Important events in history
on April 2 ^nd

Events

2021
1. At least 49 people are killed in a train derailment in Taiwan after a truck accidentally rolls onto the track.
  1. 2021 Hualien train derailment
    
    On 2 April 2021, at 09:28 NST (01:28 UTC), a Taroko Express train operated by the Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA) derailed at the north entrance of Qingshui Tunnel in Heren Section, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan, killing 49 people and injuring at least 200 others. At the time of the accident, the train was carrying 494 passengers. The eight-carriage train derailed after colliding with a construction truck that had fallen down a slope onto the tracks north of Hualien City; the train came to rest in the tunnel, with severe damage and many casualties.
  2. Taiwan
    
    Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The territories controlled by the ROC consist of 168 islands, with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometres (13,974 sq mi). The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.
2. A Capitol Police officer is killed and another injured when an attacker rams his car into a barricade outside the United States Capitol.
  1. United States Capitol Police
    
    The United States Capitol Police (USCP) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States with nationwide jurisdiction charged with protecting the United States Congress within the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its territories. It answers to the Capitol Police Board and is the only full-service federal law enforcement agency appointed by the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States.
  2. 2021 United States Capitol car attack
    
    On April 2, 2021, Noah Green, a 25-year-old black nationalist, killed Capitol Police officer William Evans and wounded a second officer after he deliberately rammed his car into a barricade outside the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. As a result of the attack, the Capitol complex was locked down. Green was shot and later died at a hospital from the gunshot wounds. Green shared extremist viewpoints advanced by the Nation of Islam prior to committing his attack at the Capitol.
  3. United States Capitol
    
    The United States Capitol, often called The Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, which is formally known as the United States Congress. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the federal district, the Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well as its four quadrants.
2020
1. COVID-19 pandemic: The total number of confirmed cases reach one million.
  1. COVID-19 pandemic
    
    The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified from an outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Attempts to contain failed, allowing the virus to spread to other areas of Asia and later worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 1 December 2022, the pandemic had caused more than 643 million cases and 6.63 million confirmed deaths, making it one of the deadliest in history.
2015
1. Six elderly men burgled a safe-deposit facility in Hatton Garden, London, and stole items worth up to an estimated £14 million.
  1. Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary
    
    The Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary occurred in April 2015, when an underground safe deposit facility in Hatton Garden, London, owned by Hatton Garden Safe Deposit Ltd., was burgled. According to official sources, the total stolen had an estimated value of up to £14 million, of which only £4.3 million has been recovered. The heist was planned and carried out by six elderly men who were experienced thieves, all of whom were arrested, pleaded guilty and received prison sentences in March 2016. Four other men were also tried on suspicion of involvement; three were found guilty and sent to prison, while the fourth was cleared.
  2. Safe deposit box
    
    A safe deposit box, also known as a safety deposit box, is an individually secured container, usually held within a larger safe or bank vault. Safe deposit boxes are generally located in banks, post offices or other institutions. Safe deposit boxes are used to store valuable possessions, such as gemstones, precious metals, currency, marketable securities, luxury goods, important documents, or computer data, which need protection from theft, fire, flood, tampering, or other perils. In the United States, neither banks nor the FDIC insure the contents. An individual can purchase separate insurance for the safe deposit box in order to cover e.g. theft, fire, flooding or terrorist attacks.
  3. Hatton Garden
    
    Hatton Garden is a street and commercial zone in the Holborn district of the London Borough of Camden, abutting the narrow precinct of Saffron Hill which then abuts the City of London. It takes its name from Sir Christopher Hatton, a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who established a mansion here and gained possession of the garden and orchard of Ely Place, the London seat of the Bishops of Ely. It remained in the Hatton family and was built up as a stylish residential development in the reign of King Charles II. For some decades it often went, outside of the main street, by alternative name St Alban's Holborn, after the local church built in 1861.
2. Gunmen attacked Garissa University College in Kenya, killing at least 148 people and wounding 79 others.
  1. Garissa University College attack
    
    On 2 April 2015, gunmen stormed the Garissa University College in Garissa, Kenya, killing 148 people, and injuring 79 or more. The militant group and Al-Qaeda spinoff Al-Shabaab, which the gunmen claimed to be from, took responsibility for the attack. The gunmen took over 700 students hostage, freeing Muslims and killing those who identified as Christians. The siege ended the same day, when all four of the attackers were killed. Five men were later arrested in connection with the attack, and a bounty was placed for the arrest of a suspected organizer.
  2. Garissa University College
    
    Garissa University is a public university in Garissa, Kenya. Its charter was awarded on October 23, 2017 by President Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta.
3. Gunmen attack Garissa University College in Kenya, killing at least 148 people and wounding 79 others.
  1. Garissa University College attack
    
    On 2 April 2015, gunmen stormed the Garissa University College in Garissa, Kenya, killing 148 people, and injuring 79 or more. The militant group and Al-Qaeda spinoff Al-Shabaab, which the gunmen claimed to be from, took responsibility for the attack. The gunmen took over 700 students hostage, freeing Muslims and killing those who identified as Christians. The siege ended the same day, when all four of the attackers were killed. Five men were later arrested in connection with the attack, and a bounty was placed for the arrest of a suspected organizer.
  2. Garissa University College
    
    Garissa University is a public university in Garissa, Kenya. Its charter was awarded on October 23, 2017 by President Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta.
  3. Kenya
    
    Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres (224,081 sq mi), Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by area. With a population of more than 47.6 million in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country in the world. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest, currently second largest city, and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third-largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. Its geography, climate and population vary widely, ranging from cold snow-capped mountaintops with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and fertile agricultural regions to temperate climates in western and rift valley counties and dry less fertile arid and semi-arid areas and absolute deserts.
4. Four men steal items worth up to £200 million from an underground safe deposit facility in London's Hatton Garden area in what has been called the "largest burglary in English legal history."
  1. Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary
    
    The Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary occurred in April 2015, when an underground safe deposit facility in Hatton Garden, London, owned by Hatton Garden Safe Deposit Ltd., was burgled. According to official sources, the total stolen had an estimated value of up to £14 million, of which only £4.3 million has been recovered. The heist was planned and carried out by six elderly men who were experienced thieves, all of whom were arrested, pleaded guilty and received prison sentences in March 2016. Four other men were also tried on suspicion of involvement; three were found guilty and sent to prison, while the fourth was cleared.
  2. Safe deposit box
    
    A safe deposit box, also known as a safety deposit box, is an individually secured container, usually held within a larger safe or bank vault. Safe deposit boxes are generally located in banks, post offices or other institutions. Safe deposit boxes are used to store valuable possessions, such as gemstones, precious metals, currency, marketable securities, luxury goods, important documents, or computer data, which need protection from theft, fire, flood, tampering, or other perils. In the United States, neither banks nor the FDIC insure the contents. An individual can purchase separate insurance for the safe deposit box in order to cover e.g. theft, fire, flooding or terrorist attacks.
  3. Hatton Garden
    
    Hatton Garden is a street and commercial zone in the Holborn district of the London Borough of Camden, abutting the narrow precinct of Saffron Hill which then abuts the City of London. It takes its name from Sir Christopher Hatton, a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who established a mansion here and gained possession of the garden and orchard of Ely Place, the London seat of the Bishops of Ely. It remained in the Hatton family and was built up as a stylish residential development in the reign of King Charles II. For some decades it often went, outside of the main street, by alternative name St Alban's Holborn, after the local church built in 1861.
2014
1. A spree shooting occurs at the Fort Hood army base in Texas, with four dead, including the gunman, and 16 others injured.
  1. 2014 Fort Hood shooting
    
    On April 2, 2014, a shooting spree was perpetrated at several locations on the Fort Hood military base near Killeen, Texas. Four people, including the gunman, were killed while 14 additional people were injured; 12 by gunshot wounds. The shooter, 34-year-old Army Specialist Ivan Lopez, died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound.
  2. Fort Hood
    
    Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about 60 mi (97 km) from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarters of III Armored Corps and First Army Division West and is home to the 1st Cavalry Division and 3rd Cavalry Regiment, among others. It is one of the U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers to be renamed by the Commission on the Naming of Items of the Department of Defense that Commemorate the Confederate States of America or Any Person Who Served Voluntarily with the Confederate States of America. On 24 May 2022 the commission recommended the fort be renamed to Fort Cavazos, named after Gen. Richard E. Cavazos, a native Texan and the US Army’s first Hispanic four-star general. The recommendation report was finalized and submitted to Congress on 1 October 2022, giving the US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin the authority to rename the post to Fort Cavazos.
2012
1. A gunman shot at people inside Oikos University, a Korean Christian college in Oakland, California, U.S., leaving seven people dead and three injured.
  1. Oikos University shooting
    
    The Oikos University shooting occurred on April 2, 2012, when a gunman shot at people inside Oikos University, a Korean Christian college in Oakland, California, United States, killing 7 people. One L. Goh, a former student at the school, was taken into custody and identified as the suspect in the shooting. Along with the California State University, Fullerton massacre, this was the fourth-deadliest university shooting in United States history, after the Virginia Tech massacre, the University of Texas Clock Tower shooting, and the Umpqua Community College shooting, and the ninth-deadliest U.S. school massacre overall. It is the deadliest mass killing in the city's history.
  2. Oikos University
    
    Oikos University is a private Korean Christian university in Oakland, California. The university is accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS).
  3. Christianity in Korea
    
    The practice of Christianity in Korea is marginal in North Korea, but significant in South Korea, where it revolves around two of its largest branches, Protestantism and Catholicism, accounting for 8.6 million and 5.8 million members, respectively. Catholicism was first introduced during the late Joseon Dynasty period by Confucian scholars who encountered it in China. In 1603, Yi Gwang-jeong, a Korean diplomat, returned from Beijing carrying several theological books written by Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit missionary to China. He began disseminating the information in the books, and the first seeds of Christianity were sown. In 1758, King Yeongjo of Joseon officially outlawed Catholicism as an "evil practice." Catholicism was reintroduced in 1785 by Yi Seung-hun and since then French and Chinese Catholic priests were invited by the Korean Christians.
  4. Oakland, California
    
    Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast port, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the Bay Area and the eighth most populated city in California. With a population of 440,646 as of 2020, it serves as the Bay Area's trade center and economic engine: the Port of Oakland is the busiest port in Northern California, and the fifth busiest in the United States of America. An act to incorporate the city was passed on May 4, 1852, and incorporation was later approved on March 25, 1854. Oakland is a charter city.
2. A mass shooting at Oikos University in California leaves seven people dead and three injured.
  1. Oikos University shooting
    
    The Oikos University shooting occurred on April 2, 2012, when a gunman shot at people inside Oikos University, a Korean Christian college in Oakland, California, United States, killing 7 people. One L. Goh, a former student at the school, was taken into custody and identified as the suspect in the shooting. Along with the California State University, Fullerton massacre, this was the fourth-deadliest university shooting in United States history, after the Virginia Tech massacre, the University of Texas Clock Tower shooting, and the Umpqua Community College shooting, and the ninth-deadliest U.S. school massacre overall. It is the deadliest mass killing in the city's history.
2006
1. Over 60 tornadoes touched down in the central United States, killing 27 people and causing about $1.1 billion in damage.
  1. Tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006
    
    The tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006 was a series of tornadoes that occurred during the late afternoon and evening of April 2, 2006, in the central United States. It was the second major outbreak of 2006, in the same area that suffered considerable destruction in a previous outbreak on March 11 and March 12, as well as an outbreak on November 15, 2005. The most notable tornadoes of the outbreak struck northeastern Arkansas, the Missouri Bootheel, and West Tennessee, where several communities – including Marmaduke, Arkansas, Caruthersville, Missouri, and Newbern, Tennessee suffered devastating damage. In total, 66 tornadoes touched down across seven states, which is the most in a single day in 2006. In addition, there were over 850 total severe weather reports, including many reports of straight-line winds exceeding hurricane force and hail as large as softballs, which caused significant additional damage in a nine-state region.
2. Over 60 tornadoes break out in the United States; Tennessee is hardest hit with 29 people killed.
  1. Tornado
    
    A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology to name a weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which, from an observer looking down toward the surface of the Earth, winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, and they are often visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud, with a cloud of rotating debris and dust beneath it. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 180 km/h (110 mph), are about 80 m across, and travel several kilometers before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 480 km/h (300 mph), are more than 3 km in diameter, and stay on the ground for more than 100 km.
  2. Tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006
    
    The tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006 was a series of tornadoes that occurred during the late afternoon and evening of April 2, 2006, in the central United States. It was the second major outbreak of 2006, in the same area that suffered considerable destruction in a previous outbreak on March 11 and March 12, as well as an outbreak on November 15, 2005. The most notable tornadoes of the outbreak struck northeastern Arkansas, the Missouri Bootheel, and West Tennessee, where several communities – including Marmaduke, Arkansas, Caruthersville, Missouri, and Newbern, Tennessee suffered devastating damage. In total, 66 tornadoes touched down across seven states, which is the most in a single day in 2006. In addition, there were over 850 total severe weather reports, including many reports of straight-line winds exceeding hurricane force and hail as large as softballs, which caused significant additional damage in a nine-state region.
  3. Tennessee
    
    Tennessee, officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 16th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, Arkansas to the southwest, and Missouri to the northwest. Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three Grand Divisions of East, Middle, and West Tennessee. Nashville is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Other major cities include Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Clarksville. Tennessee's population as of the 2020 United States census is approximately 6.9 million.
2004
1. Islamist terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks attempt to bomb the Spanish high-speed train AVE near Madrid; the attack is thwarted.
  1. Islamism
    
    Islamism is a political ideology which posits that modern states and regions should be reconstituted in constitutional, economic and judicial terms, in accordance with what is conceived as a revival or a return to authentic Islamic practice in its totality.
  2. Terrorism
    
    Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants. The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but became widely used internationally and gained worldwide attention in the 1970s during the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the Basque conflict, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States.
  3. 2004 Madrid train bombings
    
    The 2004 Madrid train bombings were a series of coordinated, nearly simultaneous bombings against the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, on the morning of 11 March 2004—three days before Spain's general elections. The explosions killed 193 people and injured around 2,000. The bombings constituted the deadliest terrorist attack carried out in the history of Spain and the deadliest in Europe since 1988. The official investigation by the Spanish judiciary found that the attacks were directed by al-Qaeda, allegedly as a reaction to Spain's involvement in the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq. Although they had no role in the planning or implementation, the Spanish miners who sold the explosives to the terrorists were also arrested.
  4. AVE
    
    Alta Velocidad Española (AVE) is a service of high-speed rail in Spain operated by Renfe, the Spanish national railway company, at speeds of up to 310 km/h (193 mph). As of December 2021, the Spanish high-speed rail network, on part of which the AVE service runs, is the longest HSR network in Europe with 3,622 km (2,251 mi) and the second longest in the world, after China's.
  5. Madrid
    
    Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and its monocentric metropolitan area is the third-largest in the EU. The municipality covers 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi) geographical area.
2002
1. Second Intifada: Palestinian militants sought refuge from advancing Israeli forces in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, beginning a month-long siege.
  1. Second Intifada
    
    The Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major Palestinian uprising against Israel. The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centred around the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit, which was expected to reach a final agreement on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process in July 2000. Outbreaks of violence began in September 2000, after Ariel Sharon, then the Israeli opposition leader, made a provocative visit to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem; the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that were put down by Israeli police with rubber bullets and tear gas.
  2. Palestinian fedayeen
    
    Palestinian fedayeen are militants or guerrillas of a nationalist orientation from among the Palestinian people. Most Palestinians consider the fedayeen to be "freedom fighters", while most Israelis consider them to be "terrorists".
  3. Church of the Nativity
    
    The Church of the Nativity, or Basilica of the Nativity, is a basilica located in Bethlehem in the West Bank, Palestine. The grotto it contains holds a prominent religious significance to Christians of various denominations as the birthplace of Jesus. The grotto is the oldest site continuously used as a place of worship in Christianity, and the basilica is the oldest major church in the Holy Land.
  4. Bethlehem
    
    Bethlehem is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about 10 km south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000, and it is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate of the State of Palestine. The economy is primarily tourist-driven, peaking during the Christmas season, when Christians make pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity. The important holy site of Rachel's Tomb is at the northern entrance of Bethlehem, though not freely accessible to the city's own inhabitants and in general Palestinians living in the West Bank due to the Israeli West Bank barrier.
  5. Siege of the Church of the Nativity
    
    From 2 April to 10 May 2002, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem in the West Bank was besieged by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), targeting suspected Palestinian militants who had taken shelter in the church.
2. Israeli forces surround the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, into which armed Palestinians had retreated.
  1. Israel
    
    Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest; it is also bordered by the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally.
  2. Siege of the Church of the Nativity
    
    From 2 April to 10 May 2002, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem in the West Bank was besieged by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), targeting suspected Palestinian militants who had taken shelter in the church.
  3. Bethlehem
    
    Bethlehem is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about 10 km south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000, and it is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate of the State of Palestine. The economy is primarily tourist-driven, peaking during the Christmas season, when Christians make pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity. The important holy site of Rachel's Tomb is at the northern entrance of Bethlehem, though not freely accessible to the city's own inhabitants and in general Palestinians living in the West Bank due to the Israeli West Bank barrier.
  4. Palestinians
    
    Palestinians or Palestinian people, also referred to as Palestinian Arabs, are an ethnonational group descending from peoples who have inhabited the region of Palestine over the millennia, and who are today culturally and linguistically Arab.
1992
1. Bosnian War: At least 48 civilians were massacred in the town of Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  1. Bosnian War
    
    The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992, following a number of earlier violent incidents. The war ended on 14 December 1995 when the Dayton accords were signed. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of Herzeg-Bosnia and Republika Srpska, proto-states led and supplied by Croatia and Serbia, respectively.
  2. Bijeljina massacre
    
    The Bijeljina massacre involved the killing of civilians by Serb paramilitary groups in Bijeljina on 1–2 April 1992 during the dawn of the Bosnian War. The majority of those killed were Bosniaks. Members of other ethnicities were also killed, such as Serbs deemed disloyal by the local authorities. The killing was committed by a local paramilitary group known as Mirko's Chetniks and by the Serb Volunteer Guard, a Serbia-based paramilitary group led by Željko Ražnatović. The SDG were under the command of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which was controlled by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević.
  3. Bijeljina
    
    Bijeljina is a city and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the provincial center of Semberija, a geographic region in the country's northeast. Administratively, Bijeljina is part of the Republika Srpska entity. As of 2013, it has a population of 107,715 inhabitants.
2. John Gotti (pictured), the head of the Gambino crime family of New York City, was convicted of racketeering, murder, conspiracy to commit murder, loansharking, obstruction of justice, illegal gambling, and tax evasion.
  1. John Gotti
    
    John Joseph Gotti Jr. was an American gangster and boss of the Gambino crime family in New York City. He ordered and helped to orchestrate the murder of Gambino boss Paul Castellano in December 1985 and took over the family shortly thereafter, becoming boss of what was described as America's most powerful crime syndicate.
  2. Gambino crime family
    
    The Gambino crime family is an Italian-American Mafia crime family and one of the "Five Families" that dominate organized crime activities in New York City, United States, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the American Mafia. The group, which went through five bosses between 1910 and 1957, is named after Carlo Gambino, boss of the family at the time of the McClellan hearings in 1963, when the structure of organized crime first gained public attention. The group's operations extend from New York and the eastern seaboard to California. Its illicit activities include labor and construction racketeering, gambling, loansharking, extortion, money laundering, prostitution, fraud, hijacking, and fencing.
  3. Organized crime
    
    Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for profit. While organized crime is generally thought of as a form of illegal business, some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, rebel forces, and separatists, are politically motivated. Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, such as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for "protection". Street gangs may often be deemed organized crime groups or, under stricter definitions of organized crime, may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. A criminal organization can also be referred to as a gang, mafia, mob, (crime) ring, or syndicate; the network, subculture, and community of criminals involved in organized crime may be referred to as the underworld or gangland. Sociologists sometimes specifically distinguish a "mafia" as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the supply of extra-legal protection and quasi-law enforcement. Academic studies of the original "Mafia", the Italian Mafia, which predates the other groups, generated an economic study of organized crime groups and exerted great influence on studies of the Russian mafia, the Chinese Triads, the Hong Kong Triads, and the Japanese Yakuza.
  4. Murder
    
    Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought. This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, such as manslaughter. Manslaughter is killing committed in the absence of malice, brought about by reasonable provocation, or diminished capacity. Involuntary manslaughter, where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent, recklessness.
  5. Criminal conspiracy
    
    In criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime at some time in the future. Criminal law in some countries or for some conspiracies may require that at least one overt act be undertaken in furtherance of that agreement, to constitute an offense. There is no limit on the number participating in the conspiracy and, in most countries, the plan is the crime, so there is no requirement that any steps have been taken to put the plan into effect. For the purposes of concurrence, the actus reus is a continuing one and parties may join the plot later and incur joint liability and conspiracy can be charged where the co-conspirators have been acquitted or cannot be traced. Finally, repentance by one or more parties does not affect liability but may reduce their sentence.
  6. Loan shark
    
    A loan shark is a person who offers loans at extremely high interest rates, has strict terms of collection upon failure, and generally operates outside the law.
  7. Obstruction of justice
    
    Obstruction of justice, in United States jurisdictions, is an act that involves unduly influencing, impeding, or otherwise interfering with the justice system, especially the legal and procedural tasks of prosecutors, investigators, or other government officials. Common law jurisdictions other than the United States tend to use the wider offense of perverting the course of justice.
  8. Gambling
    
    Gambling is the wagering of something of value on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted. Gambling thus requires three elements to be present: consideration, risk (chance), and a prize. The outcome of the wager is often immediate, such as a single roll of dice, a spin of a roulette wheel, or a horse crossing the finish line, but longer time frames are also common, allowing wagers on the outcome of a future sports contest or even an entire sports season.
  9. Tax evasion
    
    Tax evasion is an illegal attempt to defeat the imposition of taxes by individuals, corporations, trusts, and others. Tax evasion often entails the deliberate misrepresentation of the taxpayer's affairs to the tax authorities to reduce the taxpayer's tax liability, and it includes dishonest tax reporting, declaring less income, profits or gains than the amounts actually earned, overstating deductions, using bribes against authorities in countries with high corruption rates and hiding money in secret locations.
3. In New York, Mafia boss John Gotti is convicted of murder and racketeering and is later sentenced to life in prison.
  1. New York (state)
    
    New York, officially the State of New York, is a state in the Northeastern United States. It is often called New York State to distinguish it from its largest city, New York City. With a total area of 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2), New York is the 27th-largest U.S. state by area. With 20.2 million people, it is the fourth-most-populous state in the United States as of 2021, with approximately 44% living in New York City, including 25% of the state's population within Brooklyn and Queens, and another 15% on the remainder of Long Island, the most populous island in the United States. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east; it has a maritime border with Rhode Island, east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest.
  2. American Mafia
    
    The American Mafia, commonly referred to in North America as the Italian American Mafia, the Mafia, or the Mob, is a highly organized Italian American criminal society and organized crime group. The organization is often referred to by its members as Cosa Nostra and by the American government as La Cosa Nostra (LCN). The organization's name is derived from the original Mafia or Cosa nostra, the Sicilian Mafia, with "American Mafia" originally referring simply to Mafia groups from Sicily operating in the United States, as the organization initially emerged as an offshoot of the Sicilian Mafia formed by Italian immigrants in the United States. However, the organization gradually evolved into a separate entity partially independent of the original Mafia in Sicily, and it eventually encompassed or absorbed other Italian immigrant and Italian-American gangsters and Italian-American crime groups active in the United States and Canada that were not of Sicilian origin. In North America, it is often colloquially referred to as the Italian Mafia or Italian Mob, though these terms may also apply to the separate yet related Sicilian Mafia or other organized crime groups in Italy or ethnic Italian crime groups in other countries.
  3. John Gotti
    
    John Joseph Gotti Jr. was an American gangster and boss of the Gambino crime family in New York City. He ordered and helped to orchestrate the murder of Gambino boss Paul Castellano in December 1985 and took over the family shortly thereafter, becoming boss of what was described as America's most powerful crime syndicate.
  4. Racketeering
    
    Racketeering is a type of organized crime in which the perpetrators set up a coercive, fraudulent, extortionary, or otherwise illegal coordinated scheme or operation to repeatedly or consistently collect a profit.
  5. Life imprisonment
    
    Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted people are to remain in prison for the rest of their natural lives or indefinitely until pardoned, paroled, or otherwise commuted to a fixed term. Crimes for which, in some countries, a person could receive this sentence include murder, torture, terrorism, child abuse resulting in death, rape, espionage, treason, drug trafficking, drug possession, human trafficking, severe fraud and financial crimes, aggravated criminal damage, arson, kidnapping, burglary, and robbery, piracy, aircraft hijacking, and genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or any three felonies in case of three-strikes law. Life imprisonment can also be imposed, in certain countries, for traffic offences causing death. Life imprisonment is not used in all countries; Portugal was the first country to abolish life imprisonment, in 1884.
4. Forty-two civilians are massacred in the town of Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  1. Bijeljina massacre
    
    The Bijeljina massacre involved the killing of civilians by Serb paramilitary groups in Bijeljina on 1–2 April 1992 during the dawn of the Bosnian War. The majority of those killed were Bosniaks. Members of other ethnicities were also killed, such as Serbs deemed disloyal by the local authorities. The killing was committed by a local paramilitary group known as Mirko's Chetniks and by the Serb Volunteer Guard, a Serbia-based paramilitary group led by Željko Ražnatović. The SDG were under the command of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which was controlled by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević.
  2. Bijeljina
    
    Bijeljina is a city and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the provincial center of Semberija, a geographic region in the country's northeast. Administratively, Bijeljina is part of the Republika Srpska entity. As of 2013, it has a population of 107,715 inhabitants.
  3. Bosnia and Herzegovina
    
    Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and Herzegovina borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest. In the south it has a narrow coast on the Adriatic Sea within the Mediterranean, which is about 20 kilometres long and surrounds the town of Neum. Bosnia, which is the inland region of the country, has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In the central and eastern regions of the country, the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and in the northeast it is predominantly flat. Herzegovina, which is the smaller, southern region of the country, has a Mediterranean climate and is mostly mountainous. Sarajevo is the capital and the largest city of the country followed by Banja Luka, Tuzla and Zenica.
1991
1. Rita Johnston becomes the first female Premier of a Canadian province when she succeeds William Vander Zalm (who had resigned) as Premier of British Columbia.
  1. Rita Johnston
    
    Rita Margaret Johnston is a Canadian politician in British Columbia. Johnston became the first female premier in Canadian history when she succeeded Bill Vander Zalm in 1991 to become the 29th premier of British Columbia, serving for seven months.
  2. Premier (Canada)
    
    In Canada, a premier is the head of government of a province or territory. Though the word is merely a synonym for prime minister, it is employed for provincial prime ministers to differentiate them from the prime minister of Canada. There are currently ten provincial premiers and three territorial premiers. These persons are styled The Honourable only while in office, unless they are admitted to the King's Privy Council for Canada, in which case they retain the title even after leaving the premiership.
  3. Provinces and territories of Canada
    
    Within the geographical areas of Canada, the ten provinces and three territories are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada —united to form a federation, becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the world's second-largest country by area.
  4. Bill Vander Zalm
    
    William Nicholas Vander Zalm is a politician and entrepreneur in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 28th premier of British Columbia from 1986 to 1991.
  5. Premier of British Columbia
    
    The premier of British Columbia is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of British Columbia. Until the early 1970s, the title prime minister of British Columbia was often used. The word premier is derived from the French word of the same spelling, meaning "first"; and ultimately from the Latin word primarius, meaning "primary".
1989
1. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Havana, Cuba, to meet with Fidel Castro in an attempt to mend strained relations.
  1. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  2. Mikhail Gorbachev
    
    Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was a Soviet politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the only President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism–Leninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s.
  3. Havana
    
    Havana is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of the La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center. The city has a population of 2.3 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of 728.26 km2 (281.18 sq mi) – making it the largest city by area, the most populous city, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region.
  4. Cuba
    
    Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi) but a total of 350,730 km² including the exclusive economic zone. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.
  5. Fidel Castro
    
    Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and state socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.
1986
1. Alabama governor George Wallace, a former segregationist, best known for the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door", announces that he will not seek a fifth four-year term and will retire from public life upon the end of his term in January 1987.
  1. Alabama
    
    Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.
  2. George Wallace
    
    George Corley Wallace Jr. was an American politician who served as the 45th governor of Alabama for four terms. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best remembered for his staunch segregationist and populist views. During his tenure, he promoted "industrial development, low taxes, and trade schools." Wallace sought the United States presidency as a Democrat three times, and once as an American Independent Party candidate, unsuccessfully each time. Wallace opposed desegregation and supported the policies of "Jim Crow" during the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 inaugural address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".
  3. Racial segregation
    
    Racial segregation is the systematic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. Racial segregation can amount to the international crime of apartheid and a crime against humanity under the Statute of the International Criminal Court. Segregation can involve the spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of different races. Specifically, it may be applied to activities such as eating in restaurants, drinking from water fountains, using public toilets, attending schools, going to films, riding buses, renting or purchasing homes or renting hotel rooms. In addition, segregation often allows close contact between members of different racial or ethnic groups in hierarchical situations, such as allowing a person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race.
  4. Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
    
    The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door took place at Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on June 11, 1963. George Wallace, the Governor of Alabama, in a symbolic attempt to keep his inaugural promise of "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" and stop the desegregation of schools, stood at the door of the auditorium as if to block the entry of two African American students: Vivian Malone and James Hood.
1984
1. Aboard Soyuz T-11, Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to be launched into space.
  1. Soyuz T-11
    
    Soyuz T-11 was the sixth expedition to the Soviet Salyut 7 space station, which in 1984 carried the first Indian cosmonaut along with Soviet crew members.
  2. Rakesh Sharma
    
    Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma, AC is a former Indian Air Force pilot who flew aboard Soyuz T-11 on 3 April 1984 as part of the Soviet Interkosmos programme. He is the only Indian citizen to travel in space, although there have been other astronauts with some Indian background who were not Indian citizens. Another Air Force pilot, Ravish Malhotra, was placed on standby.
1982
1. Argentine special forces invaded the Falkland Islands, sparking the Falklands War against the United Kingdom.
  1. 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
    
    The Invasion of the Falkland Islands, code-named Operation Rosario, was a military operation launched by Argentine forces on 2 April 1982, to capture the Falkland Islands, and served as a catalyst for the subsequent Falklands War. The Argentines mounted amphibious landings and the invasion ended with the surrender of Falkland Government House.
  2. Falklands War
    
    The Falklands War was a ten-week undeclared war between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982 over two British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and its territorial dependency, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
2. Falklands War: Argentina invades the Falkland Islands.
  1. Falklands War
    
    The Falklands War was a ten-week undeclared war between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982 over two British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and its territorial dependency, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
  2. 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
    
    The Invasion of the Falkland Islands, code-named Operation Rosario, was a military operation launched by Argentine forces on 2 April 1982, to capture the Falkland Islands, and served as a catalyst for the subsequent Falklands War. The Argentines mounted amphibious landings and the invasion ended with the surrender of Falkland Government House.
1980
1. United States President Jimmy Carter signs the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act.
  1. Jimmy Carter
    
    James Earl Carter Jr. is an American former politician who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 and as a Georgia state senator from 1963 to 1967. Since leaving office, Carter has remained engaged in political and social projects, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his humanitarian work.
  2. Petroleum
    
    Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both prolonged heat and pressure.
  3. Windfall tax
    
    A windfall tax is a higher tax rate on profits that ensue from a sudden windfall gain to a particular company or industry. There have been windfall taxes in various countries across the world, including Mongolia, Australia, and on wind power in Turkey.
1979
1. Spores of anthrax were accidentally released from a military research facility near the city of Sverdlovsk, causing around 100 deaths.
  1. Spore
    
    In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.
  2. Anthrax
    
    Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It can occur in four forms: skin, lungs, intestinal, and injection. Symptom onset occurs between one day and more than two months after the infection is contracted. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center. The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain and shortness of breath. The intestinal form presents with diarrhea, abdominal pains, nausea and vomiting. The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection.
  3. Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
    
    On 2 April 1979, spores of Bacillus anthracis were accidentally released from a Soviet military research facility in the city of Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union. The ensuing outbreak of the disease resulted in the deaths of at least 66 people, although the exact number of victims remains unknown. The cause of the outbreak was denied for years by the Soviet authorities, which blamed the deaths on consumption of tainted meat from the area, and subcutaneous exposure due to butchers handling the tainted meat. The accident was the first major indication in the Western world that the Soviet Union had embarked upon an offensive programme aimed at the development and large-scale production of biological weapons.
  4. Yekaterinburg
    
    Yekaterinburg, alternatively romanized as Ekaterinburg and formerly known as Sverdlovsk, is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District, Russia. The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia, with a population of roughly 1.5 million residents, up to 2.2 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in the Ural Federal District, and one of Russia's main cultural and industrial centres. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the "Third capital of Russia", as it is ranked third by the size of its economy, culture, transportation and tourism.
2. A Soviet bio-warfare laboratory at Sverdlovsk accidentally releases airborne anthrax spores, killing 66 plus an unknown amount of livestock.
  1. Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
    
    On 2 April 1979, spores of Bacillus anthracis were accidentally released from a Soviet military research facility in the city of Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union. The ensuing outbreak of the disease resulted in the deaths of at least 66 people, although the exact number of victims remains unknown. The cause of the outbreak was denied for years by the Soviet authorities, which blamed the deaths on consumption of tainted meat from the area, and subcutaneous exposure due to butchers handling the tainted meat. The accident was the first major indication in the Western world that the Soviet Union had embarked upon an offensive programme aimed at the development and large-scale production of biological weapons.
1976
1. Prince Norodom Sihanouk resigns as leader of Cambodia and is placed under house arrest.
  1. Norodom Sihanouk
    
    Norodom Sihanouk was a Cambodian statesman, Sangkum and FUNCINPEC politician, film director, and composer who led Cambodia in various capacities throughout his long career, most often as both King and Prime Minister of Cambodia. In Cambodia, he is known as Samdech Euv. During his lifetime, Cambodia was under various regimes, from French colonial rule, an independent kingdom (1953–1970), a republic (1970–1975), the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979), another communist regime (1979–1989), a state (1989–1993) to finally another kingdom.
  2. Cambodia
    
    Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of 181,035 square kilometres, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh.
  3. House arrest
    
    In justice and law, house arrest is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence. Travel is usually restricted, if allowed at all. House arrest is an alternative to being in a prison while awaiting trial or after sentencing.
1975
1. Vietnam War: Thousands of civilian refugees flee from Quảng Ngãi Province in front of advancing North Vietnamese troops.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. Refugee
    
    A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a displaced person who has crossed national borders and who cannot or is unwilling to return home due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by the contracting state or the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for asylum. The lead international agency coordinating refugee protection is the United Nations Office of the UNHCR. The United Nations has a second office for refugees, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), which is solely responsible for supporting the large majority of Palestinian refugees.
  3. Quảng Ngãi province
    
    Quảng Ngãi is a province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam, on the coast of South China Sea. It is located 883 kilometres (549 mi) south of Hanoi and 838 kilometres (521 mi) north of Hồ Chí Minh City. The province has been historically populated with H're people and ethnic Kinh, and located on the coast.
  4. North Vietnam
    
    North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a socialist state supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976 and was recognized in 1954. Both the North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese states ceased to exist when they unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
1973
1. The Liberal Movement, a South Australian political party, was established following a split from the Liberal and Country League.
  1. Liberal Movement (Australia)
    
    The Liberal Movement (LM) was a South Australian political party which existed from 1973 to 1976, and was a forerunner to the Australian Democrats.
  2. South Australia
    
    South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of 984,321 square kilometres (380,048 sq mi), it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, and second smallest state by population. It has a total of 1.8 million people. Its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia, after Western Australia, with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital Adelaide, or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; Mount Gambier, the second-largest centre, has a population of 33,233.
  3. Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division)
    
    The Liberal Party of Australia , commonly known as the South Australian Liberals, is the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia. It was formed as the Liberal and Country League (LCL) in 1932 and became the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party when the Liberal Party was formed in 1945. It retained its Liberal and Country League name before changing to its current name in 1974. It is one of two major parties in the bicameral Parliament of South Australia, the other being the Australian Labor Party. The party has been led by Leader of the Opposition David Speirs since the 2022 state election after a one-term government.
2. Launch of the LexisNexis computerized legal research service.
  1. LexisNexis
    
    LexisNexis is a part of the RELX corporation that sells data analytics products and various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. As of 2006, the company had the world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information.
1972
1. Actor Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled a communist during the Red Scare in the early 1950s.
  1. Charlie Chaplin
    
    Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.
  2. Communism
    
    Communism is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society. Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist state followed by the withering away of the state.
  3. McCarthyism
    
    McCarthyism is the practice of making false or unfounded accusations of subversion and treason, especially when related to anarchism, communism and socialism, and especially when done in a public and attention-grabbing manner.
1964
1. The Soviet Union launches Zond 1.
  1. Zond 1
    
    Zond 1 was a spacecraft of the Soviet Zond program. It was the second Soviet research spacecraft to reach Venus, although communications had failed by that time. It carried a 90 cm spherical landing capsule, containing experiments for chemical analysis of the atmosphere, gamma-ray measurements of surface rocks, a photometer, temperature and pressure gauges, and a motion/rocking sensor in case it landed in water.
1956
1. As the World Turns and The Edge of Night premiere on CBS. The two soaps become the first daytime dramas to debut in the 30-minute format.
  1. As the World Turns
    
    As the World Turns is an American television soap opera that aired on CBS for 54 years from April 2, 1956, to September 17, 2010. Irna Phillips created As the World Turns as a sister show to her other soap opera Guiding Light. With 13,763 hours of cumulative narrative, As the World Turns has the longest total running time of any television show. In terms of continuous run of production, As the World Turns at 54 years holds the fourth-longest run of any daytime network soap opera on American television, surpassed only by General Hospital, Guiding Light, and Days of Our Lives. As the World Turns was produced for its first 43 years in Manhattan and in Brooklyn from 2000 until 2010.
  2. The Edge of Night
    
    The Edge of Night is an American television mystery crime drama series and soap opera, created by Irving Vendig and produced by Procter & Gamble Productions.
  3. CBS
    
    CBS Broadcasting Inc., an abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System and commonly shortened to CBS, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network. It is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of Paramount Global. The network's headquarters are at the CBS Building in New York City, with major production facilities and operations at the CBS Broadcast Center and Paramount headquarters One Astor Plaza also in that city and Television City and the CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles.
1954
1. A 19-month-old infant is swept up in the ocean tides at Hermosa Beach, California. Local photographer John L. Gaunt photographs the incident; 1955 Pulitzer winner "Tragedy by the Sea".
  1. Hermosa Beach, California
    
    Hermosa Beach is a beachfront city in Los Angeles County in the U.S. state of California, United States. Its population was 19,728 at the 2020 U.S. Census. The city is located in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles area; it is one of the three Beach Cities. Hermosa Beach is bordered by the other two, Manhattan Beach to the north and Redondo Beach to the south and east.
  2. John L. Gaunt
    
    John L. Gaunt was an American photographer. He won the 1955 Pulitzer Prize for Photography.
1930
1. After the mysterious death of Empress Zewditu, Haile Selassie is proclaimed emperor of Ethiopia.
  1. Zewditu
    
    Zewditu was Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930. The first female head of an internationally recognized country in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the first and only empress regnant of the Ethiopian Empire, her reign was noted for the reforms of her Regent and designated heir Ras Tafari Makonnen, about which she was at best ambivalent and often stridently opposed, due to her staunch conservatism and strong religious devotion. She is the most recent empress regnant, as well as the last female Ethiopian head of state until the 2018 election of Sahle-Work Zewde as president.
  2. Haile Selassie
    
    Haile Selassie I was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (Enderase) for Empress Zewditu from 1916. Haile Selassie is widely considered a defining figure in modern Ethiopian history, and the key figure of Rastafari, a religious movement in Jamaica that emerged shortly after he became emperor in the 1930s. He was a member of the Solomonic dynasty, which claims to trace lineage to Emperor Menelik I, believed to be the son of King Solomon and Makeda the Queen of Sheba.
  3. Ethiopia
    
    Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres. As of 2022, it is home to around 113.5 million inhabitants, making it the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa after Nigeria. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
1921
1. The Autonomous Government of Khorasan, a military government encompassing the modern state of Iran, is established.
  1. Autonomous Government of Khorasan
    
    The Autonomous Government of Khorasan was a short-lived military state set up in Iran. It was formally established on the April 2, 1921, and collapsed a few months later, on October 6, 1921. Their capital was Mashhad.
  2. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
1917
1. American entry into World War I: President Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
  1. American entry into World War I
    
    The United States entered into World War I in April 1917, more than two and a half years after the war began in Europe.
1912
1. The ill-fated RMS Titanic begins sea trials.
  1. Titanic
    
    RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner, operated by the White Star Line, which sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City, United States. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it the deadliest sinking of a single ship up to that time. It remains the deadliest peacetime sinking of a superliner or cruise ship. The disaster drew public attention, provided foundational material for the disaster film genre, and has inspired many artistic works.
  2. Sea trial
    
    A sea trial is the testing phase of a watercraft. It is also referred to as a "shakedown cruise" by many naval personnel. It is usually the last phase of construction and takes place on open water, and it can last from a few hours to many days.
1911
1. The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducted the first national census of the country.
  1. Australian Bureau of Statistics
    
    The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is the independent statutory agency of the Australian Government responsible for statistical collection and analysis and for giving evidence-based advice to federal, state and territory governments. The ABS collects and analyses statistics on economic, population, environmental and social issues, publishing many on their website. The ABS also operates the national Census of Population and Housing that occurs every five years.
  2. 1911 Australian census
    
    The 1911 Australian census was the first national population census held in Australia and was conducted by the Bureau of Census and Statistics. The day used for the census, was taken for the night between 2 and 3 April 1911. The total population of the Commonwealth of Australia was counted as 4,455,005 - an increase of 681,204 people, 18.05% over the 1901 "Federation" census.
  3. Census in Australia
    
    The Census in Australia, officially the Census of Population and Housing, is the national census in Australia that occurs every five years. The census collects key demographic, social and economic data from all people in Australia on census night, including overseas visitors and residents of Australian external territories, only excluding foreign diplomats. The census is the largest and most significant statistical event in Australia and is run by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Every person must complete the census, although some personal questions are not compulsory. The penalty for failing to complete the census after being directed to by the Australian Statistician is one federal penalty unit, or A$220. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Act 1975 and Census and Statistics Act 1905 authorise the ABS to collect, store, and share anonymised data.
2. The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducts the country's first national census.
  1. Australian Bureau of Statistics
    
    The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is the independent statutory agency of the Australian Government responsible for statistical collection and analysis and for giving evidence-based advice to federal, state and territory governments. The ABS collects and analyses statistics on economic, population, environmental and social issues, publishing many on their website. The ABS also operates the national Census of Population and Housing that occurs every five years.
  2. Census in Australia
    
    The Census in Australia, officially the Census of Population and Housing, is the national census in Australia that occurs every five years. The census collects key demographic, social and economic data from all people in Australia on census night, including overseas visitors and residents of Australian external territories, only excluding foreign diplomats. The census is the largest and most significant statistical event in Australia and is run by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Every person must complete the census, although some personal questions are not compulsory. The penalty for failing to complete the census after being directed to by the Australian Statistician is one federal penalty unit, or A$220. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Act 1975 and Census and Statistics Act 1905 authorise the ABS to collect, store, and share anonymised data.
1902
1. Dmitry Sipyagin, Minister of Interior of the Russian Empire, is assassinated in the Mariinsky Palace, Saint Petersburg.
  1. Dmitry Sipyagin
    
    Dmitry Sergeyevich Sipyagin was a Russian politician.
  2. Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)
    
    The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation is the interior ministry of Russia.
  3. Russian Empire
    
    The Russian Empire was the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity.
  4. Mariinsky Palace
    
    Mariinsky Palace, also known as Marie Palace, was the last neoclassical Imperial residence to be constructed in Saint Petersburg. It was built between 1839 and 1844, designed by the court architect Andrei Stackenschneider. It houses the city's Legislative Assembly.
  5. Saint Petersburg
    
    Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), is the second-largest city in Russia. It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, with a population of roughly 5.4 million residents. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe after Istanbul, Moscow and London, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.
2. "Electric Theatre", the first full-time movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles.
  1. Movie theater
    
    A movie theater, cinema, or cinema hall, also known as a movie house, picture house, the movies, the pictures, picture theater, the silver screen, the big screen, or simply theater is a building that contains auditoria for viewing films for entertainment. Most, but not all, movie theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, who attend by purchasing a ticket. Some movie theaters, however, are operated by non-profit organizations or societies that charge members a membership fee to view films.
  2. Los Angeles
    
    Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world's most populous megacities. Los Angeles is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Southern California. With a population of roughly 3.9 million as of 2020, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, Hollywood film industry, and sprawling metropolitan area. The city of Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean extending through the Santa Monica Mountains and into the San Fernando Valley. It covers about 469 square miles (1,210 km2), and is the seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million as of 2022.
1885
1. Canadian Cree warriors attack the village of Frog Lake, killing nine.
  1. Cree
    
    The Cree are a North American Indigenous people. They live primarily in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations.
  2. Frog Lake Massacre
    
    The Frog Lake Massacre was part of the Cree uprising during the North-West Rebellion in western Canada. Led by Wandering Spirit, young Cree men attacked officials, clergy and settlers in the small settlement of Frog Lake in the District of Saskatchewan in the North-West Territories on 2 April 1885. Nine settlers were killed in the incident.
  3. Frog Lake, Alberta
    
    Frog Lake is a Cree community of the Frog Lake First Nation approximately 207 km (129 mi) east of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located 11 km (6.8 mi) northeast of the Hamlet of Heinsburg and 13 km (8.1 mi) southwest of the Fishing Lake Metis Settlement.
1865
1. American Civil War: On the third attempt, Union forces captured Petersburg, Virginia, although Confederate officials and most of their remaining troops were able to escape.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Union (American Civil War)
    
    During the American Civil War, the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States led by President Abraham Lincoln. It was opposed by the secessionist Confederate States of America (CSA), informally called "the Confederacy" or "the South". The Union is named after its declared goal of preserving the United States as a constitutional union. "Union" is used in the U.S. Constitution to refer to the founding formation of the people, and to the states in union. In the context of the Civil War, it has also often been used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government;" in this meaning, the Union consisted of 20 free states and five border states.
  3. Third Battle of Petersburg
    
    The Third Battle of Petersburg, also known as the Breakthrough at Petersburg or the Fall of Petersburg, was fought on April 2, 1865, south and southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, at the end of the 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign and in the beginning stage of the Appomattox Campaign near the conclusion of the American Civil War. The Union Army under the overall command of General-in-Chief Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, launched an assault on General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's Petersburg, Virginia trenches and fortifications after the Union victory at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865. As a result of that battle the Confederate right flank and rear were exposed. The remaining supply lines were cut and the Confederate defenders were reduced by over 10,000 men killed, wounded, taken prisoner or in flight.
  4. Petersburg, Virginia
    
    Petersburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,458. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines Petersburg with Dinwiddie County for statistical purposes. The city is 21 miles (34 km) south of the commonwealth (state) capital city of Richmond.
  5. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
2. American Civil War: Defeat at the Third Battle of Petersburg forces the Army of Northern Virginia and the Confederate government to abandon Richmond, Virginia.
  1. Third Battle of Petersburg
    
    The Third Battle of Petersburg, also known as the Breakthrough at Petersburg or the Fall of Petersburg, was fought on April 2, 1865, south and southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, at the end of the 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign and in the beginning stage of the Appomattox Campaign near the conclusion of the American Civil War. The Union Army under the overall command of General-in-Chief Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, launched an assault on General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's Petersburg, Virginia trenches and fortifications after the Union victory at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865. As a result of that battle the Confederate right flank and rear were exposed. The remaining supply lines were cut and the Confederate defenders were reduced by over 10,000 men killed, wounded, taken prisoner or in flight.
  2. Army of Northern Virginia
    
    The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was also the primary command structure of the Department of Northern Virginia. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac.
  3. Richmond, Virginia
    
    Richmond is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region. Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871. At the 2010 census, the city's population was 204,214; in 2020, the population had grown to 226,610, making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia. The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state.
1863
1. About 5,000 people in Richmond, Virginia, mostly poor women, rioted in protest of the high price of bread.
  1. Richmond, Virginia
    
    Richmond is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region. Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871. At the 2010 census, the city's population was 204,214; in 2020, the population had grown to 226,610, making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia. The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state.
  2. Southern bread riots
    
    The Southern bread riots were events of civil unrest in the Confederacy during the American Civil War, perpetrated mostly by women in March and April 1863. During these riots, which occurred in cities throughout the South, hungry women and men invaded and looted various shops and stores.
2. American Civil War: The largest in a series of Southern bread riots occurs in Richmond, Virginia.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Southern bread riots
    
    The Southern bread riots were events of civil unrest in the Confederacy during the American Civil War, perpetrated mostly by women in March and April 1863. During these riots, which occurred in cities throughout the South, hungry women and men invaded and looted various shops and stores.
  3. Richmond, Virginia
    
    Richmond is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region. Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871. At the 2010 census, the city's population was 204,214; in 2020, the population had grown to 226,610, making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia. The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state.
1801
1. French Revolutionary Wars: In the Battle of Copenhagen a British Royal Navy squadron defeats a hastily assembled, smaller, mostly-volunteer Dano-Norwegian Navy at high cost, forcing Denmark out of the Second League of Armed Neutrality.
  1. French Revolutionary Wars
    
    The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension. After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy, France had conquered territories in the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and the Rhineland in Europe and abandoned Louisiana in North America. French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe.
  2. Battle of Copenhagen (1801)
    
    The Battle of Copenhagen of 1801, also known as the First Battle of Copenhagen to distinguish it from the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807, was a naval battle in which a British fleet fought and defeated a smaller force of the Dano-Norwegian Navy anchored near Copenhagen on 2 April 1801. The battle came about over British fears that the powerful Danish fleet would ally with France, and a breakdown in diplomatic communications on both sides.
  3. Royal Navy
    
    The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.
  4. Royal Danish Navy
    
    The Royal Danish Navy is the sea-based branch of the Danish Defence force. The RDN is mainly responsible for maritime defence and maintaining the sovereignty of Danish territorial waters. Other tasks include surveillance, search and rescue, icebreaking, oil spill recovery and prevention as well as contributions to international tasks and forces.
  5. Denmark
    
    Denmark is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the most populous and politically central constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean. European Denmark is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying southwest of Sweden, south of Norway, and north of Germany.
  6. Second League of Armed Neutrality
    
    The Second League of Armed Neutrality or the League of the North was an alliance of the north European naval powers Denmark–Norway, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia. It existed between 1800 and 1801 during the War of the Second Coalition and was initiated by Tsar Paul I of Russia. It was a revival of the First League of Armed Neutrality (1780), which had been quite successful during the American War of Independence in isolating Britain and resisting attempts to interfere with their shipping. However, unlike the First League, the Second League was considered to be much less successful.
1800
1. Ludwig van Beethoven leads the premiere of his First Symphony in Vienna.
  1. Ludwig van Beethoven
    
    Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era in classical music. His career has conventionally been divided into early, middle, and late periods. His early period, during which he forged his craft, is typically considered to have lasted until 1802. From 1802 to around 1812, his middle period showed an individual development from the styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and is sometimes characterized as heroic. During this time, he began to grow increasingly deaf. In his late period, from 1812 to 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression.
  2. Symphony No. 1 (Beethoven)
    
    Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 in C major, Op. 21, was dedicated to Baron Gottfried van Swieten, an early patron of the composer. The piece was published in 1801 by Hoffmeister & Kühnel of Leipzig. It is not known exactly when Beethoven finished writing this work, but sketches of the finale were found to be from 1795.
  3. Vienna
    
    Vienna is the capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city and its primate city, with about two million inhabitants, and its cultural, economic, and political center. It is the 6th-largest city proper by population in the European Union and the largest of all cities on the Danube river.
1792
1. The Coinage Act is passed by Congress, establishing the United States Mint.
  1. Coinage Act of 1792
    
    The Coinage Act of 1792, passed by the United States Congress on April 2, 1792, created the United States dollar as the country's standard unit of money, established the United States Mint, and regulated the coinage of the United States. This act established the silver dollar as the unit of money in the United States, declared it to be lawful tender, and created a decimal system for U.S. currency.
  2. United States Mint
    
    The United States Mint is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. It does not produce paper money; that responsibility belongs to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The first United States Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and soon joined by other centers, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point.
1755
1. Commodore William James captures the Maratha fortress of Suvarnadurg on the west coast of India.
  1. Commodore (Royal Navy)
    
    Commodore (Cdre) is a rank of the Royal Navy above captain and below rear admiral. It has a NATO ranking code of OF-6. The rank is equivalent to brigadier in the British Army and Royal Marines and to air commodore in the Royal Air Force. Commodore has only been a substantive rank in the Royal Navy since 1997. Until then the term denoted a functional position rather than a formal rank, being the title bestowed on the senior officer of a fleet of at least two naval vessels comprising an independent command.
  2. Sir William James, 1st Baronet
    
    Commodore Sir William James, 1st Baronet was a Welsh naval officer and politician who sat in the British House of Commons representing West Looe from 1774 to 1783. James is best known for his career in India, where he served as an officer in the Bombay Marine, the navy of the East India Company (EIC), and led several successful campaigns against forces commanded by the Angre family.
  3. Marathi people
    
    The Marathi people or Marathis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who are indigenous to Maharashtra in western India. They natively speak Marathi, an Indo-Aryan language. Maharashtra was formed as a Marathi-speaking state of India in 1960, as part of a nationwide linguistic reorganization of the Indian states. The term "Maratha" is generally used by historians to refer to all Marathi-speaking peoples, irrespective of their caste; however, now it may refer to a Maharashtrian caste known as the Maratha.
  4. Suvarnadurg
    
    Suvarnadurg is a fort that is located between Mumbai and Goa on a small island in the Arabian Sea, near Harnai in Konkan, along the West Coast of India, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The fort also includes another small land fort called the Kanakadurga at the base of headland of Harnai port on the coast. Building of the fort is credited to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, founder of the Maratha Empire, in 1660. Subsequently, ChatrapatiShivaji Maharaj, other ttraPeshwas and the Angres further fortified the forts for defence purposes.
1513
1. Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León sighted land in North America, naming the area La Florida, according to a popular legend while searching for the Fountain of Youth.
  1. Conquistador
    
    Conquistadors or conquistadores were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, colonizing and opening trade routes. They brought much of the Americas under the dominion of Spain and Portugal.
  2. Juan Ponce de León
    
    Juan Ponce de León was a Spanish explorer and conquistador known for leading the first official European expedition to Florida and for serving as the first governor of Puerto Rico. He was born in Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain in 1474. Though little is known about his family, he was of noble birth and served in the Spanish military from a young age. He first came to the Americas as a "gentleman volunteer" with Christopher Columbus's second expedition in 1493.
  3. Spanish Florida
    
    Spanish Florida was the first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery. La Florida formed part of the Captaincy General of Cuba, the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and the Spanish Empire during Spanish colonization of the Americas. While its boundaries were never clearly or formally defined, the territory was initially much larger than the present-day state of Florida, extending over much of what is now the southeastern United States, including all of present-day Florida plus portions of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Louisiana. Spain's claim to this vast area was based on several wide-ranging expeditions mounted during the 16th century. A number of missions, settlements, and small forts existed in the 16th and to a lesser extent in the 17th century; they were eventually abandoned due to pressure from the expanding English and French colonial settlements, the collapse of the native populations, and the general difficulty in becoming agriculturally or economically self-sufficient. By the 18th century, Spain's control over La Florida did not extend much beyond a handful of forts near St. Augustine, St. Marks, and Pensacola, all within the boundaries of present-day Florida.
  4. Fountain of Youth
    
    The Fountain of Youth, a mythical spring, allegedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks or bathes in its waters. Tales of such a fountain have been recounted around the world for thousands of years, appearing in the writings of Herodotus, in the Alexander romance, and in the stories of Prester John. Stories of similar waters also featured prominently among the people of the Caribbean during the Age of Exploration ; they spoke of the restorative powers of the water in the mythical land of Bimini. Based on these many legends, explorers and adventurers looked for the elusive Fountain of Youth or some other remedy to aging, generally associated with magic waters. These waters might have been a river, a spring or any other water-source said to reverse the aging process and to cure sickness when swallowed or bathed in.
2. Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Johns River.
  1. Juan Ponce de León
    
    Juan Ponce de León was a Spanish explorer and conquistador known for leading the first official European expedition to Florida and for serving as the first governor of Puerto Rico. He was born in Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain in 1474. Though little is known about his family, he was of noble birth and served in the Spanish military from a young age. He first came to the Americas as a "gentleman volunteer" with Christopher Columbus's second expedition in 1493.
  2. U.S. state
    
    In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Due to this shared sovereignty, Americans are citizens both of the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons restricted by certain types of court orders.
  3. Florida
    
    Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba; it is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Spanning 65,758 square miles (170,310 km2), Florida ranks 22nd in area among the 50 states, and with a population of over 21 million, is the third-most populous. The state capital is Tallahassee and the most populous city is Jacksonville. The Miami metropolitan area, with a population of almost 6.2 million, is the most populous urban area in Florida and the ninth-most populous in the United States; other urban conurbations with over one million people are Tampa Bay, Orlando, and Jacksonville.
  4. St. Augustine, Florida
    
    St. Augustine is a city in the Southeastern United States and the county seat of St. Johns County on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the contiguous United States.
  5. St. Johns River
    
    The St. Johns River is the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida and its most significant one for commercial and recreational use. At 310 miles (500 km) long, it flows north and winds through or borders twelve counties. The drop in elevation from headwaters to mouth is less than 30 feet (9 m); like most Florida waterways, the St. Johns has a very slow flow speed of 0.3 mph (0.13 m/s), and is often described as "lazy".

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Estelle Harris, American actress and comedian (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Estelle Harris
    
    Estelle Harris was an American actress and comedienne, known for her exaggerated shrill, grating voice. She was best known for her role as Estelle Costanza on Seinfeld. Her other roles included the voice of Mrs. Potato Head in the Toy Story franchise, Muriel in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, and Mama Gunda in Tarzan II. During her career, Harris starred in various television commercials.
2021
1. Simon Bainbridge, British composer (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Simon Bainbridge
    
    Simon Bainbridge was a British composer. He was also a professor and head of composition at the Royal Academy of Music, London, and visiting professor at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, in the United States.
2017
1. Alma Delia Fuentes, Mexican actress (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Alma Delia Fuentes
    
    Alma Delia Susana Fuentes González was a Mexican actress of film, television, and theatre.
2016
1. Gallieno Ferri, Italian comic book artist and illustrator (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Gallieno Ferri
    
    Gallieno Ferri was an Italian comic book artist and illustrator. He was born in Genoa.
2. Robert Abajyan, Armenian sergeant (b. 1996) deaths
  1. Robert Abajyan
    
    Robert Abajyan was an Armenian junior sergeant in the Republic of Artsakh Defense Army. He was posthumously awarded the "Hero of Artsakh" which is the highest honorary title of semi-recognized NKR.
2015
1. Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Manoel de Oliveira
    
    Manoel Cândido Pinto de Oliveira was a Portuguese film director and screenwriter born in Cedofeita, Porto. He first began making films in 1927, when he and some friends attempted to make a film about World War I. In 1931 he completed his first film Douro, Faina Fluvial, a documentary about his home city Porto made in the city symphony genre. He made his feature film debut in 1942 with Aniki-Bóbó and continued to make shorts and documentaries for the next 30 years, gaining a minimal amount of recognition without being considered a major world film director.
2. Robert H. Schuller, American pastor and author (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Robert Schuller
    
    Robert Harold Schuller was an American Christian televangelist, pastor, motivational speaker, and author. In his five decades of television, Schuller was principally known for the weekly Hour of Power television program, which he began hosting in 1970 until his retirement in 2010. His grandson, Bobby Schuller, carries on the Hour of Power now airing for over fifty years. Schuller began broadcasting the program from the Neutra Sanctuary, with the encouragement of longtime friend Billy Graham after Schuller visited him in 1969. He was also the founder of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, where the Hour of Power program was later broadcast.
3. Steve Stevaert, Belgian businessman and politician, Governor of Limburg (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Steve Stevaert
    
    Steve Stevaert was a Belgian politician of the Flemish Socialist Party: the SP.A.
  2. Governor of Limburg
    
    The Governor of the Belgian province Limburg is the provincial head of government.
2014
1. Urs Widmer, Swiss author and playwright (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Urs Widmer
    
    Urs Widmer was a Swiss novelist, playwright, an essayist, and a short story writer.
2013
1. Fred, French author and illustrator (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Fred (cartoonist)
    
    Frédéric Othon Théodore Aristidès, known by his pseudonym Fred, was a French cartoonist in the Franco-Belgian comics tradition. He is best known for his series Philémon.
2. Jesús Franco, Spanish director, screenwriter, producer, and actor (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Jesús Franco
    
    Jesús Franco Manera was a Spanish filmmaker, composer, and actor, known as a prolific director of low-budget exploitation and B-movies. In a career spanning from 1954 to 2013, he wrote, directed, produced, acted in, and scored approximately 173 feature films, working both in his native Spain and in France, West Germany, Switzerland and Portugal. Additionally, during the 1960s, he made several films in Rio de Janeiro and Istanbul.
3. Milo O'Shea, Irish-American actor (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Milo O'Shea
    
    Milo Donal O'Shea was an Irish actor. He was twice nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performances in Staircase (1968) and Mass Appeal (1982).
2012
1. Jesús Aguilarte, Venezuelan captain and politician (b. 1959) deaths
  1. Jesús Aguilarte
    
    Jesús Aguilarte was the Governor of Apure State in Venezuela from 1999 to 2000, and from 2004 to 2011. He died in a Maracay hospital on April 2, 2012, after being attacked by a gunman on March 24, 2012. He was 53.
2. Elizabeth Catlett, American-Mexican sculptor and illustrator (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Catlett
    
    Elizabeth Catlett, born as Alice Elizabeth Catlett, also known as Elizabeth Catlett Mora was an African American sculptor and graphic artist best known for her depictions of the Black-American experience in the 20th century, which often focused on the female experience. She was born and raised in Washington, D.C., to parents working in education, and was the grandchild of formerly enslaved people. It was difficult for a black woman at this time to pursue a career as a working artist. Catlett devoted much of her career to teaching. However, a fellowship awarded to her in 1946 allowed her to travel to Mexico City, where she worked with the Taller de Gráfica Popular for twenty years and became head of the sculpture department for the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas. In the 1950s, her main means of artistic expression shifted from print to sculpture, though she never gave up the former.
3. Mauricio Lasansky, American graphic designer and academic (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Mauricio Lasansky
    
    Mauricio Leib Lasansky was an Argentine artist and educator known both for his advanced techniques in intaglio printmaking and for a series of 33 pencil drawings from the 1960s titled "The Nazi Drawings." Lasansky, who migrated to and became a citizen of the United States, established the school of printmaking at the University of Iowa, which offered the first Master of Fine Arts program in the field in the United States. Sotheby's identifies him as one of the fathers of modern printmaking.
2011
1. John C. Haas, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1918) deaths
  1. John C. Haas
    
    John Charles Haas was an American businessman and philanthropist, at one time considered the second richest man in Philadelphia. He was the chairman of global chemical company Rohm and Haas from 1974 to 1978. Under his leadership, the family's William Penn Foundation became a $2 billion grantmaking institution, ranking as one of the largest such institutions in the United States.
2010
1. Chris Kanyon, American wrestler (b. 1970) deaths
  1. Chris Kanyon
    
    Christopher Morgan Klucsarits was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1994 to 2004, under the ring names Chris Kanyon, Kanyon, and Mortis. He was given the nickname "The Innovator of Offense" during his career, and has been recognized by commentators as one of the most underrated stars of WCW.
2009
1. Albert Sanschagrin, Canadian bishop (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Albert Sanschagrin
    
    Albert Sanschagrin, O.M.I. was Bishop Emeritus of Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, and the oldest Canadian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church at the time of his death.
2. Bud Shank, American saxophonist and flute player (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Bud Shank
    
    Clifford Everett "Bud" Shank Jr. was an American alto saxophonist and flautist. He rose to prominence in the early 1950s playing lead alto and flute in Stan Kenton's Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra and throughout the decade worked in various small jazz combos. He spent the 1960s as a first-call studio musician in Hollywood. In the 1970s and 1980s, he performed regularly with the L. A. Four. Shank ultimately abandoned the flute to focus exclusively on playing jazz on the alto saxophone. He also recorded on tenor and baritone sax. His most famous recording is probably the version of "Harlem Nocturne" used as the theme song in Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer. He is also well known for the alto flute solo on the song "California Dreamin'" recorded by The Mamas & the Papas in 1965.
2008
1. Yakup Satar, Turkish World War I veteran(b. 1898) deaths
  1. Yakup Satar
    
    Yakup Satar (Ottoman Turkish: was, at 110, believed to have been the last Turkish veteran of the First World War. He died at age 110.
2007
1. Brenda Fruhvirtová, Czech tennis player births
  1. Brenda Fruhvirtová
    
    Brenda Fruhvirtová is a Czech tennis player.
2. Henry L. Giclas, American astronomer and academic (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Henry L. Giclas
    
    Henry Lee Giclas was an American astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets and comets.
2006
1. Lloyd Searwar, Guyanese anthologist and diplomat (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Lloyd Searwar
    
    Lloyd Searwar was a career Guyanese diplomat, and later the Director of the Foreign Service Institute in Guyana. He has a distinguished record of public service and has been a stalwart supporter of literature and culture in Guyana.
2005
1. Lillian O'Donnell, American crime novelist (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Lillian O'Donnell
    
    Lillian O'Donnell was an American crime novelist notable for being one of the first to introduce a female police officer as the lead character in a book series.
2. Pope John Paul II (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Pope John Paul II
    
    Pope John Paul II was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in April 2005, and was later canonised as Pope Saint John Paul II.
2004
1. Diana Shnaider, Russian tennis player births
  1. Diana Shnaider
    
    Diana Maximovna Shnaider is a Russian tennis player.
2. John Argyris, Greek computer scientist, engineer, and academic (b. 1913) deaths
  1. John Argyris
    
    Johann Hadji Argyris FRS was a Greek pioneer of computer applications in science and engineering, among the creators of the finite element method (FEM), and lately Professor at the University of Stuttgart and Director of the Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering.
2003
1. Edwin Starr, American singer-songwriter (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Edwin Starr
    
    Charles Edwin Hatcher , known by his stage name Edwin Starr, was an American singer and songwriter. Starr was famous for his Norman Whitfield-produced Motown singles of the 1970s, most notably the number-one hit "War".
2002
1. Levi Celerio, Filipino composer and songwriter (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Levi Celerio
    
    Levi Celerio was a Filipino composer and lyricist who is credited with writing over 4,000 songs. Celerio was recognized as a National Artist of the Philippines for Music and Literature in 1997.
2. John R. Pierce, American engineer and author (b. 1910) deaths
  1. John R. Pierce
    
    John Robinson Pierce, was an American engineer and author. He did extensive work concerning radio communication, microwave technology, computer music, psychoacoustics, and science fiction. Additionally to his professional career he wrote science fiction for many years using the names John Pierce, John R. Pierce, and J. J. Coupling. Born in Des Moines, Iowa, he earned his PhD from Caltech, and died in Sunnyvale, California, from complications of Parkinson's Disease.
2001
1. Charles Daudelin, Canadian sculptor and painter (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Charles Daudelin
    
    Charles Daudelin, was a French Canadian pioneer in modern sculpture and painting. He worked in a wide variety of media, including painting, metal and ceramic sculpture, jewelry, and marionettes which he made with his wife, Louise.
1998
1. Rob Pilatus, American-German singer-songwriter (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Rob Pilatus
    
    Robert Pilatus was a German singer, dancer, model, and rapper. He was a member of the pop music duo Milli Vanilli with Fab Morvan.
1997
1. Dillon Bassett, American race car driver births
  1. Dillon Bassett
    
    Dillon W. Bassett is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 77 Chevrolet Camaro for his team, Bassett Racing. He and his family team also previously competed full-time in what is now the ARCA Menards Series East. He is the brother of Ronnie Bassett Jr., who also drives for and co-owns Bassett Racing.
2. Abdelhak Nouri, Dutch footballer births
  1. Abdelhak Nouri
    
    Abdelhak "Appie" Nouri is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He operated primarily as an attacking midfielder, but could also be deployed as a winger.
3. Tomoyuki Tanaka, Japanese director and producer (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Tomoyuki Tanaka
    
    Tomoyuki "Yūkō" Tanaka was a Japanese film producer. He is best known for co-creating the Godzilla franchise and its associated spin-offs.
1995
1. Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Hannes Alfvén
    
    Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves. He was originally trained as an electrical power engineer and later moved to research and teaching in the fields of plasma physics and electrical engineering. Alfvén made many contributions to plasma physics, including theories describing the behavior of aurorae, the Van Allen radiation belts, the effect of magnetic storms on the Earth's magnetic field, the terrestrial magnetosphere, and the dynamics of plasmas in the Milky Way galaxy.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1994
1. Betty Furness, American actress, consumer advocate, game show panelist, television journalist and television personality (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Betty Furness
    
    Elizabeth Mary Furness was an American actress, consumer advocate, and current affairs commentator.
2. Marc Fitch, British historian and philanthropist (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Marc Fitch
    
    Marcus Felix Brudenell Fitch , was an English historian and philanthropist.
1993
1. Keshorn Walcott, Trinidadian javelin thrower births
  1. Keshorn Walcott
    
    Keshorn "Keshie" Walcott, ORTT is a Trinidadian track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw. He is an Olympic champion, having won gold in 2012. He is the first Caribbean male athlete, as well as the first of African descent, to win the gold medal in a throwing event in the history of the Olympics. He is also the holder of the North, Central American and Caribbean junior record.
1992
1. Juanito, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Juanito (footballer, born 1954)
    
    Juan Gómez González, known as Juanito, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward.
2. Jan van Aartsen, Dutch politician (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Jan van Aartsen
    
    Johannes "Jan" van Aartsen was a Dutch politician of the defunct Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and jurist.
1990
1. Yevgeniya Kanayeva, Russian gymnast births
  1. Evgeniya Kanaeva
    
    Evgeniya Olegovna Kanaeva OMF is a Russian individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the only individual rhythmic gymnast in history to win two Olympic all-around gold medals, winning at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she finished with 3.75 points ahead of silver medalist Inna Zhukova, and at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where she also became the oldest gymnast to win the Olympic gold. On 4 July 2013, Kanaeva received the International Fair Play Award for "Sport and Life".
2. Miralem Pjanić, Bosnian footballer births
  1. Miralem Pjanić
    
    Miralem Pjanić is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for UAE Pro League club Sharjah and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.
1989
1. Manolis Angelopoulos, Greek singer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Manolis Angelopoulos
    
    Manolis Angelopoulos was a Greek singer of Gypsy origin.
1988
1. Jesse Plemons, American actor births
  1. Jesse Plemons
    
    Jesse Plemons is an American actor. He began his career as a child actor and achieved a career breakthrough with his major role as Landry Clarke in the NBC drama series Friday Night Lights (2006–2011). He subsequently portrayed Todd Alquist in season 5 of the AMC crime drama series Breaking Bad (2012–2013) and its sequel film El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie (2019). For his role as Ed Blumquist in season 2 of the FX anthology series Fargo (2015), he received his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination and won a Critics' Choice Television Award. He received a second Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Robert Daly in "USS Callister", an episode of the Netflix anthology series Black Mirror (2017).
1987
1. Pablo Aguilar, Paraguayan footballer births
  1. Pablo Aguilar (footballer, born 1987)
    
    Pablo César Aguilar Benítez is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a centre-back.
2. Buddy Rich, American drummer, songwriter, and bandleader (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Buddy Rich
    
    Bernard "Buddy" Rich was an American jazz drummer, songwriter, conductor, and bandleader. He is considered one of the most influential drummers of all time.
1986
1. Ibrahim Afellay, Dutch footballer births
  1. Ibrahim Afellay
    
    Ibrahim Afellay is a Dutch-Moroccan former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or winger.
2. Andris Biedriņš, Latvian basketball player births
  1. Andris Biedriņš
    
    Andris Biedriņš is a Latvian former professional basketball player. He was drafted by the Golden State Warriors with the 11th overall pick in the 2004 NBA draft.
1985
1. Thom Evans, Zimbabwean-Scottish rugby player births
  1. Thom Evans
    
    Thom Evans is a Scottish former international rugby union player and model. He last played on the wing for Glasgow Warriors in the Celtic League. Evans's rugby career ended aged 24 on his tenth appearance for Scotland when he suffered a serious neck injury.
2. Stéphane Lambiel, Swiss figure skater births
  1. Stéphane Lambiel
    
    Stéphane Lambiel is a Swiss former competitive figure skater who now works as a coach and choreographer. He is a two-time (2005–2006) World champion, the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, a two-time Grand Prix Final champion, and a nine-time Swiss national champion. Lambiel is known for his spins and is credited with popularizing some spin positions.
1984
1. Engin Atsür, Turkish basketball player births
  1. Engin Atsür
    
    Engin Atsür is a Turkish professional basketball player for Orlandina Basket of the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Standing at 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m), he plays the point guard position. Atsür played college basketball at the North Carolina State University from 2003 to 2007.
2. Nóra Barta, Hungarian diver births
  1. Nóra Barta
    
    Nóra Barta is a Hungarian diver. She won the bronze medal in 3m Springboard event at the 2006 European Aquatics Championships and the silver in 1 m springboard event at the 2008 European Championships in Aquatics.
3. Jérémy Morel, French footballer births
  1. Jérémy Morel
    
    Jérémy Morel is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for the Madagascar national team. Born in France, he opted to represent Madagascar internationally.
1983
1. Maksym Mazuryk, Ukrainian pole vaulter births
  1. Maksym Mazuryk
    
    Maksym Mazuryk is a Ukrainian pole vaulter. He was born in Donetsk. He is sporter of Fenerbahçe S.K. from Turkey.
1982
1. Marco Amelia, Italian footballer births
  1. Marco Amelia
    
    Marco Amelia is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and current coach.
2. David Ferrer, Spanish tennis player births
  1. David Ferrer
    
    David Ferrer Ern is a Spanish former professional tennis player. A three-time Davis Cup champion with Spain, Ferrer has won tournaments at all levels on the ATP Tour except at a major, and currently has the seventh highest career prize money earnings of all time among male tennis players. Ferrer also holds the distinction of winning the most matches on the ATP Tour without having won a major, passing Brian Gottfried who held this record for 32 years.
1981
1. Michael Clarke, Australian cricketer births
  1. Michael Clarke (cricketer)
    
    Michael John Clarke is an Australian former cricketer. He was captain of the Australian cricket team in both Test and One Day International (ODI) between 2011 and 2015, leading Australia to victory in the 2015 Cricket World Cup. He also served as captain of the Twenty20 International (T20I) side between 2007 and 2010. He is regarded as one of the best batsmen of his generation.
2. Kapil Sharma, Indian stand-up comedian, television presenter and actor births
  1. Kapil Sharma
    
    Kapil Sharma is an Indian stand-up comedian, television host and former television-film producer from Punjab, India, Primarily known for hosting The Kapil Sharma Show. He won the stand-up comedy reality show, The Great Indian Laughter Challenge season 3 in 2007.
1980
1. Avi Benedi, Israeli singer and songwriter births
  1. Avi Benedi
    
    Avi Benedi is an Israeli singer and songwriter. He has released three albums: Avi Benedi & Diamond Band in 2001, We Met Late in 2012. and Loco in 2017.
2. Adam Fleming, Scottish journalist births
  1. Adam Fleming (journalist)
    
    Robert Adam Fleming is a Scottish journalist and chief political correspondent for BBC News. He was formerly its Brussels correspondent, and has previously worked for Daily Politics and Newsround. He co-presented the podcast and television programme Brexitcast, before becoming co-presenter of its successor, Newscast.
3. Gavin Heffernan, Canadian director and screenwriter births
  1. Gavin Heffernan
    
    Gavin Heffernan is a Canadian filmmaker/screenwriter/photographer.
4. Ricky Hendrick, American race car driver (d. 2004) births
  1. Ricky Hendrick
    
    Joseph Riddick "Ricky" Hendrick IV was an American stock car racing driver and partial owner at Hendrick Motorsports, a NASCAR team that his father Rick Hendrick founded. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, on April 2, 1980, and began his career in racing at the age of fifteen. He competed in both the Busch Series and Craftsman Truck Series before his death from an airplane accident on October 24, 2004. He was killed with seven other family members and friends during the accident.
5. Wairangi Koopu, New Zealand rugby league player births
  1. Wairangi Koopu
    
    Dane Wairangi Manurea Koopu is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played for the New Zealand Warriors and the Melbourne Storm in the National Rugby League. Koopu primarily played in the second-row, and as a centre. He is now a reporter for The Crowd Goes Wild. He is fluent in Te Reo Maori and often appeared on Māori Television.
6. Carlos Salcido, Mexican international footballer births
  1. Carlos Salcido
    
    Carlos Arnoldo Salcido Flores is a Mexican former professional footballer. He started his career as a centre-back and played most of it as left-back, then converted to defensive midfielder and ended it as centre-back. He won the 2012 Olympic gold medal.
1977
1. Per Elofsson, Swedish skier births
  1. Per Elofsson
    
    Per Eilert Elofsson is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed from 1997 to 2004. He won a bronze medal in the 10 km + 10 km combined pursuit at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.
2. Michael Fassbender, German-Irish actor and producer births
  1. Michael Fassbender
    
    Michael Fassbender is an Irish actor. He is the recipient of various accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Critics' Choice Movie Award, and nominations for two Academy Awards, four British Academy Film Awards and three Golden Globe Awards.
3. Hanno Pevkur, Estonian lawyer and politician, Estonian Minister of Justice births
  1. Hanno Pevkur
    
    Hanno Pevkur is an Estonian politician, Minister of Defence and former chairman of the Estonian Reform Party.
  2. Ministry of Justice (Estonia)
    
    The Estonian Ministry of Justice is the Ministry of Justice of Estonia. The Minister of Justice is the senior minister at the Ministry of Justice in the Estonian Government. The Ministry is responsible for providing support to the court system and providing legal focus in proposing new laws.
4. Walter Wolf, German academic and politician (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Walter Wolf (politician)
    
    Walter Wolf was a German politician and member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
1976
1. Andreas Anastasopoulos, Greek shot putter births
  1. Andreas Anastasopoulos
    
    Andreas Anastasopoulos is a Greek track and field athlete in the shot put. From October 23, 2001 to October 22, 2003 he was suspended by the IAAF.
2. Rory Sabbatini, South African golfer births
  1. Rory Sabbatini
    
    Rory Mario Trevor Sabbatini is a South African-Slovak professional golfer. Sabbatini won six times on the PGA Tour between 2000 and 2011 and was runner-up in the 2007 Masters. He spent 21 weeks in the world top-10 in late-2007 and early-2008, with a high of 8th. Sabbatini won the silver medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics, representing Slovakia.
1975
1. Nate Huffman, American basketball player (d. 2015) births
  1. Nate Huffman
    
    Nathaniel Thomas Huffman was an American professional basketball player, who played most of his career with Maccabi Tel Aviv. He was the 2001 Israeli Basketball Premier League MVP.
  2. 2015
    
    2015 (MMXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2015th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 15th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 6th year of the 2010s decade.
2. Randy Livingston, American basketball player births
  1. Randy Livingston
    
    Randy Livingston is an American former professional basketball player and current coach. He played parts of eleven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for nine different teams. The national high school player in the country in 1993, Livingston's college and professional careers were marked by a series of injuries that hampered his play.
3. Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski, German rower births
  1. Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski
    
    Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski is a German rower and two-time Olympic gold medalist. She married Bernhard Stomporowski, a lightweight men's world championship medallist, in December 1999.
4. Pattie Mallette, Canadian author and film producer births
  1. Pattie Mallette
    
    Patricia Mallette is the mother of Canadian singer Justin Bieber. She also managed her son's early career. Her autobiography, Nowhere but Up, was published in 2012 by Christian book publisher Revell, and was number 17 on the New York Times Best Seller list during its first week of release.
5. Pedro Pascal, Chilean and American actor births
  1. Pedro Pascal
    
    José Pedro Balmaceda Pascal is a Chilean and American actor. He began his career guest-starring on various television shows before rising to prominence for portraying Oberyn Martell on the fourth season of the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones (2014) and Javier Peña on the Netflix biographic crime series Narcos (2015–2017). He has played the title character on the Disney+ Star Wars series The Mandalorian since 2019, reprising his role in the spin-off series The Book of Boba Fett. He is also set to play the lead role of Joel in The Last of Us. Outside of television, he has appeared in the films The Adjustment Bureau (2011), Bloodsucking Bastards (2015), The Great Wall (2016), Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017), The Equalizer 2 (2018), Triple Frontier (2019), Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) and The Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent (2022).
1974
1. Tayfun Korkut, Turkish football manager and former player births
  1. Tayfun Korkut
    
    Tayfun Korkut is a football manager and former player. He was most recently the head coach of Hertha BSC. Born in Germany, he represented the Turkey national team internationally.
2. Georges Pompidou, French banker and politician, 19th President of France (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Georges Pompidou
    
    Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou was a French politician who served as President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. He previously was Prime Minister of France of President Charles de Gaulle from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history.
  2. President of France
    
    The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the position is the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the prime minister and Government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic.
1973
1. Dmitry Lipartov, Russian footballer births
  1. Dmitry Lipartov
    
    Dmitry Viktorovich Lipartov is a former Russian professional footballer who played as a striker.
2. Roselyn Sánchez, Puerto Rican-American actress births
  1. Roselyn Sánchez
    
    Roselyn Milagros Sánchez Rodríguez is a Puerto Rican singer-songwriter, dancer, model, actress, producer, and writer. On television, she is best known for her roles as Elena Delgado on the CBS police procedural Without a Trace (2005–09), as Carmen Luna on the Lifetime comedy-drama Devious Maids (2013–16), and as Elena Roarke on the new Fantasy Island (2021–present). In film, Sánchez has appeared in Rush Hour 2 (2001), Boat Trip (2002), The Game Plan (2007), and Act of Valor (2012).
3. Aleksejs Semjonovs, Latvian footballer births
  1. Aleksejs Semjonovs
    
    Aleksejs Semjonovs is a retired Latvian international football midfielder, who also holds the Russian nationality. He obtained a total number of nine caps for the Latvia national football team, scoring two goals. His last club was Dinaburg FC. He also played in Estonia and Russia during his career.
1972
1. Eyal Berkovic, Israeli footballer births
  1. Eyal Berkovic
    
    Eyal Berkovic is an Israeli former professional association footballer, football coach, team owner and television talk show presenter.
2. Remo D'Souza, Indian choreographer and dancer births
  1. Remo D'Souza
    
    Remo D'Souza, is an Indian choreographer, actor, film director and producer, based in Mumbai. He is best known for his works in Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2014) and Bajirao Mastani (2016). In a career span of more than 25 years, D'Souza has choreographed more than 100 films. He is one of the successful and renowned choreographers in the Bollywood industry and has been a role model to many Indian choreographers. He has also been a judge in the dance reality show Dance Plus for six consecutive seasons.
3. Calvin Davis, American sprinter and hurdler births
  1. Calvin Davis
    
    Calvin Davis is a former American athlete who competed mainly in the 400 meters, though his fame comes from his success in the 400 meter hurdles.
4. Zane Lamprey, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Zane Lamprey
    
    Zane Lamprey is a comedian, actor, editor, producer, and writer for television and movies.
5. Franz Halder, German general (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Franz Halder
    
    Franz Halder was a German general and the chief of staff of the Army High Command (OKH) in Nazi Germany from 1938 until September 1942. During World War II, he directed the planning and implementation of Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Halder became instrumental in the radicalisation of warfare on the Eastern Front. He had his staff draft both the Commissar Order and the Barbarossa Decree that allowed German soldiers to execute Soviet citizens for any reason without fear of later prosecution, leading to numerous war crimes and atrocities during the campaign. After the war, he had a decisive role in the development of the myth of the clean Wehrmacht.
6. Toshitsugu Takamatsu, Japanese martial artist and educator (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Toshitsugu Takamatsu
    
    Toshitsugu Takamatsu was a Japanese martial artist and teacher of Bujinkan founder Masaaki Hatsumi. He has been called "The Last Shinobi" by Bujinkan instructor Wolfgang Ettig.
1971
1. Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Edmundo (footballer)
    
    Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto, better known simply as Edmundo, is a Brazilian football pundit and retired footballer who played as a forward. Nicknamed "Animal", as a talented yet controversial footballer, he drew attention both for his skill, as well as for his volatile behaviour, both on and off the pitch.
2. Jason Lewry, English cricketer births
  1. Jason Lewry
    
    Jason Lewry is an English former cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and a left-arm fast-medium bowler. Born in Worthing, he played for Sussex from the beginning of his career in 1994 until his retirement in 2009, a career spanning 16 years, in spite of numerous injuries.
3. Todd Woodbridge, Australian tennis player and sportscaster births
  1. Todd Woodbridge
    
    Todd Andrew Woodbridge, OAM is an Australian former professional tennis player and current sports broadcaster with the Nine Network.
1969
1. Ajay Devgn, Indian actor, director, and producer births
  1. Ajay Devgn
    
    Vishal Veeru Devgan, known professionally as Ajay Devgn, is an Indian actor, film director and producer who works in Hindi cinema. Devgn has appeared in over a hundred films and has won numerous accolades, including four National Film Awards and four Filmfare Awards. In 2016, he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour of the country.
1967
1. Greg Camp, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Greg Camp
    
    Gregory Dean Camp is an American Grammy Award-nominated songwriter, guitarist, and vocalist. He is best known as the founding guitarist and songwriter for the rock band Smash Mouth. Camp is credited as the primary songwriter, whose songs catapulted the band to acclaim with hits, awards, and multi-platinum albums. Camp left Smash Mouth after 16 years and has remained an active songwriter and music producer.
2. Phil Demmel, American guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Phil Demmel
    
    Phil Demmel is an American musician who played lead guitar in the heavy metal band Machine Head between 2002 and 2018, making him their longest running member in that position. He has also performed in other bands such as Vio-lence, Torque Metal Allegiance and BPMD, and briefly played with Slayer, Nonpoint, Overkill and Lamb of God as a fill-in guitarist.
1966
1. Bill Romanowski, American football player and actor births
  1. Bill Romanowski
    
    William Thomas Romanowski is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons. Nicknamed "Romo" and "RomoCop", he spent the majority of his career with the San Francisco 49ers and Denver Broncos. Romanowski was selected by the 49ers in the third round of the 1988 NFL Draft and played six seasons each in San Francisco and Denver. He was also a member of the Philadelphia Eagles and Oakland Raiders for two seasons each. At the time of his retirement, Romanowski won four Super Bowl titles, two each with the 49ers and Broncos, and twice received Pro Bowl honors during his Broncos tenure. He also led a controversial career due to often engaging in unsportsmanlike behavior, which resulted in altercations with opponents and teammates.
2. Teddy Sheringham, English international footballer and coach births
  1. Teddy Sheringham
    
    Edward Paul "Teddy" Sheringham, MBE is an English football manager and former player. He played as a forward, mostly as a second striker, in a 24-year professional career.
3. C. S. Forester, English novelist (b. 1899) deaths
  1. C. S. Forester
    
    Cecil Louis Troughton Smith, known by his pen name Cecil Scott "C. S." Forester, was an English novelist known for writing tales of naval warfare, such as the 12-book Horatio Hornblower series depicting a Royal Navy officer during the Napoleonic wars. The Hornblower novels A Ship of the Line and Flying Colours were jointly awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction in 1938. His other works include The African Queen and The Good Shepherd.
1965
1. Rodney King, American victim of police brutality (d. 2012) births
  1. Rodney King
    
    Rodney Glen King was an African American man who was a victim of police brutality. On March 3, 1991, he was beaten by Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers during his arrest after a pursuit for driving while intoxicated on the I-210. An uninvolved individual, George Holliday, filmed the incident from his nearby balcony and sent the footage to local news station KTLA. The footage showed an unarmed King on the ground being beaten after initially evading arrest. The incident was covered by news media around the world and caused a public furor.
  2. Police brutality
    
    Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group. It is an extreme form of police misconduct and is a civil rights violation. Police brutality includes, but is not limited to, beatings, shootings, "improper takedowns, and unwarranted use of tasers."
1964
1. Pete Incaviglia, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Pete Incaviglia
    
    Peter Joseph Incaviglia, is an American former professional baseball left fielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 12 seasons (1986–1998), for six different big league teams, also spending one year in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Incaviglia was drafted in the first round by the Montreal Expos in the 1985 Major League Baseball draft out of Oklahoma State University, then was traded later that same year to the Texas Rangers. He debuted in the major leagues on April 8, 1986, without having spent any time in the minor leagues. His last MLB game was on September 27, 1998. Incaviglia is currently the manager for the Tri-City ValleyCats of the Frontier League.
2. Jonathon Sharkey, American wrestler births
  1. Jonathon Sharkey
    
    Jonathon Tepes Sharkey is an American former professional wrestler, and has been a candidate in multiple elections for public office.
1963
1. Karl Beattie, English director and producer births
  1. Karl Beattie
    
    Karl Beattie is an English television director, producer and cameraman. Beattie and wife Yvette Fielding co-own and run Antix Productions.
2. Mike Gascoyne, English engineer births
  1. Mike Gascoyne
    
    Michael Robert Gascoyne is a British Formula One designer and engineer.
1962
1. Pierre Carles, French director and producer births
  1. Pierre Carles
    
    Pierre Carles is a French documentarist, who has often been compared to Michael Moore for his use of the documentary form to denounce mainstream media, which he accuses of having conflicts of interest ·.
2. Billy Dean, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Billy Dean
    
    William Harold Dean Jr. is an American country music singer and songwriter.
3. Clark Gregg, American actor births
  1. Clark Gregg
    
    Robert Clark Gregg Jr. is an American actor, director, and screenwriter. He is best known for playing Agent Phil Coulson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Captain Marvel (2019), and the television spin-off series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–2020) and Disney+ series What If...? (2021). Gregg also voiced Phil Coulson on the animated series Ultimate Spider-Man (2012–2017) and in the video games Lego Marvel Super Heroes (2013), Marvel Heroes (2013), and Lego Marvel's Avengers (2016).
1961
1. Buddy Jewell, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Buddy Jewell
    
    Buddy Jewell Jr. is an American country music singer who was the first winner on the USA Network talent show Nashville Star. Signed to Columbia Records in 2003, Jewell made his debut on the American country music scene with the release of his self-titled album, which produced the singles "Help Pour Out the Rain" and "Sweet Southern Comfort". Another album, Times Like These, followed in 2005.
2. Christopher Meloni, American actor births
  1. Christopher Meloni
    
    Christopher Peter Meloni is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as NYPD Detective Elliot Stabler on the NBC legal drama Law & Order: Special Victims Unit for its first 12 seasons and its spin-off Law & Order: Organized Crime, and as inmate Chris Keller on the HBO prison drama Oz. Meloni starred in and executive produced the Syfy series Happy! from 2017 to 2019. His films include Man of Steel, Wet Hot American Summer, Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle, 12 Monkeys, Runaway Bride, 42, and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
3. Keren Woodward, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Keren Woodward
    
    Keren Jane Woodward is an English singer and, with Sara Dallin and Siobhan Fahey, a founding member of the girl group Bananarama. In 1986, the trio reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 with their version of "Venus". Woodward and Dallin are the only constant members of Bananarama, and both have been a part of the group for over 40 years since 1979.
1960
1. Linford Christie, Jamaican-English sprinter births
  1. Linford Christie
    
    Linford Cicero Christie is a Jamaican-born British former sprinter. He is the only British man to have won gold medals in the 100 metres at all four major competitions open to British athletes: the Olympic Games, the World Championships, the European Championships and the Commonwealth Games. He was the first European athlete to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m and still holds the British record in the event. He is a former world indoor record holder over 200 metres, and a former European record holder in the 60 metres, 100 m and 4 × 100 metres relay.
2. Brad Jones, Australian race car driver births
  1. Brad Jones (racing driver)
    
    Bradley Jones also known as Brad is a retired Australian racing driver. Jones now acts as team co-principal with his brother Kim in the V8 Supercar racing team, Brad Jones Racing.
3. Pascale Nadeau, Canadian journalist births
  1. Pascale Nadeau
    
    Pascale Nadeau is a Canadian news presenter for Télévision de Radio-Canada from Quebec. Previously a daytime presenter for the all-news network Réseau de l'information and a local presenter for CBFT in Montreal, she has been the weekend presenter of the network's flagship newscast Le Téléjournal since September 2008.
1959
1. Gelindo Bordin, Italian runner births
  1. Gelindo Bordin
    
    Gelindo Bordin is an Italian former athlete, winner of the marathon race at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He is the first Italian to have won an Olympic gold in the marathon and the only male to win both the Boston Marathon and the Olympic gold medal in this event.
2. David Frankel, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. David Frankel
    
    David Frankel is an American filmmaker. Most known as the director of 2006 film, The Devil Wears Prada, he is an executive producer and the director of the first and fourth episodes of the Netflix miniseries Inventing Anna (2022).
3. Juha Kankkunen, Finnish race car driver births
  1. Juha Kankkunen
    
    Juha Matti Pellervo Kankkunen is a Finnish former rally driver. His factory team career in the World Rally Championship lasted from 1983 to 2002. He won 23 world rallies and four drivers' world championship titles, which were both once records in the series. Both Sébastien Loeb and Sébastien Ogier have since collected more world titles, but no driver was able to repeat Kankkunen's feat of becoming a world champion with three different manufacturers until Ogier matched this achievement in 2020.
4. Yves Lavandier, French director and producer births
  1. Yves Lavandier
    
    Yves Lavandier is a French film writer and director.
5. Badou Ezzaki, Moroccan footballer and manager births
  1. Ezzaki Badou
    
    Ezzaki Badou, nicknamed Zaki, is a Moroccan football coach and former professional player who played as a goalkeeper. He manages Ittihad Tanger. He is considered to be one of the best goalkeepers in Africa.
1958
1. Stefano Bettarello, Italian rugby player births
  1. Stefano Bettarello
    
    Stefano Bettarello is an Italian former rugby union player. He played as a fly-half for several clubs, mainly Rovigo and Benetton Treviso, winning an Italian Championship with each.
2. Larry Drew, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Larry Drew
    
    Larry Donnell Drew is an American professional basketball coach and former player who serves as assistant coach for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
1957
1. Caroline Dean, English biologist and academic births
  1. Caroline Dean
    
    Dame Caroline Dean is a British plant scientist working at the John Innes Centre. She is focused on understanding the molecular controls used by plants to seasonally judge when to flower. She is specifically interested in vernalisation — the acceleration of flowering in plants by exposure to periods of prolonged cold. She has also been on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2018.
2. Hank Steinbrenner, American businessman (d. 2020) births
  1. Hank Steinbrenner
    
    Henry George Steinbrenner III was an American businessman who was a part owner and co-chairman of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was the older brother of the team's principal owner and managing general partner Hal Steinbrenner.
1955
1. Michael Stone, Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary births
  1. Michael Stone (loyalist)
    
    Michael Stone is a British ex-member of the loyalist Ulster Defence Association paramilitary group in Northern Ireland, convicted of three counts of murder committed at an IRA funeral in 1988. In 2000 he was released from prison on licence under the Good Friday Agreement. In November 2006, Stone was charged with attempted murder of Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams, having been arrested attempting to enter the parliament buildings at Stormont while armed. He was subsequently convicted and sentenced in 2008 to a further 16 years' imprisonment, before being released on parole in 2021.
1954
1. Gregory Abbott, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Gregory Abbott
    
    Gregory Joel Abbott is an American singer, musician, composer and producer. Although he continues to record to date, he is best known for his singles in the mid-1980s including his platinum single, "Shake You Down", from his 1986 debut album.
2. Donald Petrie, American actor and director births
  1. Donald Petrie
    
    Donald Mark Petrie is an American film director and actor.
3. Hoyt Vandenberg, US Air Force general (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Hoyt Vandenberg
    
    Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg was a United States Air Force general. He served as the second Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and the second Director of Central Intelligence.
1953
1. Jim Allister, Northern Irish lawyer and politician births
  1. Jim Allister
    
    James Hugh Allister is a British Unionist politician and barrister in Northern Ireland. He founded the Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV) political party in 2007, leading the party since its formation. Allister has served as a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for North Antrim since 2011, and is the TUV’s only representative in the Assembly.
2. Rosemary Bryant Mariner, 20th and 21st-century U.S. Navy aviator (d. 2019) births
  1. Rosemary Bryant Mariner
    
    Captain Rosemary Bryant Mariner was an American pilot and one of the first six women to earn their wings as a United States Naval Aviator in 1974. She was the first female military pilot to fly a tactical jet and the first to achieve command of an operational aviation squadron.
3. Malika Oufkir, Moroccan Berber writer births
  1. Malika Oufkir
    
    Malika Oufkir is a Moroccan Berber writer and former "disappeared". She is the daughter of General Mohamed Oufkir and a cousin of fellow Moroccan writer and actress Leila Shenna.
4. Debralee Scott, American actress (d. 2005) births
  1. Debralee Scott
    
    Debralee Scott was an American comedic actress best known for her roles on the sitcoms Welcome Back, Kotter; Angie; Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman; and Forever Fernwood. Scott was born and raised in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and later lived in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, where she was a cheerleader.
5. James Vance, American author and playwright (d. 2017) births
  1. James Vance (comics)
    
    James Vance was an American comic book writer, author and playwright, best known for his work from Kitchen Sink Press and in particular the lauded Kings in Disguise.
6. Hugo Sperrle, German field marshal (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Hugo Sperrle
    
    Wilhelm Hugo Sperrle, also known as Hugo Sperrle, was a German military aviator in World War I and a Generalfeldmarschall in the Luftwaffe during World War II.
1952
1. Lennart Fagerlund, Swedish cyclist births
  1. Lennart Fagerlund
    
    Lennart Fagerlund is a Swedish former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1972 Summer Olympics. His sporting career began with Mariestadcyclisten.
2. Will Hoy, English race car driver (d. 2002) births
  1. Will Hoy
    
    William Ewing Hoy was an English racing driver and the 1991 British Touring Car Champion, the highlight of a 20-year career in motor racing.
3. Leon Wilkeson, American bass player and songwriter (d. 2001) births
  1. Leon Wilkeson
    
    Leon Russell Wilkeson was the bassist of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from 1972 until his death in 2001.
1951
1. Ayako Okamoto, Japanese golfer births
  1. Ayako Okamoto
    
    Ayako Okamoto is a Japanese professional golfer. She won 62 tournaments internationally, including 17 on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour. She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.
1950
1. Lynn Westmoreland, American politician births
  1. Lynn Westmoreland
    
    Leon Acton "Lynn" Westmoreland is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for Georgia's 3rd congressional district from 2007 to 2017 and the 8th district from 2005 to 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party.
1949
1. Paul Gambaccini, American-English radio and television host births
  1. Paul Gambaccini
    
    Paul Matthew Gambaccini is an American-British radio and television presenter and author in the United Kingdom. He has dual United States and British nationality, having become a British citizen in 2005.
2. Bernd Müller, German footballer births
  1. Bernd Müller (footballer, born 1949)
    
    Bernd Müller is a former East German footballer.
3. Pamela Reed, American actress births
  1. Pamela Reed
    
    Pamela Reed is an American actress. She is known for playing Arnold Schwarzenegger's hypoglycemic police partner in the 1990 movie Kindergarten Cop and as the matriarch Gail Green in Jericho. She appeared as Marlene Griggs-Knope on the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation. She is also well known as the exasperated wife in Bean.
4. David Robinson, American drummer births
  1. David Robinson (drummer)
    
    David Robinson is an American rock drummer. He has performed with many rock bands, including the Rising Tide, the Modern Lovers, the Pop!, DMZ and the Cars. In 2018, Robinson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars.
1948
1. Roald Als, Danish author and illustrator births
  1. Roald Als
    
    Roald Als is a Danish cartoonist best known for his editorial cartoons in the Danish newspapers Weekendavisen and Politiken.
2. Dimitris Mitropanos, Greek singer (d. 2012) births
  1. Dimitris Mitropanos
    
    Dimitris Mitropanos was a Greek singer. He was renowned for his mastery of Laïkó, a Greek music style.
3. Daniel Okrent, American journalist and author births
  1. Daniel Okrent
    
    Daniel Okrent is an American writer and editor. He is best known for having served as the first public editor of The New York Times newspaper, inventing Rotisserie League Baseball, and for writing several books. In November 2011, Last Call won the Albert J. Beveridge prize, awarded by the American Historical Association to the year's best book of American history. His most recent book, published May 2019, is The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America.
4. Joan D. Vinge, American author births
  1. Joan D. Vinge
    
    Joan D. Vinge is an American science fiction author. She is known for such works as her Hugo Award–winning novel The Snow Queen and its sequels, her series about the telepath named Cat, and her Heaven's Chronicles books. She also is the author of The Random House Book of Greek Myths (1999).
5. Sabahattin Ali, Turkish journalist, author, and poet (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Sabahattin Ali
    
    Sabahattin Ali was a Turkish novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist.
1947
1. Paquita la del Barrio, Mexican singer-songwriter births
  1. Paquita la del Barrio
    
    Francisca Viveros Barradas, known professionally as Paquita la del Barrio is a Mexican singer, songwriter, and actress. She is a Grammy nominated singer of rancheras and other Mexican genres.
2. Tua Forsström, Finnish writer births
  1. Tua Forsström
    
    Tua Birgitta Forsström is a Finland-Swedish writer who writes in Swedish. She was awarded the Nordic Council Literature Prize in 1998 for the poetry collection Efter att ha tillbringat en natt bland hästar. Forsström's work is known for its engagement with the Finnish landscape, travel and conflicts within relationships. She often uses quotations in her work, sometimes placing them directly into her poems and at other times using them as introductions or interludes in her sequences. She has used quotations from Egon Friedell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Hermann Hesse and Friedrich Nietszche. In the collection After Spending a Night Among Horses (1997) Forsström uses quotations from the Andrei Tarkovsky film Stalker, they are placed as interludes in a sequence of pieces and sit alone on the page, without direct reference to their source on the page, leaving this to a Notes & Quotations section at the end of the book.
3. Emmylou Harris, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Emmylou Harris
    
    Emmylou Harris is an American singer, songwriter and musician. She has released dozens of albums and singles over the course of her career and has won 14 Grammys, the Polar Music Prize, and numerous other honors, including becoming a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 1992 and an induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2008. In 2018, she was presented the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
4. Camille Paglia, American author and critic births
  1. Camille Paglia
    
    Camille Anna Paglia is an American feminist academic and social critic. Paglia has been a professor at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, since 1984. She is critical of many aspects of modern culture and is the author of Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (1990) and other books. She is also a critic of contemporary American feminism and of post-structuralism, as well as a commentator on multiple aspects of American culture such as its visual art, music, and film history.
1946
1. Richard Collinge, New Zealand cricketer births
  1. Richard Collinge
    
    Richard Owen Collinge is a former New Zealand cricketer, who played 35 Tests and 15 ODIs. He was New Zealand Cricket Almanack Player of the Year in 1971.
2. David Heyes, English politician births
  1. David Heyes
    
    David Alan Heyes is a British Labour Party politician and former Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashton-under-Lyne from 2001 to 2015.
3. Sue Townsend, English author and playwright (d. 2014) births
  1. Sue Townsend
    
    Susan Lillian Townsend, FRSL, was an English writer and humorist whose work encompasses novels, plays and works of journalism. She was best known for creating the character Adrian Mole.
4. Kurt Winter, Canadian guitarist and songwriter (d. 1997) births
  1. Kurt Winter
    
    Kurt Frank Winter was a Canadian guitarist and songwriter, best known as a member of The Guess Who.
1945
1. Jürgen Drews, German singer-songwriter births
  1. Jürgen Drews
    
    Jürgen Ludwig Drews is a German Schlager singer, musician, songwriter and actor.
2. Guy Fréquelin, French race car driver births
  1. Guy Fréquelin
    
    Guy Fréquelin is a French former rally and sports car driver.
3. Linda Hunt, American actress births
  1. Linda Hunt
    
    Lydia Susanna "Linda" Hunt is an American actress of stage and screen.
4. Reggie Smith, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Reggie Smith
    
    Carl Reginald Smith is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder and afterwards served as a coach and front office executive. He also played in the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for two seasons at the end of his playing career. During a seventeen-year MLB career (1966–1982), Smith appeared in 1,987 games, hit 314 home runs with 1,092 RBI and batted .287. He was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed. In his prime, he had one of the strongest throwing arms of any outfielder in the MLB. Smith played at least seventy games in thirteen different seasons, and in every one of those thirteen seasons, his team had a winning record.
5. Don Sutton, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2021) births
  1. Don Sutton
    
    Donald Howard Sutton was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 23 seasons as a member of the Los Angeles Dodgers, Houston Astros, Milwaukee Brewers, Oakland Athletics, and California Angels. Sutton won a total of 324 games and pitched 58 shutouts including five one-hitters and ten two-hitters. He is seventh on baseball's all-time strikeout list with 3,574.
6. Anne Waldman, American poet births
  1. Anne Waldman
    
    Anne Waldman is an American poet. Since the 1960s, Waldman has been an active member of the Outrider experimental poetry community as a writer, performer, collaborator, professor, editor, scholar, and cultural/political activist. She has also been connected to the Beat poets.
1944
1. Bill Malinchak, American football player births
  1. Bill Malinchak
    
    William John Malinchak is a former American football wide receiver and special teams ace in the National Football League in the 1960s and 1970s. He attended suburban Pittsburgh's Monessen High School. His pro-career was spent with both the Detroit Lions and the Washington Redskins.
1943
1. Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce, South African-English admiral and politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (d. 2022) births
  1. Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce
    
    Admiral of the Fleet Michael Cecil Boyce, Baron Boyce, was a British Royal Navy officer who also sat as a crossbench member of the House of Lords until his death in November 2022.
  2. Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
    
    The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is a ceremonial official in the United Kingdom. The post dates from at least the 12th century, when the title was Keeper of the Coast, but may be older. The Lord Warden was originally in charge of the Cinque Ports, a group of five port towns on the southeast coast of England that was formed to collectively supply ships for The Crown in the absence at the time of a formal navy. Today the role is a sinecure and an honorary title, and fourteen towns belong to the Cinque Ports confederation. The title is one of the higher honours bestowed by the Sovereign; it has often been held by members of the Royal Family or prime ministers, especially those who have been influential in defending Britain at times of war.
2. Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007) births
  1. Caterina Bueno
    
    Caterina Bueno was an Italian singer and folk music historian.
3. Larry Coryell, American jazz guitarist (d. 2017) births
  1. Larry Coryell
    
    Larry Coryell was an American jazz guitarist.
4. Antonio Sabàto, Sr., Italian actor (d. 2021) births
  1. Antonio Sabàto Sr.
    
    Antonio Sabàto Sr. was an Italian-American film and television actor noted for extensive work in the Italian exploitation genre. He was the father of model and actor Antonio Sabàto Jr. and Simmone Sabàto. Among Sabàto's starring roles were parts in the Spaghetti Western films One Dollar Too Many and Due volte Giuda.
1942
1. Leon Russell, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2016) births
  1. Leon Russell
    
    Leon Russell was an American musician and songwriter who was involved with numerous bestselling records during his 60-year career that spanned multiple genres, including rock and roll, country, gospel, bluegrass, rhythm and blues, southern rock, blues rock, folk, surf and the Tulsa Sound.
2. Roshan Seth, Indian-English actor births
  1. Roshan Seth
    
    Roshan Seth OBE is a British-Indian actor, writer and theatre director who has worked in the United Kingdom, United States and India. He began his acting career in the early 1960s in the UK, but left acting the following decade and moved to India to work as a journalist. In the 1980s, he rose to prominence for his comeback performance as Jawaharlal Nehru in Richard Attenborough's Academy Award-winning film Gandhi, which brought him a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and reignited his interest in acting.
3. Édouard Estaunié, French novelist (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Édouard Estaunié
    
    Édouard Estaunié was a French novelist. Estaunié trained as a scientist and engineer, working at the Post and Telepgraph service and training further in Holland, before turning to the novel in 1891. In 1904, he devised the word "telecommunication". He was elected to the Académie française in 1923. He was also a reviewer, critic, and homme de lettres as well as a novelist.
1941
1. Dr. Demento, American radio host births
  1. Dr. Demento
    
    Barret Eugene Hansen, known professionally as Dr. Demento, is an American radio broadcaster and record collector specializing in novelty songs, comedy, and strange or unusual recordings dating from the early days of phonograph records to the present. Hansen created the Demento persona in 1970 while working at Pasadena, California, station KPPC-FM. He played "Transfusion" by Nervous Norvus on the radio, and DJ "The Obscene" Steven Clean said that Hansen had to be "demented" to play it, and the name stuck. His weekly show went into syndication in 1974 and was syndicated by the Westwood One Radio Network from 1978 to 1992. Broadcast syndication of the show ended on June 6, 2010, but the show continues to be produced weekly in an online version.
2. Sonny Throckmorton, American country singer-songwriter births
  1. Sonny Throckmorton
    
    James Fron "Sonny" Throckmorton is an American country music singer and songwriter. Known primarily for his songwriting, Throckmorton has had more than 1,000 of his songs recorded by various country singers. He has also had minor success as a recording artist, having released two major-label albums: The Last Cheater's Waltz in 1978 on Mercury Records and Southern Train in 1986 on Warner Bros. Records. Throckmorton is a member of the Nashville Songwriters' Hall of Fame, and has been awarded Songwriter of the Year by both Broadcast Music Incorporated and the Nashville Songwriters Association International.
1940
1. Donald Jackson, Canadian figure skater and coach births
  1. Donald Jackson (figure skater)
    
    Donald George Jackson, is a Canadian retired figure skater. He is the 1962 World Champion, four-time Canadian national champion, and 1960 Olympic bronze medallist. At the 1962 World Figure Skating Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia, he landed the first triple Lutz jump in international competition and won the world title.
2. Mike Hailwood, English motorcycle racer (d. 1981) births
  1. Mike Hailwood
    
    Stanley Michael Bailey Hailwood, was a British professional motorcycle racer and racing driver. He is regarded by many as one of the greatest racers of all time. He competed in the Grand Prix motorcycle world championships from 1958 to 1967 and in Formula One between 1963 and 1974. Hailwood was known as "Mike The Bike" because of his natural riding ability on motorcycles with a range of engine capacities.
3. Penelope Keith, English actress births
  1. Penelope Keith
    
    Dame Penelope Anne Constance Keith, is an English actress and presenter, active in film, radio, stage and television and primarily known for her roles in the British sitcoms The Good Life and To the Manor Born. She succeeded Lord Olivier as president of the Actors' Benevolent Fund after his death in 1989, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to the arts and to charity.
1939
1. Marvin Gaye, American singer-songwriter (d. 1984) births
  1. Marvin Gaye
    
    Marvin Pentz Gay Jr., who also spelled his surname as Gaye, was an American singer and songwriter. He helped to shape the sound of Motown in the 1960s, first as an in-house session player and later as a solo artist with a string of successes, earning him the nicknames "Prince of Motown" and "Prince of Soul".
2. Anthony Lake, American academic and diplomat, 18th United States National Security Advisor births
  1. Anthony Lake
    
    William Anthony Kirsopp Lake is an American diplomat and political advisor who served as the 17th United States National Security Advisor from 1993 to 1997 and as the 6th Executive Director of UNICEF from 2010 to 2017.
  2. National Security Advisor (United States)
    
    The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), commonly referred to as the National Security Advisor (NSA), is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President, based at the West Wing of the White House. The National Security Advisor serves as the principal advisor to the President of the United States on all national security issues. The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President and does not require confirmation by the United States Senate. An appointment of a three- or four-star General to the role requires Senate confirmation to maintain that rank in the new position. The National Security Advisor participates in meetings of the National Security Council (NSC) and usually chairs meetings of the Principals Committee of the NSC with the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense. The NSA also sits on the Homeland Security Council (HSC).The National Security Advisor is supported by NSC staff who produce classified research and briefings for the National Security Advisor to review and present, either to the National Security Council or directly to the President.
3. Lise Thibault, Canadian journalist and politician, 27th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec births
  1. Lise Thibault
    
    Lise Thibault is a Canadian politician who served as the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec from 1997 to 2007. She later spent six months in jail for misuse of public funds, which she was ordered to repay the government. As of 2022 she is the only Canadian vice-regal representative to have been incarcerated.
  2. Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
    
    The lieutenant governor of Quebec is the viceregal representative in Quebec of the Canadian monarch, King Charles III, who operates distinctly within the province but is also shared equally with the ten other jurisdictions of Canada, as well as the other Commonwealth realms and any subdivisions thereof, and resides predominantly in his oldest realm, the United Kingdom. The lieutenant governor of Quebec is appointed in the same manner as the other provincial viceroys in Canada and is similarly tasked with carrying out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties. The present and 29th lieutenant governor of Quebec is J. Michel Doyon, who has served in the role since September 24, 2015.
1938
1. John Larsson, Swedish 17th General of The Salvation Army births
  1. John Larsson
    
    John Alfred Larsson was a Swedish Salvationist, writer and composer of Christian music and hymns, who was the 17th General of The Salvation Army.
  2. General of The Salvation Army
    
    General is the title of the international leader and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers. The General is elected by the High Council of The Salvation Army and serves a term of five years, which may be extended to seven years. Brian Peddle, the current general, assumed the position in August 2018 upon the retirement of Andre Cox. The organisation's founder, William Booth, was the first and longest-serving general. There have been 21 generals as of 2018.
2. Booker Little, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1961) births
  1. Booker Little
    
    Booker Little Jr. was an American jazz trumpeter and composer. He appeared on many recordings in his short career, both as a sideman and as a leader. Little performed with Max Roach, John Coltrane, and Eric Dolphy and was strongly influenced by Sonny Rollins and Clifford Brown. He died aged 23.
3. Al Weis, American baseball player births
  1. Al Weis
    
    Albert John Weis is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as an infielder from 1962 to 1971 for the Chicago White Sox and the New York Mets. A light-hitting batter with only seven career home runs, he is notable for hitting a dramatic home run in Game 5 of the 1969 World Series. He was a switch hitter until the end of the 1968 season, after which he batted exclusively right-handed.
1937
1. Dick Radatz, American baseball player (d. 2005) births
  1. Dick Radatz
    
    Richard Raymond Radatz was an American relief pitcher in Major League Baseball. Nicknamed "The Monster", the 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m), 230 lb (100 kg) right-hander had a scorching but short-lived period of dominance for the Boston Red Sox in the early 1960s. He got his nickname by striking out several New York Yankees in a row at a game in Fenway Park in 1963.
1936
1. Shaul Ladany, Serbian-Israeli race walker and engineer births
  1. Shaul Ladany
    
    Shaul Paul Ladany is an Israeli Holocaust survivor, racewalker and two-time Olympian. He holds the world record in the 50-mile walk (7:23:50), and the Israeli national record in the 50-kilometer walk (4:17:07). He is a former world champion in the 100-kilometer walk.
2. Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne, French general (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne
    
    Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne was a general of artillery and a specialist in military engineering, one of the founders of modern French artillery and French military aviation, and the creator of the French tank arm. He is considered by many in France to be the Père des Chars.
1934
1. Paul Cohen, American mathematician and theorist (d. 2007) births
  1. Paul Cohen
    
    Paul Joseph Cohen was an American mathematician. He is best known for his proofs that the continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice are independent from Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, for which he was awarded a Fields Medal.
2. Brian Glover, English wrestler and actor (d. 1997) births
  1. Brian Glover
    
    Brian Glover was an English actor and writer. He worked as a teacher and professional wrestler before commencing an acting career which included films, many roles on British television and work on the stage. His film appearances include Kes (1969), An American Werewolf in London (1981) and Alien 3 (1992).
3. Carl Kasell, American journalist and game show host (d. 2018) births
  1. Carl Kasell
    
    Carl Ray Kasell was an American radio personality. He was a newscaster for National Public Radio, and later was the official judge and scorekeeper of the weekly news quiz show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! until his retirement in 2014.
4. Richard Portman, American sound engineer (d. 2017) births
  1. Richard Portman
    
    Richard Portman was an American sound engineer. He won an Academy Award for Best Sound and was nominated for ten more in the same category. He worked on more than 160 films between 1963 and 2004. Portman later taught at Florida State University; he died of complications after a fall.
5. Dovid Shmidel, Austrian-born Israeli rabbi births
  1. Dovid Shmidel
    
    Dovid Shmidel of Bnei Brak is a rabbi and the Chairman of Asra Kadisha. He was involved in struggles against excavations at various locations including at the Tomb of Maimonides in Tiberias in 1956 and at Israel's Highway 6; as well as at the disputed tomb of Antigonus II Mattathias in East Jerusalem. For an entire year, Shmidel was occupied with preserving the old Jewish cemetery in Egypt.
1933
1. György Konrád, Hungarian sociologist and author births
  1. György Konrád
    
    György (George) Konrád was a Hungarian novelist, pundit, essayist and sociologist known as an advocate of individual freedom.
2. Ranjitsinhji, Indian cricketer (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Ranjitsinhji
    
    Colonel H. H. Shri Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II, Jam Saheb of Nawanagar,, often known as Ranji or K. S. Ranjitsinhji, was the ruler of the Indian princely state of Nawanagar from 1907 to 1933, as Maharaja Jam Saheb, and a noted Test cricketer who played for the English cricket team. He also played first-class cricket for Cambridge University, and county cricket for Sussex.
1932
1. Edward Egan, American cardinal (d. 2015) births
  1. Edward Egan
    
    Edward Michael Egan was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Bridgeport in Connecticut from 1988 to 2000 and as archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York in New York City from 2000 to 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001.
1931
1. Keith Hitchins, American historian (d. 2020) births
  1. Keith Hitchins
    
    Keith Arnold Hitchins was an American historian and a professor of Eastern European history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, specializing in Romania and its history.
2. Vladimir Kuznetsov, Russian javelin thrower (d. 1986) births
  1. Vladimir Kuznetsov (javelin thrower)
    
    Vladimir Vasilyevich Kuznetsov was a Soviet Russian javelin thrower.
1930
1. Roddy Maude-Roxby, English actor births
  1. Roddy Maude-Roxby
    
    Roderick A. Maude-Roxby is a retired English actor. He has appeared in numerous films, such as Walt Disney's The Aristocats, where he voiced the greedy butler Edgar Balthazar ; Unconditional Love; and Clint Eastwood's White Hunter Black Heart, playing Thompson.
2. Zewditu I of Ethiopia (b. 1876) deaths
  1. Zewditu
    
    Zewditu was Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930. The first female head of an internationally recognized country in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the first and only empress regnant of the Ethiopian Empire, her reign was noted for the reforms of her Regent and designated heir Ras Tafari Makonnen, about which she was at best ambivalent and often stridently opposed, due to her staunch conservatism and strong religious devotion. She is the most recent empress regnant, as well as the last female Ethiopian head of state until the 2018 election of Sahle-Work Zewde as president.
1929
1. Ed Dorn, American poet and educator (d. 1999) births
  1. Ed Dorn
    
    Edward Merton Dorn was an American poet and teacher often associated with the Black Mountain poets. His most famous work is Gunslinger.
1928
1. Joseph Bernardin, American cardinal (d. 1996) births
  1. Joseph Bernardin
    
    Joseph Louis Bernardin was an American Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Cincinnati from 1972 until 1982, and as Archbishop of Chicago from 1982 until his death in 1996 from pancreatic cancer. Bernardin was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 by Pope John Paul II.
2. Serge Gainsbourg, French singer-songwriter, actor, and director (d. 1991) births
  1. Serge Gainsbourg
    
    Serge Gainsbourg was a French musician, singer-songwriter, actor, author and filmmaker. Regarded as one of the most important figures in French pop, he was renowned for often provocative and scandalous releases which caused uproar in France, dividing public opinion. His artistic output ranged from his early work in jazz, chanson, and yé-yé to later efforts in rock, zouk, funk, reggae, and electronica. Gainsbourg's varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorise, although his legacy has been firmly established and he is often regarded as one of the world's most influential popular musicians.
3. Roy Masters, English-American radio host (d. 2021) births
  1. Roy Masters (commentator)
    
    Roy Masters was an English-born American author, radio personality, businessman and hypnotist. He was the creator of a type of mindfulness meditation exercise, which has appeared in his books and recordings. Masters is the founder of the Oregon non-profit organization, the Foundation of Human Understanding. His forays into radio broadcasting included his own show, Advice Line, and the Talk Radio Network, a short-lived but popular conservative talk radio syndicator.
4. David Robinson, Northern Irish horticulturist and academic (d. 2004) births
  1. David Robinson (horticulturist)
    
    David Willis Robinson was a Northern Irish horticultural scientist who made contributions to the national and international fields of horticulture and agriculture, with more than 120 publications. After a working life in research, in retirement he became a journalist and television/radio presenter and a leader of gardening tours. He cultivated and managed the Earlscliffe Gardens at the Baily, Howth, County Dublin, Ireland.
5. Theodore William Richards, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868) deaths
  1. Theodore William Richards
    
    Theodore William Richards was the first American scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, earning the award "in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic weights of a large number of the chemical elements."
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1927
1. Carmen Basilio, American boxer and soldier (d. 2012) births
  1. Carmen Basilio
    
    Carmen Basilio was an American professional boxer who was the world champion in both the welterweight and middleweight divisions, beating Sugar Ray Robinson for the latter title. An iron-chinned pressure fighter, Basilio was a combination puncher who had great stamina and eventually wore many of his opponents down with vicious attacks to the head and body.
2. Howard Callaway, American soldier and politician, 11th United States Secretary of the Army (d. 2014) births
  1. Bo Callaway
    
    Howard Hollis Callaway was an American businessman and politician. He served as a Republican member for the 3rd district of Georgia of the United States House of Representatives. He also served as the 11th United States Secretary of the Army.
  2. United States Secretary of the Army
    
    The secretary of the Army is a senior civilian official within the United States Department of Defense, with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army: manpower, personnel, reserve affairs, installations, environmental issues, weapons systems and equipment acquisition, communications and financial management.
3. Rita Gam, American actress (d. 2016) births
  1. Rita Gam
    
    Rita Gam was an American film and television actress and documentary filmmaker. She won the Silver Bear for Best Actress.
4. Billy Pierce, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2015) births
  1. Billy Pierce
    
    Walter William Pierce was an American starting pitcher in Major League Baseball between 1945 and 1964 who played most of his career for the Chicago White Sox. He was the team's star pitcher in the decade from 1952 to 1961, when they posted the third best record in the major leagues, and received the Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award for the American League (AL) in 1956 and 1957 after being runner-up in both 1953 and 1955. A seven-time All-Star, he led the American League (AL) in complete games three times despite his slight build, and in wins, earned run average (ERA) and strikeouts once each. He pitched four one-hitters and seven two-hitters in his career, and on June 27, 1958 came within one batter of becoming the first left-hander in 78 years to throw a perfect game.
5. Kenneth Tynan, English author and critic (d. 1980) births
  1. Kenneth Tynan
    
    Kenneth Peacock Tynan was an English theatre critic and writer. Making his initial impact as a critic at The Observer, he praised Osborne's Look Back in Anger (1956), and encouraged the emerging wave of British theatrical talent. In 1963, Tynan was appointed as the new National Theatre Company's literary manager.
1926
1. Jack Brabham, Australian race car driver (d. 2014) births
  1. Jack Brabham
    
    Sir John Arthur Brabham was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One World Champion in 1959, 1960, and 1966. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name.
2. Rudra Rajasingham, Sri Lankan police officer and diplomat (d. 2006) births
  1. Rudra Rajasingham
    
    Rudra Srichandra Rajasingham was a Sri Lankan police officer and diplomat. He was the Inspector General of Police and Sri Lankan Ambassador to Indonesia.
1925
1. George MacDonald Fraser, Scottish author and screenwriter (d. 2008) births
  1. George MacDonald Fraser
    
    George MacDonald Fraser was a British author and screenwriter. He is best known for a series of works that featured the character Flashman.
2. Hans Rosenthal, German radio and television host (d. 1987) births
  1. Hans Rosenthal
    
    Hans Rosenthal was a radio editor, director, and one of the most popular German radio and television hosts of the 1970s and 1980s.
1924
1. Bobby Ávila, Mexican baseball player (d. 2004) births
  1. Bobby Ávila
    
    Roberto Francisco Ávila González, known as "Beto" in Mexico and as "Bobby" in the United States, was a Mexican professional baseball second baseman.
1923
1. Gloria Henry, American actress (d. 2021) births
  1. Gloria Henry
    
    Gloria Henry was an American actress, best known for her role as Alice Mitchell, Dennis' mother, from 1959 to 1963 on the CBS family sitcom Dennis the Menace.
2. Johnny Paton, Scottish footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2015) births
  1. Johnny Paton
    
    John Aloysius Paton was a Scottish professional football player, manager, coach, scout and later a professional snooker referee. He began his career in Scotland with Celtic and played in the Football League for Chelsea, Brentford and Watford. Paton later managed Watford and Arsenal 'A'.
3. G. Spencer-Brown, English mathematician, psychologist, and author (d. 2016) births
  1. G. Spencer-Brown
    
    George Spencer-Brown was an English polymath best known as the author of Laws of Form. He described himself as a "mathematician, consulting engineer, psychologist, educational consultant and practitioner, consulting psychotherapist, author, and poet".
4. Topal Osman, Turkish colonel (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Topal Osman
    
    Hacı Topal Osman Ağa was a Turkish officer, a militia leader of the National Forces, a volunteer regiment commander of the Turkish army during the Turkish War of Independence who eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and was a perpetrator of the Armenian and Pontic genocides.
1922
1. John C. Whitehead, American banker and politician, 9th United States Deputy Secretary of State (d. 2015) births
  1. John C. Whitehead
    
    John Cunningham Whitehead was an American banker and civil servant, a board member of the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, and, until his resignation in May 2006, chairman of the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.
  2. United States Deputy Secretary of State
    
    The deputy secretary of state of the United States is the principal deputy to the secretary of state. The current deputy secretary of state is Wendy Ruth Sherman, serving since April 2021 under secretary of state Antony Blinken. If the secretary of state resigns or dies, the deputy secretary of state becomes acting secretary of state until the president nominates and the Senate confirms a replacement. The position was created in 1972. Prior to July 13, 1972, the under secretary of state had been the second ranking officer of the Department of State. The position is currently held by Wendy Sherman.
1920
1. Gerald Bouey, Canadian lieutenant and civil servant (d. 2004) births
  1. Gerald Bouey
    
    Gerald Keith Bouey, was the fourth Governor of the Bank of Canada from 1973 to 1987, succeeding Louis Rasminsky. He was succeeded by John Crow.
2. Jack Stokes, English animator and director (d. 2013) births
  1. Jack Stokes (director)
    
    John Albert Stokes was a British animation director best known for his work on the 1968 Beatles film Yellow Submarine.
3. Jack Webb, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1982) births
  1. Jack Webb
    
    John Randolph Webb was an American actor, television producer, director, and screenwriter, who is most famous for his role as Sgt. Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise, which he created. He was also the founder of his own production company, Mark VII Limited.
1919
1. Delfo Cabrera, Argentinian runner and soldier (d. 1981) births
  1. Delfo Cabrera
    
    Delfo Cabrera Gómez was an Argentine athlete, winner of the marathon race at the 1948 Summer Olympics in one of the most dramatic finishes in athletics history.
1917
1. Bryn Lewis, Welsh international rugby player (b.1891) deaths
  1. Bryn Lewis
    
    Major Brinley Lewis, known as Bryn Lewis, was a Welsh international rugby union wing who played club rugby for Newport and Cambridge University. He is one of twelve Welsh internationals to have died in active duty during World War I.
1914
1. Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000) births
  1. Alec Guinness
    
    Sir Alec Guinness was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, Guinness was featured in several of the Ealing comedies, including Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), in which he played nine different characters, The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), for which he received his first Academy Award nomination, and The Ladykillers (1955). He collaborated six times with director David Lean: Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations (1946), Fagin in Oliver Twist (1948), Col. Nicholson in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), for which he won both the Academy Award for Best Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor, Prince Faisal in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), General Yevgraf Zhivago in Doctor Zhivago (1965), and Professor Godbole in A Passage to India (1984). In 1970 he played Jacob Marley's ghost in Ronald Neame's Scrooge. He also portrayed Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas's original Star Wars trilogy; for the original 1977 film, he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 50th Academy Awards.
2. Paul Heyse, German author, poet, and translator, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830) deaths
  1. Paul Heyse
    
    Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse was a distinguished German writer and translator. A member of two important literary societies, the Tunnel über der Spree in Berlin and Die Krokodile in Munich, he wrote novels, poetry, 177 short stories, and about sixty dramas. The sum of Heyse's many and varied productions made him a dominant figure among German men of letters. He was awarded the 1910 Nobel Prize in Literature "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories." Wirsen, one of the Nobel judges, said that "Germany has not had a greater literary genius since Goethe." Heyse is the fifth oldest laureate in literature, after Alice Munro, Jaroslav Seifert, Theodor Mommsen and Doris Lessing.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1910
1. Paul Triquet, Canadian general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1980) births
  1. Paul Triquet
    
    Brigadier-General Paul Triquet, born in Cabano, Quebec, was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Triquet held the rank of captain at the time of his VC award, and went on to achieve the rank of brigadier-general.
  2. Victoria Cross
    
    The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded by countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. No civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two-thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. The investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.
2. Chico Xavier, Brazilian spiritual medium (d. 2002) births
  1. Chico Xavier
    
    Chico Xavier or Francisco Cândido Xavier, born Francisco de Paula Cândido, was a popular Brazilian philanthropist and spiritist medium. During a period of 60 years he wrote over 490 books and several thousand letters claiming to use a process known as "psychography". Books based on old letters and manuscripts were published posthumously, bringing the total number of books to 496.
1908
1. Buddy Ebsen, American actor and dancer (d. 2003) births
  1. Buddy Ebsen
    
    Buddy Ebsen, also known as Frank "Buddy" Ebsen, was an American actor and dancer, whose career spanned seven decades. One of his most famous roles was as Jed Clampett in the CBS television sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–1971); afterwards he starred as the title character in the television detective drama Barnaby Jones (1973–1980).
1907
1. Harald Andersson, American-Swedish discus thrower (d. 1985) births
  1. Harald Andersson
    
    Harald "Slaktarn" Andersson was a Swedish discus thrower. In 1934 he won a European title and held the world record for eight months. The same year he was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal.
2. Luke Appling, American baseball player and manager (d. 1991) births
  1. Luke Appling
    
    Lucius Benjamin "Luke" Appling, nicknamed "Old Aches and Pains" was an American shortstop in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Chicago White Sox (1930–1950). He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964.
1906
1. Alphonse-Marie Parent, Canadian priest and educator (d. 1970) births
  1. Alphonse-Marie Parent
    
    Alphonse-Marie Parent, was a Canadian priest, educator and academic administrator. He is best known for having given his name to the Parent Report on the reform of Quebec's education system.
1903
1. Lionel Chevrier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Justice (d. 1987) births
  1. Lionel Chevrier
    
    Lionel Chevrier, was a Canadian Member of Parliament and cabinet minister.
  2. Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
    
    The minister of justice and attorney general of Canada is a dual-role portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet.
1902
1. Jan Tschichold, German-Swiss graphic designer and typographer (d. 1974) births
  1. Jan Tschichold
    
    Jan Tschichold was a German calligrapher, typographer and book designer. He played a significant role in the development of graphic design in the 20th century – first, by developing and promoting principles of typographic modernism, and subsequently idealizing conservative typographic structures. His direction of the visual identity of Penguin Books in the decade following World War II served as a model for the burgeoning design practice of planning corporate identity programs. He also designed the typeface Sabon.
2. Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe (d. 1994) births
  1. Menachem Mendel Schneerson
    
    Menachem Mendel Schneerson, known to many as the Lubavitcher Rebbe or simply the Rebbe, was a Russian Empire-born American Orthodox rabbi, the most recent Rebbe of the Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty and an electrical engineer. He is considered one of the most influential Jewish leaders of the 20th century.
  2. Chabad
    
    Chabad, also known as Lubavitch, Habad and Chabad-Lubavitch, is an Orthodox Jewish Hasidic dynasty. Chabad is one of the world's best-known Hasidic movements, particularly for its outreach activities. It is one of the largest Hasidic groups and Jewish religious organizations in the world. Unlike most Haredi groups, which are self-segregating, Chabad operates mainly in the wider world and caters to secularized Jews.
  3. Rebbe
    
    A Rebbe or Admor is the spiritual leader in the Hasidic movement, and the personalities of its dynasties. The titles of Rebbe and Admor, which used to be a general honor title even before the beginning of the movement, became, over time, almost exclusively identified with its Tzaddikim.
1900
1. Roberto Arlt, Argentinian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1942) births
  1. Roberto Arlt
    
    Roberto Arlt was an Argentine novelist, storyteller, playwright, journalist and inventor.
2. Anis Fuleihan, Cypriot-American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1970) births
  1. Anis Fuleihan
    
    Anis Fuleihan was a Cypriot-born American composer, conductor and pianist.
3. Alfred Strange, English footballer (d. 1978) births
  1. Alfred Strange
    
    Alfred Henry Strange was an English footballer who played most of his career as a half back with Sheffield Wednesday. He won 20 caps for England, including three as captain.
1898
1. Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990) births
  1. Harindranath Chattopadhyay
    
    Harindranath Chattopadhyay was an Indian English poet, dramatist, actor, musician and a member of the 1st Lok Sabha from Vijayawada constituency. He was the younger brother of Sarojini Naidu, the second woman President of the Indian National Congress and first Indian woman to hold the position, and Virendranath Chattopadhyay, an international communist revolutionary. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 1973.
2. Chiungtze C. Tsen, Chinese mathematician (d. 1940) births
  1. Chiungtze C. Tsen
    
    Chiungtze C. Tsen, given name Chiung, was a Chinese mathematician born in Nanchang, Jiangxi. He is known for his work in algebra. He was one of Emmy Noether's students at the University of Göttingen.
1896
1. Johnny Golden, American golfer (d. 1936) births
  1. Johnny Golden
    
    Johnny Golden was an American professional golfer.
2. Theodore Robinson, American painter and academic (b. 1852) deaths
  1. Theodore Robinson
    
    Theodore Robinson was an American painter best known for his Impressionist landscapes. He was one of the first American artists to take up Impressionism in the late 1880s, visiting Giverny and developing a close friendship with Claude Monet. Several of his works are considered masterpieces of American Impressionism.
1894
1. Achille Vianelli, Italian painter and academic (b. 1803) deaths
  1. Achille Vianelli
    
    Achille Vianelli or Vianelly was an Italian painter of landscapes with genre scenes, often in watercolor.
1891
1. Jack Buchanan, Scottish entertainer (d. 1957) births
  1. Jack Buchanan
    
    Walter John Buchanan was a Scottish theatre and film actor, singer, dancer, producer and director. He was known for three decades as the embodiment of the debonair man-about-town in the tradition of George Grossmith Jr., and was described by The Times as "the last of the knuts." He is best known in America for his role in the classic Hollywood musical The Band Wagon in 1953.
2. Max Ernst, German painter, sculptor, and poet (d. 1976) births
  1. Max Ernst
    
    Max Ernst was a German painter, sculptor, printmaker, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and Surrealism in Europe. He had no formal artistic training, but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of textured objects and relief surfaces to create images—and grattage, an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath. Ernst is noted for his unconventional drawing methods as well as for creating novels and pamphlets using the method of collages. He served as a soldier for four years during World War I, and this experience left him shocked, traumatised and critical of the modern world. During World War II was designated an "undesirable foreigner" while living in France. He died in Paris on 1 April 1976.
3. Tristão de Bragança Cunha, Indian nationalist and anti-colonial activist from Goa (d. 1958) births
  1. Tristão de Bragança Cunha
    
    Tristão de Bragança Cunha, alternatively spelled as Tristao de Braganza Cunha, popularly known as T B Cunha was a prominent Indian nationalist and anti-colonial activist from Goa. He is popularly known as the "Father of Goan nationalism", and was the organiser of the first movement to end Portuguese rule in Goa.
  2. Goa
    
    Goa is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is located between the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its western coast. It is India's smallest state by area and its fourth-smallest by population. Goa has the highest GDP per capita among all Indian states, two and a half times as high as the GDP per capita of the country as a whole. The Eleventh Finance Commission of India named Goa the best-placed state because of its infrastructure, and India's National Commission on Population rated it as having the best quality of life in India. It is the third-highest ranking among Indian states in the human development index.
4. Albert Pike, American lawyer and general (b. 1809) deaths
  1. Albert Pike
    
    Albert Pike was an American author, poet, orator, editor, lawyer, jurist and Confederate general who served as an associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court in exile from 1864 to 1865. He had previously served as a senior officer of the Confederate States Army, commanding the District of Indian Territory in the Trans-Mississippi Theater. A prominent member of the Freemasons, Pike served as the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council, Scottish Rite from 1859 to 1889.
5. Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Greek playwright and politician, 249th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1823) deaths
  1. Ahmed Vefik Pasha
    
    Ahmed Vefik Pasha was an Ottoman statesman, diplomat, scholar, playwright, and translator during the Tanzimat and First Constitutional Era periods. He was commissioned with top-rank governmental duties, including presiding over the first Ottoman Parliament in 1877. He also served as Grand Vizier for two brief periods. Vefik also established the first Ottoman theatre and initiated the first Western style theatre plays in Bursa and translated Molière's major works. His portrait was depicted on a former Turkish postcard stamp.
  2. List of Ottoman grand viziers
    
    The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
1888
1. Neville Cardus, English cricket and music writer (d. 1975) births
  1. Neville Cardus
    
    Sir John Frederick Neville Cardus, CBE was an English writer and critic. From an impoverished home background, and mainly self-educated, he became The Manchester Guardian's cricket correspondent in 1919 and its chief music critic in 1927, holding the two posts simultaneously until 1940. His contributions to these two distinct fields in the years before the Second World War established his reputation as one of the foremost critics of his generation.
1884
1. J. C. Squire, English poet, author, and historian (d. 1958) births
  1. J. C. Squire
    
    Sir John Collings Squire was a British writer, most notable as editor of the London Mercury, a major literary magazine in the interwar period. He antagonised several eminent authors, but attracted a coterie that was dubbed the Squirearchy. He was also a poet and historian, who captained a famous literary cricket-team called the Invalids.
1875
1. Walter Chrysler, American businessman, founded Chrysler (d. 1940) births
  1. Walter Chrysler
    
    Walter Percy Chrysler was an American industrial pioneer in the automotive industry, American automotive industry executive and the founder and namesake of American Chrysler Corporation.
  2. Chrysler
    
    Stellantis North America ) is one of the "Big Three" automobile manufacturers in the United States, headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan. It is the American subsidiary of the multinational automotive company Stellantis. In addition to the Chrysler brand, Stellantis North America sells vehicles worldwide under the Dodge, Jeep, and Ram nameplates. It also includes Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its performance automobile division.
2. William Donne, English cricketer and captain (d. 1942) births
  1. William Donne (cricketer)
    
    William Stephens Donne was an English cricket player, and former president of the Rugby Football Union, and was a member of the cricket team that won a gold medal at the 1900 Summer Olympics.
1872
1. Samuel Morse, American painter and academic, invented the Morse code (b. 1791) deaths
  1. Samuel Morse
    
    Samuel Finley Breese Morse was an American inventor and painter. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of Morse code and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.
  2. Morse code
    
    Morse code is a method used in telecommunication to encode text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs. Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the inventors of the telegraph.
1869
1. Hughie Jennings, American baseball player and manager (d. 1928) births
  1. Hughie Jennings
    
    Hugh Ambrose Jennings was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager from 1891 to 1925. Jennings was a leader, both as a batter and as a shortstop, with the Baltimore Orioles teams that won National League championships in 1894, 1895, and 1896. During those three seasons, Jennings had 355 runs batted in and hit .335, .386, and .401.
1865
1. A. P. Hill, American general (b. 1825) deaths
  1. A. P. Hill
    
    Ambrose Powell Hill Jr. was a Confederate general who was killed in the American Civil War. He is usually referred to as A. P. Hill to differentiate him from another, unrelated Confederate general, Daniel Harvey Hill.
1862
1. Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947) births
  1. Nicholas Murray Butler
    
    Nicholas Murray Butler was an American philosopher, diplomat, and educator. Butler was president of Columbia University, president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, and the deceased James S. Sherman's replacement as William Howard Taft’s running mate in the 1912 United States presidential election. He became so well known and respected that The New York Times printed his Christmas greeting to the nation every year.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1861
1. Iván Persa, Slovenian priest and author (d. 1935) births
  1. Iván Persa
    
    Iván Persa was a Hungarian Slovene Roman Catholic priest and writer.
1845
1. Philip Charles Durham, Scottish admiral and politician (b. 1763) deaths
  1. Philip Charles Durham
    
    Admiral Sir Philip Charles Henderson Calderwood Durham, GCB was a Royal Navy officer whose service in the American War of Independence, French Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars was lengthy, distinguished and at times controversial.
1842
1. Dominic Savio, Italian Catholic saint, adolescent student of Saint John Bosco (d. 1857) births
  1. Dominic Savio
    
    Dominic Savio was an Italian student of John Bosco. He was studying to be a priest when he became ill and died at the age of 14, possibly from pleurisy. He was noted for his piety and devotion to the Catholic faith, and was canonized a saint by Pope Pius XII in 1954.
  2. John Bosco
    
    John Melchior Bosco, popularly known as Don Bosco [ˈdɔm ˈbɔsko, bo-], was an Italian Catholic priest, educator, writer and saint of the 19th century. While working in Turin, where the population suffered many of the ill-effects of industrialization and urbanization, he dedicated his life to the betterment and education of street children, juvenile delinquents, and other disadvantaged youth. He developed teaching methods based on love rather than punishment, a method that became known as the Salesian Preventive System.
1841
1. Clément Ader, French engineer, designed the Ader Avion III (d. 1926) births
  1. Clément Ader
    
    Clément Ader was a French inventor and engineer who was born near Toulouse in Muret, Haute-Garonne, and died in Toulouse. He is remembered primarily for his pioneering work in aviation. In 1870 he was also one of the pioneers in the sport of cycling in France.
  2. Ader Avion III
    
    The Avion III was a steam-powered aircraft built by Clément Ader between 1892 and 1897, financed by the French War Office.
1840
1. Émile Zola, French novelist, playwright, journalist (d. 1902) births
  1. Émile Zola
    
    Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in his renowned newspaper opinion headlined J'Accuse…! Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902.
1838
1. Léon Gambetta, French lawyer and politician, 45th Prime Minister of France (d. 1882) births
  1. Léon Gambetta
    
    Léon Gambetta was a French lawyer and republican politician who proclaimed the French Third Republic in 1870 and played a prominent role in its early government.
  2. Prime Minister of France
    
    The prime minister of France, officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
1835
1. Jacob Nash Victor, American engineer (d. 1907) births
  1. Jacob Nash Victor
    
    Jacob Nash Victor, son of Henry Clay Victor and Gertrude Nash, was a civil engineer who worked as General Manager of the California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Victor oversaw the construction in the early 1880s of the California Southern between Colton and Barstow, California, including the section that is now one of the busiest rail freight routes in the United States, Cajon Pass.
1827
1. William Holman Hunt, English soldier and painter (d. 1910) births
  1. William Holman Hunt
    
    William Holman Hunt was an English painter and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. His paintings were notable for their great attention to detail, vivid colour, and elaborate symbolism. These features were influenced by the writings of John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, according to whom the world itself should be read as a system of visual signs. For Hunt it was the duty of the artist to reveal the correspondence between sign and fact. Of all the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Hunt remained most true to their ideals throughout his career. He was always keen to maximise the popular appeal and public visibility of his works.
2. Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, German physician and educator (b. 1776) deaths
  1. Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus
    
    Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus was a German physician and naturalist who spent most of his active career teaching at Vilnius University in Tsarist Russia.
1817
1. Johann Heinrich Jung, German author and academic (b. 1740) deaths
  1. Johann Heinrich Jung
    
    Johann Heinrich Jung, better known by his assumed name Heinrich Stilling, was a German author.
1814
1. Henry L. Benning, American general and judge (d. 1875) births
  1. Henry L. Benning
    
    Henry Lewis Benning was a general in the Confederate States Army. He also was a lawyer, legislator, and judge on the Georgia Supreme Court. He commanded "Benning's Brigade" during the American Civil War. Following the Confederacy's defeat at the end of the war, he returned to his native Georgia, where he lived out the rest of his life. Fort Benning is named after him.
2. Erastus Brigham Bigelow, American inventor (d. 1879) births
  1. Erastus Brigham Bigelow
    
    Erastus Brigham Bigelow was an American inventor of weaving machines.
1805
1. Hans Christian Andersen, Danish novelist, short story writer, and poet (d. 1875) births
  1. Hans Christian Andersen
    
    Hans Christian Andersen was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales.
1803
1. Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet, Scottish judge and politician (b. 1721) deaths
  1. Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet
    
    Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet Stanhope, FRSE was a Scottish advocate, judge, country landowner, agriculturalist and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1766 to 1775. In 1783 he was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
1801
1. Thomas Dadford, Jr., English engineer (b. 1761) deaths
  1. Thomas Dadford Jr.
    
    Thomas Dadford Jr. was an English canal engineer, who came from a family of canal engineers. He first worked with his father in the north of Britain on the Stour and the Trent, but later independently, contributing to a number of canal schemes, mainly in Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire but also in Montgomeryshire and Ellesmere, before dying at the age of 40.
1798
1. August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet and academic (d. 1874) births
  1. August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben
    
    August Heinrich Hoffmann was a German poet. He is best known for writing "Das Lied der Deutschen", whose third stanza is now the national anthem of Germany, and a number of popular children's songs, considered part of the Young Germany movement.
1792
1. Francisco de Paula Santander, Colombian general and politician, 4th President of the Republic of the New Granada (d. 1840) births
  1. Francisco de Paula Santander
    
    Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña, was a Colombian military and political leader during the 1810–1819 independence war of the United Provinces of New Granada. He was the acting President of Gran Colombia between 1819 and 1826, and later elected by Congress as the President of the Republic of New Granada between 1832 and 1837. Santander came to be known as "The Man of the Laws".
  2. President of Colombia
    
    The president of Colombia, officially known as the president of the Republic of Colombia or president of the nation is the head of state and head of government of Colombia. The office of president was established upon the ratification of the Constitution of 1819, by the Congress of Angostura, convened in December 1819, when Colombia was the "Gran Colombia". The first president, General Simón Bolívar, took office in 1819. His position, initially self-proclaimed, was subsequently ratified by Congress.
1791
1. Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, French journalist and politician (b. 1749) deaths
  1. Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
    
    Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Count of Mirabeau was a leader of the early stages of the French Revolution. A noble, he had been involved in numerous scandals before the start of the Revolution in 1789 that had left his reputation in ruins. Nonetheless, he rose to the top of the French political hierarchy in the years 1789–1791 and acquired the reputation of a voice of the people. A successful orator, he was the leader of the moderate position among revolutionaries by favoring a constitutional monarchy built on the model of Great Britain. When he died, he was a great national hero, even though support for his moderate position was slipping away. The later discovery that he was in the pay of King Louis XVI and the Austrian enemies of France beginning in 1790 brought him into posthumous disgrace. Historians are deeply split on whether he was a great leader who almost saved the nation from the Terror, a venal demagogue lacking political or moral values, or a traitor in the pay of the enemy.
1789
1. Lucio Norberto Mansilla, Argentinian general and politician (d. 1871) births
  1. Lucio Norberto Mansilla
    
    Lucio Norberto Mansilla was an Argentine soldier and politician. He was the first governor of the Entre Ríos Province and fought in the battle of Vuelta de Obligado.
1788
1. Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet and author (d. 1862) births
  1. Francisco Balagtas
    
    Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz, commonly known as Francisco Balagtas and also as Francisco Baltasar, was a Filipino Tagalog litterateur and poet during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is widely considered one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his impact on Filipino literature. The famous epic Florante at Laura is regarded as his defining work.
2. Wilhelmine Reichard, German balloonist (d. 1848) births
  1. Wilhelmine Reichard
    
    Johanne Wilhelmine Siegmundine Reichard was the first German female balloonist.
1787
1. Thomas Gage, English general and politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1719) deaths
  1. Thomas Gage
    
    General Thomas Gage was a British Army general officer and colonial official best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as British commander-in-chief in the early days of the American Revolution.
  2. List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
    
    The territory of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the fifty United States, was settled in the 17th century by several different English colonies. The territories claimed or administered by these colonies encompassed a much larger area than that of the modern state, and at times included areas that are now within the jurisdiction of other New England states or of the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Some colonial land claims extended all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
1754
1. Thomas Carte, English historian and author (b. 1686) deaths
  1. Thomas Carte
    
    Thomas or John Carte (1686–1754) was an English historian with Jacobite sympathies, who served as a Church of England clergyman.
1747
1. Johann Jacob Dillenius, German-English botanist and mycologist (b. 1684) deaths
  1. Johann Jacob Dillenius
    
    Johann Jacob Dillen Dillenius was a German botanist. He is known for his Hortus Elthamensis on the rare plants around Eltham, London, and for his Historia muscorum, a natural history of lower plants including mosses, liverworts, hornworts, lycopods, algae, lichens and fungi.
1742
1. James Douglas, Scottish physician and anatomist (b. 1675) deaths
  1. James Douglas (physician)
    
    James Douglas was a Scottish physician and anatomist, and Physician Extraordinary to Queen Caroline.
1725
1. Giacomo Casanova, Italian explorer and author (d. 1798) births
  1. Giacomo Casanova
    
    Giacomo Girolamo Casanova was an Italian adventurer and author from the Republic of Venice. His autobiography, Histoire de ma vie, is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of information about the customs and norms of European social life during the 18th century.
1720
1. Joseph Dudley, English politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1647) deaths
  1. Joseph Dudley
    
    Joseph Dudley was a colonial administrator, a native of Roxbury in Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the son of one of its founders. He had a leading role in the administration of the Dominion of New England (1686–1689) which was overthrown in the 1689 Boston revolt. He served briefly on the council of the Province of New York where he oversaw the trial which convicted Jacob Leisler, the ringleader of Leisler's Rebellion. He then spent eight years in England in the 1690s as Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight, including one year as a Member of Parliament for Newtown. In 1702, he returned to New England after being appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and Province of New Hampshire, posts that he held until 1715.
  2. List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
    
    The territory of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the fifty United States, was settled in the 17th century by several different English colonies. The territories claimed or administered by these colonies encompassed a much larger area than that of the modern state, and at times included areas that are now within the jurisdiction of other New England states or of the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Some colonial land claims extended all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
1719
1. Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (d. 1803) births
  1. Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim
    
    Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim was a German poet, commonly associated with the Enlightenment movement.
1696
1. Francesca Cuzzoni, Italian operatic soprano (d. 1778) births
  1. Francesca Cuzzoni
    
    Francesca Cuzzoni was an Italian operatic soprano of the Baroque era.
1672
1. Pedro Calungsod, Filipino missionary and saint (b. 1654) deaths
  1. Pedro Calungsod
    
    Pedro Calungsod, also known as Peter Calungsod and Pedro Calonsor, was a Catholic Filipino-Visayan migrant, sacristan and missionary catechist who, along with the Spanish Jesuit missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores, suffered religious persecution and martyrdom in Guam for their missionary work in 1672.
2. Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1627) deaths
  1. Diego Luis de San Vitores
    
    Diego Luis de San Vitores, SJ was a Spanish Jesuit missionary who founded the first Catholic church on the island of Guam. He is responsible for establishing the Christian presence in the Mariana Islands. He is a controversial figure today due to his role in starting the Spanish-Chamorro Wars.
1657
1. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1608) deaths
  1. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Ferdinand III was from 1621 Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary from 1625, King of Croatia and Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 until his death in 1657.
2. Jean-Jacques Olier, French priest, founded the Society of Saint-Sulpice (b. 1608) deaths
  1. Jean-Jacques Olier
    
    Jean-Jacques Olier, S.S. was a French Catholic priest and the founder of the Sulpicians. He also helped to establish the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal, which organized the settlement of a new town called Ville-Marie in the colony of New France.
  2. Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice
    
    The Society of Priests of Saint-Sulpice, abbreviated PSS also known as the Sulpicians is a society of apostolic life of Pontifical Right for men, named after the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, where it was founded. The members of the Society add the nominal letters PSS after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. Typically, priests become members of the Society of the Priests of St. Sulpice only after ordination and some years of pastoral work. The purpose of the society is mainly the education of priests and to some extent parish work. As their main role is the education of those preparing to become priests, Sulpicians place great emphasis on the academic and spiritual formation of their own members, who commit themselves to undergoing lifelong development in these areas. The Society is divided into three provinces, operating in various countries: the Province of France, Canada, and the United States.
1653
1. Prince George of Denmark (d. 1708) births
  1. Prince George of Denmark
    
    Prince George of Denmark was the husband of Anne, Queen of Great Britain. He was the consort of the British monarch from Anne's accession on 8 March 1702 until his death in 1708.
1647
1. Maria Sibylla Merian, German-Dutch botanist and illustrator (d. 1717) births
  1. Maria Sibylla Merian
    
    Maria Sibylla Merian was a German naturalist and scientific illustrator. She was one of the earliest European naturalists to observe insects directly. Merian was a descendant of the Frankfurt branch of the Swiss Merian family.
1640
1. Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Polish author and poet (b. 1595) deaths
  1. Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski
    
    Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, was Europe's most prominent Latin poet of the 17th century, and a renowned theoretician of poetics.
1618
1. Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1663) births
  1. Francesco Maria Grimaldi
    
    Francesco Maria Grimaldi, SJ was an Italian Jesuit priest, mathematician and physicist who taught at the Jesuit college in Bologna. He was born in Bologna to Paride Grimaldi and Anna Cattani.
1602
1. Mary of Jesus of Ágreda, Franciscan abbess (d. 1665) births
  1. Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
    
    Mary of Jesus of Ágreda , OIC, also known as the Abbess of Ágreda, was a Franciscan abbess and spiritual writer, known especially for her extensive correspondence with King Philip IV of Spain and reports of her bilocation between Spain and its colonies in New Spain. She was a noted mystic of her era.
1586
1. Pietro Della Valle, Italian traveler (d. 1652) births
  1. Pietro Della Valle
    
    Pietro Della Valle was an Italian composer, musicologist, and author who travelled throughout Asia during the Renaissance period. His travels took him to the Holy Land, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and as far as India.
1565
1. Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599) births
  1. Cornelis de Houtman
    
    Cornelis de Houtman was a Dutch merchant seaman who commanded the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies. Although the voyage was difficult and yielded only a modest profit, Houtman showed that the Portuguese monopoly on the spice trade was vulnerable. A flurry of Dutch trading voyages followed, eventually leading to the displacement of the Portuguese and the establishment of a Dutch monopoly on spice trading in the East Indies.
1545
1. Elisabeth of Valois (d. 1568) births
  1. Elisabeth of Valois
    
    Elisabeth of France or Elisabeth of Valois was Queen of Spain as the third spouse of Philip II of Spain. She was the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.
1511
1. Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, German nobleman (b. 1428) deaths
  1. Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe
    
    Bernard VII of Lippe was the ruler of the Lordship of Lippe from 1429 until his death. Because of the many bloody feuds in which he was involved, he was nicknamed "the Bellicose". He is the longest-ever ruling European nobleman.
1507
1. Francis of Paola, Italian friar and saint, founded the Order of the Minims (b. 1416) deaths
  1. Francis of Paola
    
    Francis of Paola, O.M., was an Italian mendicant friar and the founder of the Roman Catholic Order of Minims. Unlike the majority of founders of men's religious orders, and like his patron saint, Francis was never ordained a priest.
  2. Minims (religious order)
    
    The Minims, officially known as the Order of Minims, are a Roman Catholic religious order of friars founded by Saint Francis of Paola in fifteenth-century Italy. The order soon spread to France, Germany and Spain, and continues to exist today.
1502
1. Arthur, prince of Wales (b. 1486) deaths
  1. Arthur, Prince of Wales
    
    Arthur, Prince of Wales, was the eldest son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. He was Duke of Cornwall from birth, and he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1489. As the heir apparent of his father, Arthur was viewed by contemporaries as the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Edward IV, and his birth cemented the union between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
1473
1. John Corvinus, Hungarian noble (d. 1504) births
  1. John Corvinus
    
    John Corvinus was the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and his mistress, Barbara Edelpöck.
1416
1. Ferdinand I, king of Aragon (b. 1379) deaths
  1. Ferdinand I of Aragon
    
    Ferdinand I named Ferdinand of Antequera and also the Just was king of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and (nominal) Corsica and king of Sicily, duke (nominal) of Athens and Neopatria, and count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya (1412–1416). He was also regent of Castile (1406–1416).
1412
1. Ruy González de Clavijo, Spanish explorer and author deaths
  1. Ruy González de Clavijo
    
    Ruy González de Clavijo was a Castilian traveler and writer. In 1403-05 Clavijo was the ambassador of Henry III of Castile to the court of Timur, founder and ruler of the Timurid Empire. A diary of the journey, perhaps based on detailed notes kept while traveling, was later published in Spanish in 1582 and in English in 1859.
1335
1. Henry of Bohemia (b. 1265) deaths
  1. Henry of Bohemia
    
    Henry of Gorizia, a member of the House of Gorizia, was Duke of Carinthia and Landgrave of Carniola and Count of Tyrol from 1295 until his death, as well as King of Bohemia, Margrave of Moravia and titular King of Poland in 1306 and again from 1307 until 1310. After his death, the Habsburgs took over Carinthia and Carniola and held them almost without interruption until 1918.
1272
1. Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, English husband of Sanchia of Provence (b. 1209) deaths
  1. Richard of Cornwall
    
    Richard was an English prince who was King of the Romans from 1257 until his death in 1272. He was the second son of John, King of England, and Isabella, Countess of Angoulême. Richard was nominal Count of Poitou from 1225 to 1243, and he also held the title Earl of Cornwall from 1225. He was one of the wealthiest men in Europe and joined the Barons' Crusade, where he achieved success as a negotiator for the release of prisoners and assisted with the building of the citadel in Ascalon.
  2. Sanchia of Provence
    
    Sanchia of Provence was Queen of the Romans from 1257 until her death in 1261 as the wife of King Richard.
1244
1. Henrik Harpestræng, Danish botanical and medical author deaths
  1. Henrik Harpestræng
    
    Henrik Harpestræng was a Danish botanical and medical author. He was a canon at the Roskilde Cathedral. His name literally means harp string. His greatest work was an urtebog, written in Danish. The book consists of 150 chapters dealing with plants and plant parts. The main body of text is probably translations from two Latin works, De viribus herbarum by a person who calls himself Aemilius Macer, but is rather Odo Magdunensis, and De gradibus liber by Constantinus Africanus. However, there are a good many sections of which Henrik Harpestræng is undoubtedly the original author. The book is also an invaluable source for Danish medieval plant names. The best preserved copy of this manuscript dates from the 13th century - now kept in Stockholm.
1118
1. Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem deaths
  1. Baldwin I of Jerusalem
    
    Baldwin I, also known as Baldwin of Boulogne, was the first count of Edessa from 1098 to 1100, and king of Jerusalem from 1100 to his death. He was the youngest son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida of Lorraine and married a Norman noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny. He received the County of Verdun in 1096, but he soon joined the crusader army of his brother Godfrey of Bouillon and became one of the most successful commanders of the First Crusade.
991
1. Bardas Skleros, Byzantine general deaths
  1. Bardas Skleros
    
    Bardas Skleros or Sclerus was a Byzantine general who led a wide-scale Asian rebellion against Emperor Basil II during the years 976 to 979.
968
1. Yuan Dezhao, Chinese chancellor (b. 891) deaths
  1. Yuan Dezhao
    
    Yuan Dezhao (元德昭), probably né Wei Dezhao (危德昭), courtesy name Mingyuan (名遠), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Wuyue, serving as a chancellor during the rule of Qian Hongzong and Qian Chu.
872
1. Muflih al-Turki, Turkish general deaths
  1. Muflih al-Turki
    
    Muflih al-Turki was a Turkish military officer of the Abbasid Caliphate in the mid-9th century. He played a prominent role in the events known as the Anarchy at Samarra and was later killed in battle against the Zanj rebels of southern Iraq.
870
1. Æbbe the Younger, Frankish abbess deaths
  1. Æbbe the Younger
    
    For the earlier Abbess of Coldingham, see Æbbe the Elder.
747
1. Charlemagne, Frankish king (d. 814) births
  1. 474
    
    Year 474 (CDLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Leo without colleague. The denomination 474 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Charlemagne
    
    Charlemagne or Charles the Great, a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first Emperor of the Romans from 800. Charlemagne succeeded in uniting the majority of western and central Europe and was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire around three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded was the Carolingian Empire. He was canonized by Antipope Paschal III—an act later treated as invalid—and he is now regarded by some as beatified in the Catholic Church.
670
1. Hasan ibn Ali the second Shia Imam (b. 624) deaths
  1. Hasan ibn Ali
    
    Hasan ibn Ali was a prominent early Islamic figure. He was the eldest son of Ali and Fatima and a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He briefly ruled as caliph from January 661 until August 661. He is considered as the second Imam in Shia Islam, succeeding Ali and preceding his brother Husayn. As a grandson of the prophet, he is part of the ahl al-bayt and the ahl al-kisa, also is said to have participated in the event of Mubahala.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Abundius of Como
1. Abundius
  
  Abundius, venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Abundius, was a bishop of Como, Northern Italy.
Christian feast day: Amphianus of Lycia
1. Aphian
  
  Aphian is venerated as a martyr by the Catholic Church and by the Eastern Orthodox Church. He is said to have died during the persecutions of the Emperor Galerius on April 2 in or around the year 305. In the Eastern Orthodox calendar, his feast thus falls on April 2, along with Edesius (Aedisius), who is sometimes called his brother.
Christian feast day: Æbbe the Younger
1. Æbbe the Younger
  
  For the earlier Abbess of Coldingham, see Æbbe the Elder.
Christian feast day: Bronach of Glen-Seichis (Irish martyrology)
1. Brónach
  
  Saint Brónach was a 6th-century holy woman from Ireland, the reputed founder and patron saint of Cell Brónche, now Kilbroney, in County Down, Northern Ireland.
2. Martyrology of Tallaght
  
  The Martyrology of Tallaght, which is closely related to the Félire Óengusso or Martyrology of Óengus the Culdee, is an eighth- or ninth-century martyrology, a list of saints and their feast days assembled by Máel Ruain and/or Óengus the Culdee at Tallaght Monastery, near Dublin. The Martyrology of Tallaght is in prose and contains two sections for each day of the year, one general and one for Irish saints. It also has a prologue and an epilogue.
Christian feast day: Francis of Paola
1. Francis of Paola
  
  Francis of Paola, O.M., was an Italian mendicant friar and the founder of the Roman Catholic Order of Minims. Unlike the majority of founders of men's religious orders, and like his patron saint, Francis was never ordained a priest.
Christian feast day: Francisco Coll Guitart
1. Francisco Coll Guitart
  
  Francisco Coll Guitart, was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest of the Order of Preachers and founded the Dominican Sisters of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin.
Christian feast day: Henry Budd (Anglican Church of Canada)
1. Henry Budd
  
  Henry Budd, the first Native American ordained an Anglican priest, spent his career ministering to First Nations people.
2. Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Canada)
  
  Prior to the revision of the Anglican Church of Canada's (ACC) Book of Common Prayer (BCP) in 1962, the national church followed the liturgical calendar of the 1918 Canadian Book of Common Prayer. Throughout most of the twentieth century, the situation in Canada resembled that which pertained in much of the Anglican Communion: There was uncertainty as to whether post-Reformation figures could or should be commemorated. In the words of the calendar's introduction, "New names have been added from the ancient calendars, and also from the history of the Anglican Communion, without thereby enrolling or commending such persons as saints of the Church." The 1962 revision added twenty-six post-Reformation individuals, as well as commemorations of the first General Synod and of "The Founders, Benefactors, and Missionaries of the Church in Canada." Of the calendar days, twenty-eight were highlighted as "red-letter days" — that is, days of required observation.
Christian feast day: Nicetius of Lyon
1. Nicetius of Lyon
  
  Saint Nicetius was Archbishop of Lyon, then Lugdunum, France, during the 6th century. He served from 552 or 553. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Pedro Calungsod
1. Pedro Calungsod
  
  Pedro Calungsod, also known as Peter Calungsod and Pedro Calonsor, was a Catholic Filipino-Visayan migrant, sacristan and missionary catechist who, along with the Spanish Jesuit missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores, suffered religious persecution and martyrdom in Guam for their missionary work in 1672.
Christian feast day: Theodosia of Tyre
1. Theodosia of Tyre
  
  Saint Theodosia of Tyre, according to the historian of the early Christian church Eusebius, was a seventeen-year-old girl who deliberately sought to be executed as a martyr to Christianity in the city of Caesarea in 307 AD. She was tortured, urged to reject Christianity, and, when she refused, thrown into the sea. She is commemorated on April 2.
Christian feast day: Urban of Langres
1. Urban of Langres
  
  Saint Urban of Langres was a French saint and bishop. He served as the sixth bishop of Langres from 374 until his death. Saint Leodegaria was his sister.
Christian feast day: April 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. April 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  April 1 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 3
International Children's Book Day (International)
1. International Children's Book Day
  
  International Children's Book Day (ICBD) is a yearly event sponsored by the International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY), an international non-profit organization. Founded in 1967, the day is observed on or around Hans Christian Andersen's birthday, April 2. Activities include writing competitions, announcements of book awards and events with authors of children's literature.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
Thai Heritage Conservation Day (Thailand)
1. Public holidays in Thailand
  
  Public holidays in Thailand are regulated by the government, and most are observed by both the public and private sectors. There are usually nineteen public holidays in a year, but more may be declared by the cabinet. Other observances, both official and non-official, local and international, are observed to varying degrees throughout the country.
2. Thailand
  
  Thailand, historically known as Siam and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning 513,120 square kilometres (198,120 sq mi), with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the extremity of Myanmar. Thailand also shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the southeast, and Indonesia and India to the southwest. Bangkok is the nation's capital and largest city.
Unity of Peoples of Russia and Belarus Day (Belarus)
1. Public holidays in Belarus
  
  National holidays in Belarus are classified into state holidays and other holidays and commemorative days, including religious holidays. Nine of them are non-working days.
2. Belarus
  
  Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.4 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.
World Autism Awareness Day (International)
1. World Autism Awareness Day
  
  World Autism Awareness Day is an internationally recognized day annually on April 2nd, encouraging Member States of the United Nations to take measures to raise awareness about people with ASD throughout the world. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly resolution (A/RES/62/139). World Autism Awareness Day", passed in council on November 1, 2007, and adopted on December 18, 2007. It was proposed by Mozah Bint Nasser Al-Missned, the United Nations Representative from Qatar and consort to Emir Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, and supported by all member states.

Important events in history on April 2 nd

Events

2021 Hualien train derailment

Taiwan

United States Capitol Police

2021 United States Capitol car attack

United States Capitol

COVID-19 pandemic

Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary

Safe deposit box

Hatton Garden

Garissa University College attack

Garissa University College

Garissa University College attack

Garissa University College

Kenya

Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary

Safe deposit box

Hatton Garden

2014 Fort Hood shooting

Fort Hood

Oikos University shooting

Oikos University

Christianity in Korea

Oakland, California

Oikos University shooting

Tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006

Tornado

Tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006

Tennessee

Islamism

Terrorism

2004 Madrid train bombings

AVE

Madrid

Second Intifada

Palestinian fedayeen

Church of the Nativity

Bethlehem

Siege of the Church of the Nativity

Israel

Siege of the Church of the Nativity

Bethlehem

Palestinians

Bosnian War

Bijeljina massacre

Bijeljina

John Gotti

Gambino crime family

Organized crime

Murder

Criminal conspiracy

Loan shark

Obstruction of justice

Gambling

Tax evasion

New York (state)

American Mafia

John Gotti

Racketeering

Life imprisonment

Bijeljina massacre

Bijeljina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Rita Johnston

Premier (Canada)

Provinces and territories of Canada

Bill Vander Zalm

Premier of British Columbia

Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev

Havana

Cuba

Fidel Castro

Alabama

George Wallace

Racial segregation

Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

Soyuz T-11

Rakesh Sharma

Important events in history
on April 2 ^nd