caesar Malan

        Solomon Caesar Malan D.D., Vicar of Broadwindsor, Prebendary of Sarum, was a British divine, polyglot and well known orientalist whose fluency in language was legendary: English, French, Sanskrit, Arabic, Hebrew, German, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, Tibetan, Chinese, Georgian, Armenian, Coptic, Geez.

  110. 1806

    1. Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (b. 1763) deaths

      1. 18/19th-century French naval officer

        Pierre-Charles Villeneuve

        Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve was a French naval officer during the Napoleonic Wars. He was in command of the French and the Spanish fleets that were defeated by Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar.

  111. 1778

    1. James Hargreaves, British inventor (b. 1720) deaths

      1. English carpenter and inventor

        James Hargreaves

        James Hargreaves was an English weaver, carpenter and inventor who lived and worked in Lancashire, England. He was one of three men responsible for the mechanisation of spinning: Hargreaves is credited with inventing the spinning jenny in 1764; Richard Arkwright patented the water frame in 1769; and Samuel Crompton combined the two, creating the spinning mule in 1779.

  112. 1766

    1. Germaine de Staël, French author and political philosopher (d. 1817) births

      1. Swiss/French author (1766–1817)

        Germaine de Staël

        Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein, commonly known as Madame de Staël, was a French woman of letters and political theorist, the daughter of banker and French finance minister Jacques Necker and Suzanne Curchod, a leading salonnière. She was a voice of moderation in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era up to the French Restoration. She was present at the Estates General of 1789 and at the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Her intellectual collaboration with Benjamin Constant between 1794 and 1810 made them one of the most celebrated intellectual couples of their time. She discovered sooner than others the tyrannical character and designs of Napoleon. For many years she lived as an exile – firstly during the Reign of Terror and later due to personal persecution by Napoleon.

  113. 1758

    1. Antoine de Jussieu, French botanist and physician (b. 1686) deaths

      1. French botanist (1686–1758)

        Antoine de Jussieu

        Antoine de Jussieu was a French naturalist, botanist, and physician. The standard author abbreviation Ant.Juss. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

  114. 1744

    1. James Sullivan, American lawyer and politician, 7th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1808) births

      1. American judge

        James Sullivan (governor)

        James Sullivan was an American lawyer and politician in Massachusetts. He was an early associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, served as the state's attorney general for many years, and as governor of the state from 1807 until his death.

      2. Head of government of U.S. state of Massachusetts

        Governor of Massachusetts

        The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.

  115. 1732

    1. John Johnson, English architect and surveyor (d. 1814) births

      1. English architect

        John Johnson (architect, born 1732)

        John Johnson was an English architect and surveyor to the county of Essex. He is best known for designing the Shire Hall, Chelmsford.

  116. 1724

    1. Immanuel Kant, German anthropologist, philosopher, and academic (d. 1804) births

      1. German philosopher (1724–1804)

        Immanuel Kant

        Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential figures in modern Western philosophy.

  117. 1711

    1. Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy, Austrian soldier (d. 1762) births

      1. Prince Esterházy of Galántha

        Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy

        Prince Paul II Anton Esterházy de Galántha was a Hungarian prince, soldier and patron of music from the Esterházy family.

  118. 1707

    1. Henry Fielding, English novelist and playwright (d. 1754) births

      1. English novelist and dramatist, 1707–1754

        Henry Fielding

        Henry Fielding was an English novelist, irony writer, and dramatist known for earthy humour and satire. His comic novel Tom Jones is still widely appreciated. He and Samuel Richardson are seen as founders of the traditional English novel. He also holds a place in the history of law enforcement, having used his authority as a magistrate to found the Bow Street Runners, London's first intermittently funded, full-time police force.

  119. 1699

    1. Hans Erasmus Aßmann, German poet (b. 1646) deaths

      1. Hans Erasmus Aßmann

        Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz was a German statesman and poet from the second Silesian school.

  120. 1690

    1. John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English politician, Lord President of the Council (d. 1763) births

      1. British statesman (1690–1763)

        John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville

        John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, 7th Seigneur of Sark,, commonly known by his earlier title Lord Carteret, was a British statesman and Lord President of the Council from 1751 to 1763; he worked extremely closely with the Prime Minister of the country, Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, in order to manage the various factions of the Government. He was Seigneur of Sark from 1715 to 1720 when he sold the fief. He held the office of Bailiff of Jersey from 1715 to 1763.

      2. United Kingdom official position

        Lord President of the Council

        The lord president of the Council is the presiding officer of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and the fourth of the Great Officers of State, ranking below the Lord High Treasurer but above the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The Lord President usually attends and is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Privy Council, presenting business for the approval of the sovereign. In the modern era, the incumbent is by convention always a member of one of the Houses of Parliament, and the office is normally a Cabinet position.

  121. 1672

    1. Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish linguist and poet (b. 1598) deaths

      1. Georg Stiernhielm

        Georg Stiernhielm was a Swedish civil servant, mathematician, linguist and poet.

  122. 1658

    1. Giuseppe Torelli, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1709) births

      1. Italian Baroque violinist and composer

        Giuseppe Torelli

        Giuseppe Torelli was an Italian violist, violinist, teacher, and composer of the middle Baroque era.

  123. 1616

    1. Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright (b. 1547) deaths

      1. Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright (1547–1616)

        Miguel de Cervantes

        Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. He is best known for his novel Don Quixote, a work often cited as both the first modern novel and one of the pinnacles of world literature.

  124. 1610

    1. Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691) births

      1. Head of the Catholic Church from 1689 to 1691

        Pope Alexander VIII

        Pope Alexander VIII, born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 1689 to his death in February 1691. He is to date the last pope to take the pontifical name of "Alexander" upon his election to the papacy.

  125. 1592

    1. Wilhelm Schickard, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1635) births

      1. German astronomer and computing pioneer

        Wilhelm Schickard

        Wilhelm Schickard was a German professor of Hebrew and astronomy who became famous in the second part of the 20th century after Franz Hammer, a biographer of Johannes Kepler, claimed that the drawings of a calculating clock, predating the public release of Pascal's calculator by twenty years, had been discovered in two unknown letters written by Schickard to Johannes Kepler in 1623 and 1624.

  126. 1585

    1. Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück and Paderborn (b. 1550) deaths

      1. 16th-century Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabruck and Paderborn

        Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg

        Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg was a Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, then Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, then Prince-Bishop of Paderborn.

  127. 1518

    1. Antoine of Navarre (d. 1562) births

      1. King of Navarre (''jure uxoris'')

        Antoine of Navarre

        Antoine de Bourbon, roi de Navarre was the King of Navarre through his marriage to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death. He was the first monarch of the House of Bourbon, of which he was head from 1537. Despite being first prince of the blood he was dominated by king Henri's favourites the Montmorency and Guise in terms of political influence and favour. When Henri died in 1559 he found himself side-lined in the Guise dominated government, and then compromised by his brothers treason. When Francis in turn died he returned to the centre of politics, becoming Lieutenant-General of France, and leading the army of the crown in the first of the French Wars of Religion. He died of wounds sustained during the Siege of Rouen. He was the father of Henry IV of France.

  128. 1451

    1. Isabella I of Castile (d. 1504) births

      1. Queen of Castile (1474 to 1503), Queen consort of Aragon and Servant of God

        Isabella I of Castile

        Isabella I, also called Isabella the Catholic, was Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504, as well as Queen consort of Aragon from 1479 until 1504 by virtue of her marriage to King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Reigning together over a dynastically unified Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand are known as the Catholic Monarchs.

  129. 1444

    1. Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (d. 1503) births

      1. Duchess of Suffolk

        Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk

        Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk also known as Elizabeth Plantagenet was the sixth child and third daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. She was thus a sister of King Edward IV and of King Richard III.

  130. 1412

    1. Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (d. 1452) births

      1. Reinhard III, Count of Hanau

        Count Reinhard III of Hanau was Count of Hanau from 1451 until his death. He was the son of Count Reinhard II of Hanau and his wife, Catherine of Nassau-Beilstein.

  131. 1355

    1. Eleanor of Woodstock, countess regent of Guelders, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England (b. 1318) deaths

      1. 14th-century English princess and noblewoman

        Eleanor of Woodstock

        Eleanor of Woodstock was an English princess and the duchess of Guelders by marriage to Reginald II of Guelders. She was regent as the guardian of their minor son Reginald III from 1343 until 1344. She was a younger sister of Edward III of England.

      2. King of England and Duke of Aquitaine from 1307 until 1327

        Edward II of England

        Edward II, also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir apparent to the throne following the death of his elder brother Alphonso. Beginning in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on invasions of Scotland. In 1306, he was knighted in a grand ceremony at Westminster Abbey. Following his father's death, Edward succeeded to the throne in 1307. He married Isabella, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV of France, in 1308, as part of a long-running effort to resolve tensions between the English and French crowns.

  132. 1322

    1. Francis of Fabriano, Italian writer (b. 1251) deaths

      1. Francis of Fabriano

        Francesco da Fabriano - born Francesco Venimbeni - was an Italian Roman Catholic professed member from the Order of Friars Minor. He was a noted writer on various theological and biblical matters and was known for his great breadth of theological knowledge that characterized his religious life.

  133. 1208

    1. Philip of Poitou, Prince-Bishop of Durham deaths

      1. 12th and 13th-century Bishop of Durham

        Philip of Poitou

        Philip of Poitou was Bishop of Durham from 1197 to 1208, and prior to this Archdeacon of Canterbury.

  134. 846

    1. Wuzong, Chinese emperor (b. 814) deaths

      1. Emperor of Tang China from 840 to 846 AD

        Emperor Wuzong of Tang

        Emperor Wuzong of Tang, né Li Chan, later changed to Li Yan just before his death, was an emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China, reigning from 840 to 846. Emperor Wuzong is mainly known in modern times for the religious persecution that occurred during his reign. However, he was also known for his successful reactions against incursions by remnants of the Uyghur Khanate and the rebellion by Liu Zhen, as well as his deep trust and support for chancellor Li Deyu.

  135. 835

    1. Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk, founder of Esoteric (Shingon) Buddhism (b. 774) deaths

      1. Japanese Buddhist monk

        Kūkai

        Kūkai, born Saeki no Mao, posthumously called Kōbō Daishi , was a Japanese Buddhist monk, calligrapher, and poet who founded the esoteric Shingon school of Buddhism. He travelled to China, where he studied Tangmi under the monk Huiguo. Upon returning to Japan, he founded Shingon—the Japanese branch of Vajrayana Buddhism. With the blessing of several Emperors, Kūkai was able to preach Shingon teachings and found Shingon temples. Like other influential monks, Kūkai oversaw public works and constructions. Mount Kōya was chosen by him as a holy site, and he spent his later years there until his death in 835 C.E.

      2. Sect of Japanese Buddhism

        Shingon Buddhism

        Shingon Buddhism is one of the major schools of Buddhism in Japan and one of the few surviving Vajrayana lineages in East Asia, originally spread from India to China through traveling monks such as Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra.

  136. 613

    1. Saint Theodore of Sykeon deaths

      1. Theodore of Sykeon

        Saint Theodore of Sykeon was a revered Byzantine ascetic, who lived between the first half of the 6th century and the thirteenth year of the Emperor Heraclius' rule in the early 7th century. His hagiography, written after 641, is a key primary source for the reign of Emperor Heraclius. His feast day is April 22.

  137. 591

    1. Peter III of Raqqa deaths

      1. 40th Patriarch of Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch

        Peter III of Callinicum

        Peter III of Callinicum was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 581 until his death in 591. He is commemorated as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church in the Martyrology of Rabban Sliba, and his feast day is 22 April.

  138. 536

    1. Pope Agapetus I deaths

      1. Head of the Catholic Church from 535 to 536

        Pope Agapetus I

        Pope Agapetus I was the bishop of Rome from 13 May 535 to his death. His father, Gordianus, was a priest in Rome and he may have been related to two previous popes, Felix III and Gregory I.

  139. 296

    1. Pope Caius deaths

      1. Head of the Catholic Church from 283 to 296

        Pope Caius

        Pope Caius, also called Gaius, was the bishop of Rome from 17 December 283 to his death in 296. Little information on Caius is available except that given by the Liber Pontificalis, which relies on a legendary account of the martyrdom of Susanna of Rome for its information. According to legend, Caius baptized the men and women who had been converted by Tiburtius and Castulus. His legend states that Caius took refuge in the catacombs of Rome and died a martyr.

Holidays

  1. Christian feast day: Acepsimas of Hnaita and companions (Catholic Church)

    1. 4th-century Christian bishop, martyr, and saint

      Acepsimas of Hnaita

      Acepsimas of Hnaita was a bishop, martyr and saint.

    2. Largest Christian church, led by the pope

      Catholic Church

      The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.

  2. Christian feast day: Arwald

    1. Anglo-Saxon pagan king and Christian saint

      Arwald

      King Arwald was the last King of the Isle of Wight and last pagan king in Anglo-Saxon England. Saint Arwald is the name collectively given to King Arwald's sons or brothers who, being baptised before their execution, were later canonised and are considered in some Christian traditions to be martyr saints.

  3. Christian feast day: Epipodius and Alexander

    1. Epipodius and Alexander

      Epipodius and his companion Alexander are venerated as Christian saints. Their feast day is 22 April, and Alexander is additionally commemorated on April 24 in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Epipodius was a native of Lyon; Alexander was said to be a native of Phrygia, and a physician by profession. They were both martyred during the reign of Marcus Aurelius.

  4. Christian feast day: Hudson Stuck (Episcopal Church)

    1. English priest and mountain climber

      Hudson Stuck

      Hudson Stuck was a British native who became an Episcopal priest, social reformer and mountain climber in the United States. With Harry P. Karstens, he co-led the first expedition to successfully climb Denali in June 1913, via the South Summit. He published five books about his years in Alaska. Two memoirs were issued in new editions in 1988, including his account of the ascent of Denali.

    2. Anglican denomination in the United States

      Episcopal Church (United States)

      The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.

  5. Christian feast day: John Muir (Episcopal Church)

    1. Scottish-born American naturalist and author

      John Muir

      John Muir, also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks", was an influential Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America.

    2. Anglican denomination in the United States

      Episcopal Church (United States)

      The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.

  6. Christian feast day: Opportuna of Montreuil

    1. Opportuna of Montreuil

      Opportuna of Montreuil was a Frankish Benedictine nun and abbess. A Vita et miracula Sanctae Opportunae was written within a century of her death by Adalhelm, bishop of Séez, who believed he owed his life and his see to Opportuna.

  7. Christian feast day: Pope Caius

    1. Head of the Catholic Church from 283 to 296

      Pope Caius

      Pope Caius, also called Gaius, was the bishop of Rome from 17 December 283 to his death in 296. Little information on Caius is available except that given by the Liber Pontificalis, which relies on a legendary account of the martyrdom of Susanna of Rome for its information. According to legend, Caius baptized the men and women who had been converted by Tiburtius and Castulus. His legend states that Caius took refuge in the catacombs of Rome and died a martyr.

  8. Christian feast day: Pope Soter

    1. Head of the Catholic Church from c. 167 to c. 174

      Pope Soter

      Pope Soter was the bishop of Rome from c. 167 to his death in c. 174. According to the Annuario Pontificio, the dates may have ranged from 162–168 to 170–177. He was born in Fondi, Campania, today Lazio region, Italy. Soter is known for declaring that marriage was valid only as a sacrament blessed by a priest and also for formally inaugurating Easter as an annual festival in Rome. His name, from Greek Σωτήριος from σωτήρ "saviour", would be his baptismal name, as his lifetime predates the tradition of adopting papal names.

  9. Christian feast day: St Senorina

    1. Senhorinha of Basto

      Saint Senhorinha of Basto, also Senorina was a Portuguese Benedictine abbess in what is today northern Portugal. She is a saint in the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church, and was related to Saint Rudesind of Mondoñedo.

  10. Christian feast day: April 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

    1. April 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

      April 21 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 23

  11. Fighter Aviation Day (Brazil)

  12. Discovery Day (Brazil)

    1. Discovery Day

      Discovery Day is the name of several holidays commemorating the discovery of land, gold, and other significant national discoveries.

  13. Earth Day (International observance) and its related observance: International Mother Earth Day

    1. Annual international event on April 22

      Earth Day

      Earth Day is an annual event on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First held on April 22, 1970, it now includes a wide range of events coordinated globally by EarthDay.org including 1 billion people in more than 193 countries. The official theme for 2022 is Invest In Our Planet.

    2. Lists of holidays

      Lists of holidays by various categorizations.

    3. International Mother Earth Day

      International Mother Earth Day was established in 2009, by the United Nations General Assembly under Resolution A/RES/63/278. The Resolution was introduced by The Plurinational State of Bolivia and endorsed by over 50 member states. It recognizes that "the Earth and its ecosystems are our home" and that "it is necessary to promote harmony with nature and the Earth." The term Mother Earth is used because it "reflects the interdependence that exists among human beings, other living species and the planet we all inhabit". It is decided to designate April 22 as International Mother Earth Day.

  14. Holocaust Remembrance Day (Serbia)

    1. Holocaust memorial days

      A Holocaust memorial day or Holocaust remembrance day is an annual observance to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust, the genocide of six million Jews and of millions of other Holocaust victims by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. Many countries, primarily in Europe, have designated national dates of commemoration. In 2005, the United Nations instituted an international observance, International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

  15. From 2018 onwards, a national day of commemoration for the murdered teenager Stephen Lawrence (United Kingdom)

    1. 1993 killing in London

      Murder of Stephen Lawrence

      Stephen Lawrence was a black British teenager from Plumstead, southeast London, who was murdered in a racially motivated attack while waiting for a bus in Well Hall Road, Eltham on the evening of 22 April 1993, when he was 18 years old. The case became a cause célèbre: its fallout included changes of attitudes on racism and the police, and to the law and police practice. It also led to the partial revocation of the rule against double jeopardy. Two of the perpetrators were convicted of murder on 3 January 2012.