Important events in history
on April 16 ^th

Events

2018
1. The New York Times and the New Yorker win the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for breaking news of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal.
  1. The New York Times
    
    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to be a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid digital subscribers. It also is a producer of popular podcasts such as the Daily. Founded in 1851 by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones, it was initially published by Raymond, Jones & Company. The Times has won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any newspaper, and has long been regarded as a national "newspaper of record". For print it is ranked 18th in the world by circulation and 3rd in the U.S.
  2. The New Yorker
    
    The New Yorker is an American weekly magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. Founded as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the cultural life of New York City, The New Yorker has a wide audience outside New York and is read internationally. It is well known for its illustrated and often topical covers, its commentaries on popular culture and eccentric American culture, its attention to modern fiction by the inclusion of short stories and literary reviews, its rigorous fact checking and copy editing, its journalism on politics and social issues, and its single-panel cartoons sprinkled throughout each issue.
  3. Pulitzer Prize for Public Service
    
    The Pulitzer Prize for Public Service is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. It recognizes a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper or news site through the use of its journalistic resources, which may include editorials, cartoons, photographs, graphics, video and other online material, and may be presented in print or online or both.
  4. Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases
    
    In October 2017, The New York Times and The New Yorker reported that dozens of women had accused film producer Harvey Weinstein of rape, sexual assault and sexual abuse over a period of at least 30 years. Over 80 women in the film industry eventually accused Weinstein of such acts. Weinstein denied "any non-consensual sex". Shortly after, he was dismissed from The Weinstein Company (TWC), expelled from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and other professional associations, and retired from public view.
2016
1. Ecuador's worst earthquake in nearly 40 years kills 676 and injures 6,274.
  1. 2016 Ecuador earthquake
    
    The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on April 16 at 18:58:37 ECT with a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The very large thrust earthquake was centered approximately 27 km (17 mi) from the towns of Muisne and Pedernales in a sparsely populated part of the country, and 170 km (110 mi) from the capital Quito, where it was felt strongly. Regions of Manta, Pedernales and Portoviejo accounted for over 75 percent of total casualties. Manta's central commercial shopping district, Tarqui, was completely destroyed. Widespread damage was caused across Manabí Province, with structures hundreds of kilometres from the epicenter collapsing. At least 676 people were killed and 16,600 people injured. President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency; 13,500 military personnel and police officers were dispatched for recovery operations.
2014
1. The ferry MV Sewol sank off Donggeochado, South Korea, killing 304 of 476 passengers on board, most of whom were students from Danwon High School.
  1. MV Sewol
    
    MV Sewol was a South Korean vehicle-passenger ferry, built and previously operated in Japan. She operated between Incheon and Jeju. On 16 April 2014, Sewol capsized and sank with the loss of 306 passengers and crew.
  2. Sinking of MV Sewol
    
    The ferry MV Sewol sank on the morning of Wednesday, April 16, 2014, en route from Incheon towards Jeju in South Korea. The 6,825-ton vessel sent a distress signal from about 2.7 kilometres north of Byeongpungdo at 08:58 KST. Out of 476 passengers and crew, 306 died in the disaster, including around 250 students from Danwon High School. Of the approximately 172 survivors, more than half were rescued by fishing boats and other commercial vessels that arrived at the scene approximately 40 minutes before the Korea Coast Guard (KCG).
  3. Donggeochado
    
    Donggeochado, Donggeocha Island, or East Geocha Island, is a 2.91 square kilometres island east of Seogeochado in the Geocha Archipelago in South Korea. It is part of the Dadohaehaesang National Park, and the waterway Maenggol Channel. Administratively it is located in Jindo County, South Jeolla Province, in the administrative division of Donggeochado-ri, Jodo-myeon.
  4. Danwon High School
    
    Danwon High School is a coeducational high school located in Danwon District, Ansan, South Korea. It is a state school, being under the authority of Gyeonggi Province's Office of Education.
2. The South Korean ferry MV Sewol capsizes and sinks near Jindo Island, killing 304 passengers and crew and leading to widespread criticism of the South Korean government, media, and shipping authorities.
  1. South Korea
    
    South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. It has a population of 51.75 million, of which roughly half live in the Seoul Capital Area, the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the world. Other major cities include Incheon, Busan, and Daegu.
  2. MV Sewol
    
    MV Sewol was a South Korean vehicle-passenger ferry, built and previously operated in Japan. She operated between Incheon and Jeju. On 16 April 2014, Sewol capsized and sank with the loss of 306 passengers and crew.
  3. Sinking of MV Sewol
    
    The ferry MV Sewol sank on the morning of Wednesday, April 16, 2014, en route from Incheon towards Jeju in South Korea. The 6,825-ton vessel sent a distress signal from about 2.7 kilometres north of Byeongpungdo at 08:58 KST. Out of 476 passengers and crew, 306 died in the disaster, including around 250 students from Danwon High School. Of the approximately 172 survivors, more than half were rescued by fishing boats and other commercial vessels that arrived at the scene approximately 40 minutes before the Korea Coast Guard (KCG).
  4. Jindo (island)
    
    Jindo Island is the third largest island in South Korea. Together with a group of much smaller islands, it forms Jindo County.
2013
1. A 7.8-magnitude earthquake strikes Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, killing at least 35 people and injuring 117 others.
  1. Moment magnitude scale
    
    The moment magnitude scale is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment. It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale (ML ) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales.
  2. 2013 Saravan earthquake
    
    The 2013 Saravan earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 7.7 at 15:14 pm IRDT (UTC+4:30) on 16 April. The shock struck a mountainous area between the cities of Saravan and Khash in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, close to the border with Pakistan, with a duration of about 25 seconds. The earthquake occurred at an intermediate depth in the Arabian plate lithosphere, near the boundary between the subducting Arabian Plate and the overriding Eurasian Plate at a depth of about 80 km.
  3. Sistan and Baluchestan province
    
    Sistan and Baluchestan Province is the second largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran, after Kerman province. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan, and its capital is Zahedan. The province has an area of 180,726 km2 and a population of 2.78 million.
  4. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
2. The 2013 Baga massacre is started when Boko Haram militants engage government soldiers in Baga.
  1. 2013 Baga massacre
    
    The Baga massacre began on 16 April 2013 in the village of Baga, Nigeria, in Borno State, when as many as 200 civilians were killed, hundreds wounded, and over 2,000 houses and businesses worth millions of Naira were destroyed. Refugees, civilians officials, and human rights organizations accused the Nigerian Military of carrying out the massacre; some military officials blamed the insurgent group Boko Haram.
  2. Boko Haram
    
    Boko Haram, officially known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād, is an Islamic terrorist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, which is also active in Chad, Niger, and northern Cameroon. In 2016, the group split, resulting in the emergence of a hostile faction known as the Islamic State's West Africa Province.
  3. Baga, Borno
    
    Baga is a town in the northeastern Nigerian state of Borno, close to Lake Chad, and lying northeast of the town of Kukawa. It is located within the Kukawa Local Government Area.
2012
1. The trial for Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, begins in Oslo, Norway.
  1. Trial of Anders Behring Breivik
    
    The trial of Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, took place between 16 April and 22 June 2012 in Oslo District Court. Breivik was sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention on 24 August 2012. 170 media organisations were accredited to cover the proceedings, involving some 800 individual journalists.
  2. Anders Behring Breivik
    
    Fjotolf Hansen, better known by his birth name Anders Behring Breivik and by his pseudonym Andrew Berwick, is a Norwegian far-right domestic terrorist, known for committing the 2011 Norway attacks on 22 July 2011. On that day, he killed eight people by detonating a van bomb at Regjeringskvartalet in Oslo, then killed 69 participants of a Workers' Youth League (AUF) summer camp in a mass shooting on the island of Utøya.
  3. 2011 Norway attacks
    
    The 2011 Norway attacks, referred to in Norway as 22 July or as 22/7, were two domestic terrorist attacks by neo-Nazi Anders Behring Breivik against the government, the civilian population, and a Workers' Youth League (AUF) summer camp, in which 77 people were killed.
  4. Oslo
    
    Oslo is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. The municipality of Oslo had a population of 702,543 in 2022, while the city's greater urban area had a population of 1,019,513 in 2019, and the metropolitan area had an estimated population of 1,546,706 in 2021.
2. The Pulitzer Prize winners were announced, it was the first time since 1977 that no book won the Fiction Prize.
  1. 2012 Pulitzer Prize
    
    The 2012 Pulitzer Prizes were awarded on April 16, 2012, by the Pulitzer Prize Board for work during the 2011 calendar year. The deadline for submitting entries was January 25, 2012. For the first time, all entries for journalism were required to be submitted electronically. In addition, the criteria for the Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting has been revised to focus on real-time reporting of breaking news. For the eleventh time in Pulitzer's history, no book received the Fiction Prize.
  2. 1977 Pulitzer Prize
    
    The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1977.
  3. Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
    
    The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year.
2008
1. The U.S. Supreme Court rules in the Baze v. Rees decision that execution by lethal injection does not violate the Eighth Amendment ban against cruel and unusual punishment.
  1. Supreme Court of the United States
    
    The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point of federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The court may decide cases having political overtones, but has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions.
  2. Baze v. Rees
    
    Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35 (2008), is a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which upheld the constitutionality of a particular method of lethal injection used for capital punishment.
  3. Lethal injection
    
    Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person for the express purpose of causing rapid death. The main application for this procedure is capital punishment, but the term may also be applied in a broader sense to include euthanasia and other forms of suicide. The drugs cause the person to become unconscious, stops their breathing, and causes a heart arrhythmia, in that order.
  4. Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
    
    The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights. The amendment serves as a limitation upon the federal government to impose unduly harsh penalties on criminal defendants before and after a conviction. This limitation applies equally to the price for obtaining pretrial release and the punishment for crime after conviction. The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689.
  5. Cruel and unusual punishment
    
    Cruel and unusual punishment is a phrase in common law describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to the sanction. The precise definition varies by jurisdiction, but typically includes punishments that are arbitrary, unnecessary, overly severe compared to the crime, or not generally accepted in society.
2007
1. In one of the deadliest shooting incidents in United States history, a gunman killed 32 people and wounded over 20 more before committing suicide at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia (memorial pictured).
  1. Virginia Tech shooting
    
    The Virginia Tech shooting was a spree shooting that occurred on April 16, 2007, comprising two attacks on the campus of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Seung-Hui Cho, an undergraduate student at the university and a U.S. resident who was from South Korea, killed 32 people and wounded 17 others with two semi-automatic pistols. Six others were injured jumping out of windows to escape Cho.
  2. Virginia Tech
    
    Virginia Tech is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. It also has educational facilities in six regions statewide, a research center in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, and a study-abroad site in Riva San Vitale, Switzerland. Through its Corps of Cadets ROTC program, Virginia Tech is a senior military college.
  3. Blacksburg, Virginia
    
    Blacksburg is an incorporated town in Montgomery County, Virginia, United States, with a population of 44,826 at the 2020 census. Blacksburg, as well as the surrounding county, is dominated economically and demographically by the presence of Virginia Tech.
2. Virginia Tech shooting: Seung-Hui Cho guns down 32 people and injures 17 before committing suicide.
  1. Virginia Tech shooting
    
    The Virginia Tech shooting was a spree shooting that occurred on April 16, 2007, comprising two attacks on the campus of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Seung-Hui Cho, an undergraduate student at the university and a U.S. resident who was from South Korea, killed 32 people and wounded 17 others with two semi-automatic pistols. Six others were injured jumping out of windows to escape Cho.
  2. Seung-Hui Cho
    
    Seung-Hui Cho was a Korean-born mass murderer responsible for the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007. Cho killed 32 people and wounded 17 others with two semi-automatic pistols on April 16, 2007, at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. This killing is the deadliest school shooting in US history, and was at the time the deadliest one-man shooting rampage in modern US history and deadliest mass shooting in US history. A senior-level undergraduate student at the university, Cho died by suicide after police breached the doors of Virginia Tech's Norris Hall which Cho had locked with heavy chains, where most of the shooting had taken place.
2003
1. The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens admitting ten new member states to the European Union.
  1. Treaty of Accession 2003
    
    The Treaty of Accession 2003 was the agreement between the member states of the European Union and ten countries, concerning these countries' accession into the EU. At the same time it changed a number of points which were originally laid down in the Treaty of Nice. The treaty was signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens, Greece and it entered into force on 1 May 2004, resulting in enlargement of the European Union with 10 states.
  2. Athens
    
    Athens is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates and is the capital of the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence beginning somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC.
  3. European Union
    
    The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of 4,233,255.3 km2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation.
2. Michael Jordan plays his final game with the National Basketball Association.
  1. Michael Jordan
    
    Michael Jeffrey Jordan, also known by his initials MJ, is an American businessman and former professional basketball player. His biography on the official NBA website states: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time." He played fifteen seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning six NBA championships with the Chicago Bulls. Jordan is the principal owner and chairman of the Charlotte Hornets of the NBA and of 23XI Racing in the NASCAR Cup Series. He was integral in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s, becoming a global cultural icon in the process.
  2. National Basketball Association
    
    The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America. The league is composed of 30 teams and is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. It is the premier men's professional basketball league in the world.
2001
1. India and Bangladesh began a six-day conflict over their disputed border, which ended in a stalemate.
  1. 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes
    
    The 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes were a series of armed skirmishes between India and Bangladesh in April 2001. The clashes took place between troops of the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) and the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) on the poorly-marked international border between the two countries.
  2. Bangladesh–India border
    
    The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states.
2. India and Bangladesh begin a five-day border conflict, but are unable to resolve the disputes about their border.
  1. Bangladesh
    
    Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh is among the most densely populated countries in the world, and shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast; to the south it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor; and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. The official language is Bengali, one of the easternmost branches of the Indo-European language family.
  2. 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes
    
    The 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes were a series of armed skirmishes between India and Bangladesh in April 2001. The clashes took place between troops of the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) and the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) on the poorly-marked international border between the two countries.
  3. Bangladesh–India border
    
    The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states.
1996
1. Israel strikes a civilian house in Nabatieh Fawka, Lebanon, killing nine people, including seven children.
  1. Nabatieh Fawka attack
    
    The Nabatieh Fawka attack occurred on 16 April 1996, when Israeli warplanes bombed an apartment in the village of Nabatieh Fawka, killing nine people, seven of whom were children.
  2. Nabatieh Fawka
    
    Nabatieh Fawka, also known as Upper Nabatieh is a Lebanese village in the Nabatieh Governorate.
1990
1. "Doctor Death", Jack Kevorkian, participates in his first assisted suicide.
  1. Jack Kevorkian
    
    Murad Jacob "Jack" Kevorkian was an American pathologist and euthanasia proponent. He publicly championed a terminal patient's right to die by physician-assisted suicide, embodied in his quote, "Dying is not a crime". Kevorkian said that he assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He was convicted of murder in 1999 and was often portrayed in the media with the name of "Dr. Death". There was support for his cause, and he helped set the platform for reform.
  2. Assisted suicide
    
    Assisted suicide is suicide undertaken with the aid of another person. The term usually refers to physician-assisted suicide (PAS), which is suicide that is assisted by a physician or other healthcare provider. Once it is determined that the person's situation qualifies under the physician-assisted suicide laws for that place, the physician's assistance is usually limited to writing a prescription for a lethal dose of drugs.
1972
1. Apollo program: The launch of Apollo 16 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
  1. Apollo program
    
    The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo.
  2. Apollo 16
    
    Apollo 16 was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. It was the second of Apollo's "J missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). The landing and exploration were in the Descartes Highlands, a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved to not be the case.
  3. Cape Canaveral, Florida
    
    Cape Canaveral is a city in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 9,912 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area.
1963
1. In response to an open letter written by white clergymen, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter from Birmingham Jail in defence of the strategy of nonviolent resistance against racism.
  1. A Call for Unity
    
    "A Call for Unity" was an open letter published in Birmingham, Alabama, on April 12, 1963, by eight local white clergymen in response to civil rights demonstrations taking place in the area at the time. In the letter, they took issue with events "directed and led in part by outsiders," and they urged activists to engage in local negotiations and to use the courts if rights were being denied, rather than to protest.
  2. Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. An African American church leader and the son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination.
  3. Letter from Birmingham Jail
    
    The "Letter from Birmingham Jail", also known as the "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" and "The Negro Is Your Brother", is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider", King writes: "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."
  4. Nonviolent resistance
    
    Nonviolent resistance (NVR), or nonviolent action, sometimes called civil resistance, is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, constructive program, or other methods, while refraining from violence and the threat of violence. This type of action highlights the desires of an individual or group that feels that something needs to change to improve the current condition of the resisting person or group.
2. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. pens his Letter from Birmingham Jail while incarcerated in Birmingham, Alabama for protesting against segregation.
  1. Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. An African American church leader and the son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination.
  2. Letter from Birmingham Jail
    
    The "Letter from Birmingham Jail", also known as the "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" and "The Negro Is Your Brother", is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider", King writes: "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."
  3. Birmingham, Alabama
    
    Birmingham is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama. Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County, Alabama's most populous county. As of the 2021 census estimates, Birmingham had a population of 197,575, down 1% from the 2020 Census, making it Alabama's third-most populous city after Huntsville and Montgomery. The broader Birmingham metropolitan area had a 2020 population of 1,115,289, and is the largest metropolitan area in Alabama as well as the 50th-most populous in the United States. Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South, Piedmont, and Appalachian regions of the nation.
1961
1. In a nationally broadcast speech, Cuban leader Fidel Castro declares that he is a Marxist–Leninist and that Cuba is going to adopt Communism.
  1. Fidel Castro
    
    Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and state socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.
  2. Marxism–Leninism
    
    Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology which was the main communist movement throughout the 20th century. Developed by the Bolsheviks, it was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, its satellite states in the Eastern Bloc, and various countries in the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World during the Cold War, as well as the Communist International after Bolshevisation. Today, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the ruling parties of China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam, as well as many other communist parties, while the state ideology of North Korea is derived from Marxism–Leninism. Marxist–Leninist states are commonly referred to as "communist states" by Western academics.
  3. Communism
    
    Communism is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society. Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist state followed by the withering away of the state.
1948
1. The Organization of European Economic Co-operation is formed.
  1. OECD
    
    The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum and its members are countries which describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.
1947
1. An explosion on board a freighter in port causes the city of Texas City, Texas, to catch fire, killing almost 600.
  1. Texas City disaster
    
    The 1947 Texas City disaster was an industrial accident that occurred on April 16, 1947, in the port of Texas City, Texas, United States, located in Galveston Bay. It was the deadliest industrial accident in U.S. history and one of history's largest non-nuclear explosions.
  2. Texas City, Texas
    
    Texas City is a city in Galveston County in the U.S. state of Texas. Located on the southwest shoreline of Galveston Bay, Texas City is a busy deepwater port on Texas's Gulf Coast, as well as a petroleum-refining and petrochemical-manufacturing center. The population was 51,898 at the 2020 census, making it the third-largest city in Galveston County, behind League City and Galveston. It is a part of the Houston metropolitan area. The city is notable as the site of a major explosion in 1947 that demolished the port and much of the city.
2. Bernard Baruch first applies the term "Cold War" to describe the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union.
  1. Bernard Baruch
    
    Bernard Mannes Baruch was an American financier and statesman.
  2. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  3. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
1945
1. World War II: The Red Army begins the final assault on German forces around Berlin, with nearly one million troops fighting in the Battle of the Seelow Heights.
  1. Red Army
    
    The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established in January 1918. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Starting in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in 1991.
  2. Battle of Berlin
    
    The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II.
  3. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
  4. Battle of the Seelow Heights
    
    The Battle of the Seelow Heights was part of the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation. A pitched battle, it was one of the last assaults on large entrenched defensive positions of the Second World War. It was fought over three days, from 16–19 April 1945. Close to 1,000,000 Soviet soldiers of the 1st Belorussian Front, commanded by Marshal Georgy Zhukov, attacked the position known as the "Gates of Berlin". They were opposed by about 110,000 soldiers of the German 9th Army, commanded by General Theodor Busse, as part of the Army Group Vistula.
2. The United States Army liberates Nazi Sonderlager (high security) prisoner-of-war camp Oflag IV-C (better known as Colditz).
  1. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  2. Prisoner-of-war camp
    
    A prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured by a belligerent power in time of war.
  3. Oflag IV-C
    
    Oflag IV-C, often referred to by its location at Colditz Castle, overlooking Colditz, Saxony, was one of the most noted German Army prisoner-of-war camps for captured enemy officers during World War II; Oflag is a shortening of Offizierslager, meaning "officers' camp".
  4. Colditz Castle
    
    Castle Colditz is a Renaissance castle in the town of Colditz near Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz in the state of Saxony in Germany. The castle is between the towns of Hartha and Grimma on a hill spur over the river Zwickauer Mulde, a tributary of the River Elbe. It had the first wildlife park in Germany when, during 1523, the castle park was converted into one of the largest menageries in Europe.
3. More than 7,000 die when the German transport ship Goya is sunk by a Soviet submarine.
  1. MV Goya
    
    Goya was a Norwegian motor freighter used as a troop transport by Nazi Germany and sunk with a massive loss of life near the end of World War II.
  2. Submarine
    
    A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships irrespective of their size.
1944
1. World War II: Allied forces start bombing Belgrade, killing about 1,100 people. This bombing fell on the Orthodox Christian Easter.
  1. Allied bombing of Yugoslavia in World War II
    
    The Allied bombing of Yugoslavia in World War II involved air attacks on cities and towns in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) and Royal Air Force (RAF), including the Balkan Air Force (BAF), between 1941 and 1945, during which period the entire country was occupied by the Axis powers. Dozens of Yugoslav cities and towns were bombed, many repeatedly. These attacks included intensive air support for Yugoslav Partisan operations in May–June 1944, and a bombing campaign against transport infrastructure in September 1944 as the German Wehrmacht withdrew from Greece and Yugoslavia. This latter operation was known as Operation Ratweek. Some of the attacks caused significant civilian casualties.
1943
1. Albert Hofmann accidentally discovers the hallucinogenic effects of the research drug LSD. He intentionally takes the drug three days later on April 19.
  1. Albert Hofmann
    
    Albert Hofmann was a Swiss chemist known for being the first to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann's team also isolated, named and synthesized the principal psychedelic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin. He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books, including LSD: Mein Sorgenkind. In 2007, he shared first place with Tim Berners-Lee on a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses published by The Daily Telegraph newspaper.
  2. Lysergic acid diethylamide
    
    Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, visual, as well as auditory, hallucinations. Dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased body temperature are typical. Effects typically begin within half an hour and can last for up to 20 hours. LSD is also capable of causing mystical experiences and ego dissolution. It is used mainly as a recreational drug or for spiritual reasons. LSD is both the prototypical psychedelic and one of the "classical" psychedelics, being the psychedelics with the greatest scientific and cultural significance. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue. It is most often sold on blotter paper and less commonly as tablets, in a watery solution or in gelatin squares.
1942
1. King George VI awarded the George Cross to the people of Malta in appreciation of their heroism.
  1. George VI
    
    George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was concurrently the last Emperor of India until August 1947, when the British Raj was dissolved.
  2. Award of the George Cross to Malta
    
    The George Cross was awarded to the island of Malta by King George VI during the great siege it underwent by Italy and Germany, in the early part of World War II. In a letter to the island's Governor, Lieutenant-General Sir William Dobbie, King George wrote, "so as to bear witness to the heroism and devotion of its people". The island was a British colony from 1813 to 1964. The George Cross was incorporated into the flag of Malta beginning in 1943 and remains on the current design of the flag.
1941
1. World War II: The Italian-German Tarigo convoy is attacked and destroyed by British ships.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Battle of the Tarigo Convoy
    
    The Battle of the Tarigo Convoy was a naval battle of World War II, part of the Battle of the Mediterranean. It was fought on 16 April 1941, between four British and three Italian destroyers, near the Kerkennah Islands off Sfax, in the Tunisian coast. The battle was named after the Italian flagship, the destroyer Luca Tarigo.
2. World War II: The Nazi-affiliated Ustaše is put in charge of the Independent State of Croatia by the Axis powers after Operation 25 is effected.
  1. Ustaše
    
    The Ustaše, also known by anglicised versions Ustasha or Ustashe, was a Croatian fascist and ultranationalist organization active, as one organization, between 1929 and 1945, formally known as the Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement. Its members murdered hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews, and Roma as well as political dissidents in Yugoslavia during World War II.
  2. Independent State of Croatia
    
    The Independent State of Croatia was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia on 10 April 1941, after the invasion by the Axis powers. Its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia, Istria, and Međimurje regions.
  3. Axis powers
    
    The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion.
  4. Invasion of Yugoslavia
    
    The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in "Führer Directive No. 25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following a Yugoslav coup d'état that overthrew the pro-Axis government.
1925
1. During the Communist St Nedelya Church assault in Sofia, Bulgaria, 150 are killed and 500 are wounded.
  1. Communism
    
    Communism is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society. Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist state followed by the withering away of the state.
  2. St Nedelya Church assault
    
    The St Nedelya Church assault was a terrorist attack on St Nedelya Church in Sofia, Bulgaria. It was carried out on 16 April 1925, when a group of the Military Organisation of the Bulgarian Communist Party directed and supplied by the Soviet Military Intelligence blew up the church's roof during the funeral service of General Konstantin Georgiev, who had been killed in a previous communist assault on 14 April. 150 people, mainly from the country's political and military elite, were killed in the attack and around 500 bystander believers, who attended the liturgy, were injured.
  3. Sofia
    
    Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. It has a humid continental climate. Being in the centre of the Balkans, it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, and closest to the Aegean Sea.
  4. Kingdom of Bulgaria
    
    The Tsardom of Bulgaria, also referred to as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, sometimes translated in English as Kingdom of Bulgaria, was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October 1908, when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a Tsardom.
1922
1. The Treaty of Rapallo, pursuant to which Germany and the Soviet Union re-establish diplomatic relations, is signed.
  1. Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
    
    The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement signed on 16 April 1922 between the German Republic and Soviet Russia under which both renounced all territorial and financial claims against each other and opened friendly diplomatic relations. The treaty was negotiated by Russian Foreign Minister Georgi Chicherin and German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau. It was a major victory for Russia especially and also Germany, and a major disappointment to France and the United Kingdom. The term "spirit of Rapallo" was used for an improvement in friendly relations between Germany and Russia.
  2. Weimar Republic
    
    The Weimar Republic, officially named the German Reich, was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic. The state's informal name is derived from the city of Weimar, which hosted the constituent assembly that established its government. In English, the state was usually simply called "Germany", with "Weimar Republic" not commonly used until the 1930s.
  3. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  4. Diplomacy
    
    Diplomacy comprises spoken or written communication by representatives of states intended to influence events in the international system.
1919
1. Polish–Soviet War: The Polish army launched the Vilna offensive to capture Vilnius (now in Lithuania) from the Red Army.
  1. Polish–Soviet War
    
    The Polish–Soviet War was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the aftermath of World War I, on territories formerly held by the Russian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
  2. Polish Land Forces
    
    The Land Forces are the land forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 62,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military history stretches back a millennium – since the 10th century. Poland's modern army was formed after Poland regained independence following World War I in 1918.
  3. Vilna offensive
    
    The Vilna offensive was a campaign of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. The Polish army launched an offensive on April 16, 1919, to take Vilnius from the Red Army. After three days of street fighting from April 19–21, the city was captured by Polish forces, causing the Red Army to retreat. During the offensive, the Poles also succeeded in securing the nearby cities of Lida, Pinsk, Navahrudak, and Baranovichi.
  4. Vilnius
    
    Vilnius is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 as of 2022 or 622,737. The population of Vilnius's functional urban area, which stretches beyond the city limits, is estimated at 718,507, while according to the Vilnius territorial health insurance fund, there were 732,421 permanent inhabitants as of October 2020 in Vilnius city and Vilnius district municipalities combined. Vilnius is situated in southeastern Lithuania and is the second-largest city in the Baltic states, but according to the Bank of Latvia is expected to become the largest before 2025. It is the seat of Lithuania's national government and the Vilnius District Municipality.
  5. Red Army
    
    The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established in January 1918. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Starting in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in 1991.
2. Mohandas Gandhi organizes a day of "prayer and fasting" in response to the killing of Indian protesters in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre by the British colonial troops three days earlier.
  1. Mahatma Gandhi
    
    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and to later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā, first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.
  2. Jallianwala Bagh massacre
    
    The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A large peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab, to protest against the Rowlatt Act and arrest of pro-independence activists Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal. In response to the public gathering, the temporary Brigadier general, R. E. H. Dyer, surrounded the protesters with his Gurkha, Baloch, Rajput and Sikh from 2-9th Gurkhas, the 54th Sikhs and the 59th Scinde Rifles of British Indian Army. The Jallianwala Bagh could only be exited on one side, as its other three sides were enclosed by buildings. After blocking the exit with his troops, he ordered them to shoot at the crowd, continuing to fire even as the protestors tried to flee. The troops kept on firing until their ammunition was exhausted. Estimates of those killed vary between 379 and 1500+ people and over 1,200 other people were injured of whom 192 were seriously injured. Responses polarised both the British and Indian peoples. Anglo-Indian author Rudyard Kipling declared at the time that Dyer "did his duty as he saw it". This incident shocked Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian polymath and the first Asian Nobel laureate, to such an extent that he renounced his knighthood.
3. Polish–Lithuanian War: The Polish Army launches the Vilna offensive to capture Vilnius in modern Lithuania.
  1. Polish–Lithuanian War
    
    The Polish–Lithuanian War was an undeclared war between newly-independent Lithuania and Poland following World War I, which happened mainly, but not only, in the Vilnius and Suwałki regions. The war is viewed differently by the respective sides. According to Lithuanian historians, it was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and lasted from May 1919 to 29 November 1920. Polish historians deem the Polish-Lithuanian war as occurring only in September–October 1920. From the spring of 1920, the conflict also became part of the wider Polish–Soviet War and was largely shaped by its progress. It was subject to international mediation at the Conference of Ambassadors and the League of Nations.
  2. Polish Land Forces
    
    The Land Forces are the land forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 62,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military history stretches back a millennium – since the 10th century. Poland's modern army was formed after Poland regained independence following World War I in 1918.
  3. Vilna offensive
    
    The Vilna offensive was a campaign of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. The Polish army launched an offensive on April 16, 1919, to take Vilnius from the Red Army. After three days of street fighting from April 19–21, the city was captured by Polish forces, causing the Red Army to retreat. During the offensive, the Poles also succeeded in securing the nearby cities of Lida, Pinsk, Navahrudak, and Baranovichi.
  4. Vilnius
    
    Vilnius is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 as of 2022 or 622,737. The population of Vilnius's functional urban area, which stretches beyond the city limits, is estimated at 718,507, while according to the Vilnius territorial health insurance fund, there were 732,421 permanent inhabitants as of October 2020 in Vilnius city and Vilnius district municipalities combined. Vilnius is situated in southeastern Lithuania and is the second-largest city in the Baltic states, but according to the Bank of Latvia is expected to become the largest before 2025. It is the seat of Lithuania's national government and the Vilnius District Municipality.
  5. Lithuania
    
    Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. It has a maritime border with Sweden to the west on the Baltic Sea. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi), with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages.
1917
1. Vladimir Lenin returned to Petrograd from Switzerland, where he joined the Bolshevik movement in Russia.
  1. Vladimir Lenin
    
    Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Leninism.
  2. Saint Petersburg
    
    Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), is the second-largest city in Russia. It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, with a population of roughly 5.4 million residents. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe after Istanbul, Moscow and London, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.
  3. Bolsheviks
    
    The Bolsheviks, also known in English as the Bolshevists, were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin that split with the Mensheviks from the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898, at its Second Party Congress in 1903.
2. World War I: Several French army corps began a massive assault against the German-occupied Chemin des Dames ridge, south of Laon, France.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Second Battle of the Aisne
    
    The Second Battle of the Aisne was the main part of the Nivelle Offensive, a Franco-British attempt to inflict a decisive defeat on the German armies in France. The Entente strategy was to conduct offensives from north to south, beginning with an attack by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) then the main attack by two French army groups on the Aisne. General Robert Nivelle planned the offensive in December 1916, after he replaced Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.
  3. Chemin des Dames
    
    In France, the Chemin des Dames is part of the route départementale D18 and runs east and west in the Aisne department, between in the west, the Route Nationale 2, and in the east, the D1044 at Corbeny. It is some 30 kilometres (19 mi) long and runs along a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Aisne and Ailette.
  4. Laon
    
    Laon is a city in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
3. Russian Revolution: Vladimir Lenin returns to Petrograd, Russia, from exile in Switzerland.
  1. Russian Revolution
    
    The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and a bloody civil war. The Russian Revolution can also be seen as the precursor for the other European revolutions that occurred during or in the aftermath of WWI, such as the German Revolution of 1918.
  2. Vladimir Lenin
    
    Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Leninism.
  3. Saint Petersburg
    
    Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), is the second-largest city in Russia. It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, with a population of roughly 5.4 million residents. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe after Istanbul, Moscow and London, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.
  4. Russian Provisional Government
    
    The Russian Provisional Government was a provisional government of the Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately after the abdication of Nicholas II. The intention of the provisional government was the organization of elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly and its convention. The provisional government, led first by Prince Georgy Lvov and then by Alexander Kerensky, lasted approximately eight months, and ceased to exist when the Bolsheviks gained power in the October Revolution in October [November, N.S.] 1917.
1912
1. American pilot Harriet Quimby (pictured) became the first woman to fly across the English Channel.
  1. Harriet Quimby
    
    Harriet Quimby was an American pioneering aviator, journalist, and film screenwriter.
  2. English Channel
    
    The English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France. It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busiest shipping area in the world.
2. Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly an airplane across the English Channel.
  1. Harriet Quimby
    
    Harriet Quimby was an American pioneering aviator, journalist, and film screenwriter.
  2. Aircraft
    
    An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships, gliders, paramotors, and hot air balloons.
  3. English Channel
    
    The English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France. It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busiest shipping area in the world.
1910
1. The oldest existing indoor ice hockey arena still used for the sport in the 21st century, Boston Arena, opens for the first time.
  1. Ice hockey
    
    Ice hockey is a team sport played on ice skates, usually on an ice skating rink with lines and markings specific to the sport. It belongs to a family of sports called hockey. In ice hockey, two opposing teams use ice hockey sticks to control, advance and shoot a closed, vulcanized, rubber disc called a "puck" into the other team's goal. Each goal is worth one point. The team which scores the most goals is declared the winner. In a formal game, each team has six skaters on the ice at a time, barring any penalties, one of whom is the goaltender. Ice hockey is a full contact sport.
  2. Matthews Arena
    
    Matthews Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the world's oldest multi-purpose athletic building still in use, as well as the oldest arena in use for ice hockey.
1908
1. Natural Bridges National Monument is established in Utah.
  1. Natural Bridges National Monument
    
    Natural Bridges National Monument is a U.S. National Monument located about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of the Four Corners boundary of southeast Utah, in the western United States, at the junction of White Canyon and Armstrong Canyon, part of the Colorado River drainage. It features the thirteenth largest natural bridge in the world, carved from the white Permian sandstone of the Cedar Mesa Formation that gives White Canyon its name.
  2. Utah
    
    Utah is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to its west by Nevada. Utah also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast. Of the fifty U.S. states, Utah is the 13th-largest by area; with a population over three million, it is the 30th-most-populous and 11th-least-densely populated. Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas: the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, which is home to roughly two-thirds of the population and includes the capital city, Salt Lake City; and Washington County in the southwest, with more than 180,000 residents. Most of the western half of Utah lies in the Great Basin.
1881
1. In Dodge City, Kansas, Bat Masterson fights his last gun battle.
  1. Dodge City, Kansas
    
    Dodge City is the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States, named after nearby Fort Dodge. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 27,788. The city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West.
  2. Bat Masterson
    
    Bartholemew William Barclay "Bat" Masterson was a U.S. Army scout, lawman, professional gambler, and journalist known for his exploits in the 19th and early 20th-century American Old West. He was born to a working-class Irish family in Quebec, but he moved to the Western frontier as a young man and quickly distinguished himself as a buffalo hunter, civilian scout, and Indian fighter on the Great Plains. He later earned fame as a gunfighter and sheriff in Dodge City, Kansas, during which time he was involved in several notable shootouts.
1878
1. The Senate of the Grand Duchy of Finland issued a declaration establishing a city of Kotka on the southern part islands from the old Kymi parish.
  1. Senate of Finland
    
    The Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1816 to 1917 and in the independent Finland from 1917 to 1918.
  2. Kotka
    
    Kotka is a city in the southern part of the Kymenlaakso province on the Gulf of Finland. Kotka is a major port and industrial city and also a diverse school and cultural city, which was formerly part of the old Kymi parish. The neighboring municipalities of Kotka are Hamina, Kouvola and Pyhtää. Kotka belongs to the Kotka-Hamina subdivision, and with Kouvola, Kotka is one of the capital center of the Kymenlaakso region. It is the 19th largest city in terms of population as a single city, but the 12th largest city of Finland in terms of population as an urban area.
  3. Kymi, Finland
    
    Kymi was a rural municipality in Finland, located in Kymenlaakso on the coast, about 100 km east of Helsinki. Kymi is now part of Kotka. Its population in 1939 was 21,241 and in 1944 20,924.
1863
1. American Civil War: During the Vicksburg Campaign, gunboats commanded by acting Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter run downriver past Confederate artillery batteries at Vicksburg.
  1. Vicksburg campaign
    
    The Vicksburg campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in the Western Theater of the American Civil War directed against Vicksburg, Mississippi, a fortress city that dominated the last Confederate-controlled section of the Mississippi River. The Union Army of the Tennessee under Major General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the river by capturing this stronghold and defeating Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton's forces stationed there.
  2. Gunboat
    
    A gunboat is a naval watercraft designed for the express purpose of carrying one or more guns to bombard coastal targets, as opposed to those military craft designed for naval warfare, or for ferrying troops or supplies.
  3. David Dixon Porter
    
    David Dixon Porter was a United States Navy admiral and a member of one of the most distinguished families in the history of the U.S. Navy. Promoted as the second U.S. Navy officer ever to attain the rank of admiral, after his adoptive brother David G. Farragut, Porter helped improve the Navy as the Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy after significant service in the American Civil War.
  4. Artillery battery
    
    In military organizations, an artillery battery is a unit or multiple systems of artillery, mortar systems, rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers, surface-to-surface missiles, ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, etc., so grouped to facilitate better battlefield communication and command and control, as well as to provide dispersion for its constituent gunnery crews and their systems. The term is also used in a naval context to describe groups of guns on warships.
1862
1. Slavery in Washington, D.C., ended when the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act became law.
  1. Slavery in the United States
    
    The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Slavery was established throughout European colonization in the Americas. From 1526, during early colonial days, it was practiced in what became Britain's colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies that formed the United States. Under the law, an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. Slavery lasted in about half of U.S. states until abolition. In the decades after the end of Reconstruction, many of slavery's economic and social functions were continued through segregation, sharecropping, and convict leasing.
  2. Washington, D.C.
    
    Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.
  3. District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
    
    An Act for the Release of certain Persons held to Service or Labor in the District of Columbia, 37th Cong., Sess. 2, ch. 54, 12 Stat. 376, known colloquially as the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act or simply Compensated Emancipation Act, was a law that ended slavery in the District of Columbia, while providing slave owners who remained loyal to the United States in the then-ongoing Civil War to petition for compensation. Although not written by him, the act was signed by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 16, 1862. April 16 is now celebrated in the city as Emancipation Day.
2. Slavery in Washington, D.C., ended when the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act became law.
  1. Slavery in the United States
    
    The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Slavery was established throughout European colonization in the Americas. From 1526, during early colonial days, it was practiced in what became Britain's colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies that formed the United States. Under the law, an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. Slavery lasted in about half of U.S. states until abolition. In the decades after the end of Reconstruction, many of slavery's economic and social functions were continued through segregation, sharecropping, and convict leasing.
  2. Washington, D.C.
    
    Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.
  3. District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
    
    An Act for the Release of certain Persons held to Service or Labor in the District of Columbia, 37th Cong., Sess. 2, ch. 54, 12 Stat. 376, known colloquially as the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act or simply Compensated Emancipation Act, was a law that ended slavery in the District of Columbia, while providing slave owners who remained loyal to the United States in the then-ongoing Civil War to petition for compensation. Although not written by him, the act was signed by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 16, 1862. April 16 is now celebrated in the city as Emancipation Day.
3. American Civil War: Battle at Lee's Mills in Virginia.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Siege of Yorktown (1862)
    
    The Battle of Yorktown or Siege of Yorktown was fought from April 5 to May 4, 1862, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. Marching from Fort Monroe, Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac encountered Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder's small Confederate force at Yorktown behind the Warwick Line. McClellan suspended his march up the Peninsula toward Richmond and settled in for siege operations.
  3. Virginia
    
    Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most-populous city, and Fairfax County is the most-populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population in 2020 was over 8.65 million, with 36% of them living in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.
4. American Civil War: The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, a bill ending slavery in the District of Columbia, becomes law.
  1. District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
    
    An Act for the Release of certain Persons held to Service or Labor in the District of Columbia, 37th Cong., Sess. 2, ch. 54, 12 Stat. 376, known colloquially as the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act or simply Compensated Emancipation Act, was a law that ended slavery in the District of Columbia, while providing slave owners who remained loyal to the United States in the then-ongoing Civil War to petition for compensation. Although not written by him, the act was signed by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 16, 1862. April 16 is now celebrated in the city as Emancipation Day.
  2. Slavery in the District of Columbia
    
    The slave trade in the District of Columbia was legal from its creation until 1850, when the trade in enslaved people in the District was outlawed as part of the Compromise of 1850. That restrictions on slavery in the District were probably coming was a major factor in the retrocession of the Virginia part of the District back to Virginia in 1847. Thus the large slave-trading businesses in Alexandria, such as Franklin & Armfield, could continue their operations in Virginia, where slavery was more secure.
1858
1. The Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is dissolved.
  1. Wernerian Natural History Society
    
    The Wernerian Natural History Society, commonly abbreviated as the Wernerian Society, was a learned society interested in the broad field of natural history, and saw papers presented on various topics such as mineralogy, plants, insects, and scholarly expeditions. The Society was an offshoot of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and from its beginnings it was a rather elite organization.
  2. Learned society
    
    A learned society is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and science. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.
1853
1. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway opens the first passenger rail in India, from Bori Bunder to Thane.
  1. Great Indian Peninsula Railway
    
    The Great Indian Peninsula Railway was a predecessor of the Central Railway, whose headquarters was at the Boree Bunder in Mumbai. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company was incorporated on 1 August 1849 by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company Act 1849 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. On 21 August 1847 it entered into a formal contract with the East India Company for the construction and operation of a railway line, 56 km long, to form part of a trunk line connecting Bombay with Khandesh and Berar and generally with the other presidencies of India. The Court of Directors of the East India Company appointed James John Berkeley as Chief Resident Engineer and Charles Buchanan Ker and Robert Wilfred Graham as his assistants. It was India's first passenger railway, the original 21 miles (33.8 km) section opening in 1853, between Bombay (Mumbai) and Tanna (Thane). On 1 July 1925 its management was taken over by the Government. On 5 November 1951 it was incorporated into the Central Railway.
  2. Bori Bunder
    
    Bori Bunder is an area along the Eastern shore line of Mumbai, India.
  3. Thane
    
    Thane is a metropolitan city in Maharashtra, India. It is situated in the north-eastern portion of the Salsette Island. Thane city is entirely within Thane taluka, one of the seven talukas of Thane district; also, it is the headquarters of the namesake district. With a population of 1,841,488 distributed over a land area of about 147 square kilometres (57 sq mi), Thane city is the 15th most populated city in India with a population of 1,890,000 according to the 2011 census.
1847
1. Shooting of a Māori by an English sailor results in the opening of the Wanganui Campaign of the New Zealand Wars.
  1. Māori people
    
    The Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand. Māori originated with settlers from East Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages between roughly 1320 and 1350. Over several centuries in isolation, these settlers developed their own distinctive culture, whose language, mythology, crafts, and performing arts evolved independently from those of other eastern Polynesian cultures. Some early Māori moved to the Chatham Islands, where their descendants became New Zealand's other indigenous Polynesian ethnic group, the Moriori.
  2. Whanganui campaign
    
    The Whanganui campaign was a brief round of hostilities in the North Island of New Zealand as indigenous Māori fought British settlers and military forces in 1847. The campaign, which included a siege of the fledgling Whanganui settlement, was among the earliest of the 19th century New Zealand Wars that were fought over issues of land and sovereignty.
  3. New Zealand Wars
    
    The New Zealand Wars took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand colonial government and allied Māori on one side and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other. They were previously commonly referred to as the Land Wars or the Māori Wars, while Māori language names for the conflicts included Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa and Te riri Pākehā. Historian James Belich popularised the name "New Zealand Wars" in the 1980s, although according to Vincent O'Malley, the term was first used by historian James Cowan in the 1920s.
1838
1. The French Army captures Veracruz in the Pastry War.
  1. French Army
    
    The French Army, officially known as the Land Army, is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed Forces.
  2. Battle of Veracruz (1838)
    
    The Battle of Veracruz, also known as the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa, was a naval engagement that pitted a French frigate squadron under Rear Admiral Charles Baudin against the Mexican citadel of San Juan de Ulúa, which defended the city of Veracruz, from 27 November to 5 December 1838.
  3. Pastry War
    
    The Pastry War, also known as the First French Intervention in Mexico or the First Franco-Mexican War (1838–1839), began in November 1838 with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz by French forces sent by King Louis-Philippe. It ended several months later in March 1839 with a British-brokered peace. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico. This incident, the first and lesser of Mexico's two 19th-century wars with France, preceded the French invasion of 1861–1867 which supported the short reign of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, whom the Mexicans executed by firing squad at the end of that later conflict.
1818
1. The United States Senate ratifies the Rush–Bagot Treaty, limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain.
  1. United States Senate
    
    The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
  2. Rush–Bagot Treaty
    
    The Rush–Bagot Treaty or Rush–Bagot Disarmament was a treaty between the United States and Great Britain limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, following the War of 1812. It was ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818, and was confirmed by Canada, following Confederation in 1867.
  3. Great Lakes
    
    The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America or the Laurentian Great Lakes, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes, which are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario and are in general on or near the Canada–United States border. Hydrologically, lakes Michigan and Huron are a single body joined at the Straits of Mackinac. The Great Lakes Waterway enables modern travel and shipping by water among the lakes.
  4. Lake Champlain
    
    Lake Champlain is a natural freshwater lake in North America. It mostly lies between the US states of New York and Vermont, but also extends north into the Canadian province of Quebec.
1799
1. French Revolutionary Wars: Severely outnumbered French forces repulsed an Ottoman attack at the Battle of Mount Tabor in present-day Israel.
  1. French Revolutionary Wars
    
    The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension. After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy, France had conquered territories in the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and the Rhineland in Europe and abandoned Louisiana in North America. French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe.
  2. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
  3. Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)
    
    The Battle of Mount Tabor was fought on 16 April 1799, between French forces commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte and General Jean-Baptiste Kléber, against an Ottoman Army under Abdullah Pasha al-Azm, ruler of Damascus. The battle was a consequence of the siege of Acre, in the later stages of the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria.
2. French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor: Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre.
  1. French Revolutionary Wars
    
    The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension. After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy, France had conquered territories in the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and the Rhineland in Europe and abandoned Louisiana in North America. French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe.
  2. Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)
    
    The Battle of Mount Tabor was fought on 16 April 1799, between French forces commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte and General Jean-Baptiste Kléber, against an Ottoman Army under Abdullah Pasha al-Azm, ruler of Damascus. The battle was a consequence of the siege of Acre, in the later stages of the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria.
  3. Napoleon
    
    Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.
  4. Ottoman Turks
    
    The Ottoman Turks, were the Turkic founding and sociopolitically the most dominant ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire.
  5. Jordan River
    
    The Jordan River or River Jordan, also known as Nahr Al-Sharieat, is a 251-kilometre-long (156 mi) river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and on to the Dead Sea. Jordan and the Golan Heights border the river to the east, while the West Bank and Israel lie to its west. Both Jordan and the West Bank take their names from the river.
  6. Acre, Israel
    
    Acre, known locally as Akko or Akka, is a city in the coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel.
1780
1. Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Fürstenberg founds the University of Münster.
  1. Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Fürstenberg
    
    Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Fürstenberg was a German politician and the most important statesman in the Principality of Münster in the second half of the 18th century. Fürstenberg was committed to a cautious and enlightened course of reform.
  2. University of Münster
    
    The University of Münster is a public research university located in the city of Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
1746
1. The Battle of Culloden is fought between the French-supported Jacobites and the British Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, in Scotland. After the battle many highland traditions were banned and the Highlands of Scotland were cleared of inhabitants.
  1. Battle of Culloden
    
    The Battle of Culloden was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite army of Charles Edward Stuart was decisively defeated by a British government force under Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, on Drummossie Moor near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. It was the last pitched battle fought on British soil.
  2. Jacobitism
    
    Jacobitism was a political movement that supported the restoration of the senior line of the House of Stuart to the British throne. The name derives from the first name of James II and VII, which in Latin translates as Jacobus. When James went into exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England argued that he had abandoned the English throne, which they offered to his Protestant daughter Mary II, and her husband William III. In April, the Scottish Convention held that he "forfeited" the throne of Scotland by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.
  3. House of Hanover
    
    The House of Hanover, whose members are known as Hanoverians, is a European royal house of German origin that ruled Hanover, Great Britain, and Ireland at various times during the 17th to 20th centuries. The house originated in 1635 as a cadet branch of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, growing in prestige until Hanover became an Electorate in 1692. George I became the first Hanoverian monarch of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714. At Queen Victoria's death in 1901, the throne of the United Kingdom passed to her eldest son Edward VII, a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The last reigning members of the House lost the Duchy of Brunswick in 1918 when Germany became a republic.
  4. Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
    
    Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland was the third and youngest son of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland and his wife, Caroline of Ansbach. He was Duke of Cumberland from 1726. He is best remembered for his role in putting down the Jacobite Rising at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, which made him immensely popular throughout parts of Britain. He is often referred to by the nickname given to him by his Tory opponents: 'Butcher' Cumberland.
  5. Highland Clearances
    
    The Highland Clearances were the evictions of a significant number of tenants in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, mostly in two phases from 1750 to 1860.
1582
1. Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.
  1. Conquistador
    
    Conquistadors or conquistadores were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, colonizing and opening trade routes. They brought much of the Americas under the dominion of Spain and Portugal.
  2. Hernando de Lerma
    
    Hernando de Lerma Polanco was a conqueror, politician, lawyer and city founder from Seville, Spain.
  3. Salta
    
    Salta is the capital and largest city in the Argentine province of the same name. With a population of 618,375 according to the 2010 census, it is also the 7th most-populous city in Argentina. The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Valle de Lerma Metropolitan Area, which is home to over 50.9% of the population of Salta Province and also includes the municipalities of La Caldera, Vaqueros, Campo Quijano, Rosario de Lerma, Cerrillos, La Merced and San Lorenzo. Salta is the seat of the Capital Department, the most populous department in the province.
1520
1. Citizens of Toledo, Castile, opposed to the rule of the foreign-born Charles I, revolted when the royal government attempted to unseat radical city councilors.
  1. Toledo, Spain
    
    Toledo is a city and municipality of Spain, capital of the province of Toledo and the de jure seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. Toledo was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 for its extensive monumental and cultural heritage.
  2. Kingdom of Castile
    
    The Kingdom of Castile was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region. It began in the 9th century as the County of Castile, an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century, its counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, this union became permanent. Throughout this period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
  3. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and the Kingdom of Spain with its southern Italian possessions of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Furthermore, he oversaw both the continuation of the long-lasting Spanish colonization of the Americas and the short-lived German colonization of the Americas. The personal union of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets".
  4. Revolt of the Comuneros
    
    The Revolt of the Comuneros was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles I and his administration between 1520 and 1521. At its height, the rebels controlled the heart of Castile, ruling the cities of Valladolid, Tordesillas, and Toledo.
2. The Revolt of the Comuneros begins in Spain against the rule of Charles V.
  1. Revolt of the Comuneros
    
    The Revolt of the Comuneros was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles I and his administration between 1520 and 1521. At its height, the rebels controlled the heart of Castile, ruling the cities of Valladolid, Tordesillas, and Toledo.
  2. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and the Kingdom of Spain with its southern Italian possessions of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Furthermore, he oversaw both the continuation of the long-lasting Spanish colonization of the Americas and the short-lived German colonization of the Americas. The personal union of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets".
1346
1. Stefan Dušan, "the Mighty", is crowned Emperor of the Serbs at Skopje, his empire occupying much of the Balkans.
  1. Stefan Dušan
    
    Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, known as Dušan the Mighty, was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Tsar and autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks from 16 April 1346 until his death in 1355.
  2. Emperor of the Serbs
    
    Between 1345 and 1371, the Serbian monarch was self-titled emperor (tsar). The full title was initially Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks, later Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks and Bulgarians in Serbian and basileus and autokrator of Serbia and Romania ["the land of the Romans"] in Greek. This title was soon enlarged into "Emperor and Autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks, the Bulgarians and Albanians". The Serbian Empire was ruled by only two monarchs; Stefan Dušan and Stefan Uroš V. Two other claimants of the title ruled in Thessaly, Central Greece.
  3. Skopje
    
    Skopje is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre.
  4. Serbian Empire
    
    The Serbian Empire was a medieval Serbian state that emerged from the Kingdom of Serbia. It was established in 1346 by Dušan the Mighty, who significantly expanded the state.
  5. Balkans
    
    The Balkans, also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria. The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the northwest, the Ionian Sea in the southwest, the Aegean Sea in the south, the Turkish Straits in the east, and the Black Sea in the northeast. The northern border of the peninsula is variously defined. The highest point of the Balkans is Mount Musala, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), in the Rila mountain range, Bulgaria.
73
1. Masada, a Jewish fortress, falls to the Romans after several months of siege, ending the First Jewish–Roman War.
  1. AD 73
    
    AD 73 (LXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Domitian and Messalinus. The denomination AD 73 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Masada
    
    Masada is an ancient fortification in the Southern District of Israel situated on top of an isolated rock plateau, akin to a mesa. It is located on the eastern edge of the Judaean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea 20 km (12 mi) east of Arad.
  3. Roman Empire
    
    The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors. From the accession of Caesar Augustus as the first Roman emperor to the military anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a principate with Italia as the metropole of its provinces and the city of Rome as its sole capital. The Empire was later ruled by multiple emperors who shared control over the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The city of Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until AD 476 when the imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople following the capture of the Western capital of Ravenna by the Germanic barbarians. The adoption of Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire in AD 380 and the fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Because of these events, along with the gradual Hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire, historians distinguish the medieval Roman Empire that remained in the Eastern provinces as the Byzantine Empire.
  4. First Jewish–Roman War
    
    The First Jewish–Roman War, sometimes called the Great Jewish Revolt, or The Jewish War, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire, fought in Roman-controlled Judea, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the Jewish Temple and polity.
69
1. Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide.
  1. AD 69
    
    AD 69 (LXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Rufinus. The denomination AD 69 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Vitellius
    
    Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor for eight months, from 19 April to 20 December AD 69. Vitellius was proclaimed emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. Vitellius was the first to add the honorific cognomen Germanicus to his name instead of Caesar upon his accession. Like his direct predecessor, Otho, Vitellius attempted to rally public support to his cause by honoring and imitating Nero who remained widely popular in the empire.
  3. Otho
    
    Marcus Otho was the seventh Roman emperor, ruling for three months from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors.
-1457
1. Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.
  1. 1450s BC
    
    The 1450s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1459 BC to December 31, 1450 BC.
  2. Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)
    
    The Battle of Megiddo was fought between Egyptian forces under the command of Pharaoh Thutmose III and a large rebellious coalition of Canaanite vassal states led by the king of Kadesh. It is the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. Megiddo is also the first recorded use of the composite bow and the first body count. All details of the battle come from Egyptian sources—primarily the hieroglyphic writings on the Hall of Annals in the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak, Thebes, by the military scribe Tjaneni.
  3. Battle
    
    A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a skirmish.

Births & Deaths

2021
1. Andrew Peacock, Australian politician (b. 1939). deaths
  1. Andrew Peacock
    
    Andrew Sharp Peacock was an Australian politician and diplomat. He served as a cabinet minister and went on to become leader of the Liberal Party on two occasions, leading the party to defeat at the 1984 and 1990 elections.
2. Helen McCrory, British actress (b. 1968). deaths
  1. Helen McCrory
    
    Helen Elizabeth McCrory was an English actress. After studying at the Drama Centre London, she made her stage debut in The Importance of Being Earnest in 1990. Other stage roles include playing Lady Macbeth in Macbeth at Shakespeare's Globe, Olivia in Twelfth Night and Rosalind in As You Like It in the West End.
3. Liam Scarlett, British choreographer (b. 1986) deaths
  1. Liam Scarlett
    
    Liam Scarlett was a British choreographer who was an artist in residence with The Royal Ballet and artistic associate with Queensland Ballet. He also choreographed new works for Ballet Black, Miami City Ballet, Norwegian National Ballet, the BalletBoyz, English National Ballet, San Francisco Ballet, American Ballet Theatre, Royal New Zealand Ballet, Atlanta Ballet, Polish National Ballet, and the Royal Ballet School.
4. John Dawes, Welsh rugby union player (b. 1940) deaths
  1. John Dawes
    
    Sydney John Dawes was a Welsh rugby union player, playing at centre, and later coach. He captained London Welsh, Wales, the 1971 British Lions and the Barbarians. He is credited with being a major influence in these teams' success, and in the attractive, attacking, free-flowing rugby they played. Dawes also had considerable success as a coach with Wales, and coached the 1977 British Lions. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1972 New Year Honours List for services as Lions captain.
  2. Rugby union
    
    Rugby union, commonly known simply as rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players each, using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped goalposts at both ends.
2018
1. Harry Anderson, American actor and magician (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Harry Anderson
    
    Harry Laverne Anderson was an American actor, comedian and magician. He is best known for his role of Judge Harry Stone on the 1984–1992 television series Night Court. He later starred in the sitcom Dave's World from 1993 to 1997.
2015
1. Valery Belousov, Russian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Valery Belousov
    
    Valery Konsantinovich Belousov was a Russian professional ice hockey coach and player.
2. Stanislav Gross, Czech lawyer and politician, fifth Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (b. 1969) deaths
  1. Stanislav Gross
    
    Stanislav Gross was a Czech lawyer and politician who served as the prime minister of the Czech Republic and leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2004 until 2005 when he resigned as a result of his financial irregularities. He previously served as minister of the Interior in cabinets of Miloš Zeman and Vladimír Špidla from 2000 to 2004. Gross was Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1992 to 2004.
  2. Prime Minister of the Czech Republic
    
    The prime minister of the Czech Republic is the head of the government of the Czech Republic. The prime minister is the de-facto leader of the executive branch, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers.
2014
1. Gyude Bryant, Liberian businessman and politician (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Gyude Bryant
    
    Charles Gyude Bryant was a Liberian politician and businessman. He served as the Chairman of the Transitional Government of Liberia from 14 October 2003 to 16 January 2006. The installation of the transitional government was part of the peace agreement to end the country's second civil war, which had raged since the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) rebelled against President Charles Taylor in 1999. Bryant was previously a businessman and was chosen as chairman because he was seen as politically neutral and therefore acceptable to each of the warring factions, which included LURD, the Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL), and loyalists of former President Taylor. He was a prominent member of the Episcopal Church of Liberia, and was critical of the governments of Samuel Doe (1980–90) and Taylor (1997–2003).
2. Aulis Rytkönen, Finnish footballer and manager (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Aulis Rytkönen
    
    Taavi Aulis Rytkönen was a Finnish footballer. He became the country's first professional player when he signed for France's Toulouse FC in 1952.
3. Ernst Florian Winter, Austrian-American historian and political scientist (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Ernst Florian Winter
    
    Ernst Florian Winter was an Austrian-American historian and political scientist, the first director of the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna after World War II, and chairman of the International Council of the Austrian Service Abroad.
2013
1. Charles Bruzon, Gibraltarian politician (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Charles Bruzon
    
    Charles Arthur Bruzon was a Gibraltarian politician and former Roman Catholic priest. He was affiliated with the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP). In the general elections of 2011, he was elected to the Gibraltar Parliament and appointed Minister for Housing and the Elderly.
2. Ali Kafi, Algerian politician (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Ali Kafi
    
    Ali Kafi was an Algerian politician who was Chairman of the High Council of State and acting President from 1992 to 1994.
3. Siegfried Ludwig, Austrian politician, 18th Governor of Lower Austria (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Siegfried Ludwig
    
    Siegfried Ludwig was an Austrian politician and Governor of Lower Austria from 1981 to 1992.
  2. List of governors of Lower Austria
    
    This is a list of governors of the Austrian state of Lower Austria:
4. Pentti Lund, Finnish-Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Pentti Lund
    
    Pentti Alexander Lund was a Finnish Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played for the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers in the National Hockey League. Lund was often credited as being the first Finnish player in the National Hockey League. (Albert Pudas, however, played 4 games with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1926-1927. Pudas though had the Canadian citizenship from the beginning in Maple Leafs even he was born in Finland.
5. George Beverly Shea, Canadian-American singer-songwriter (b. 1909) deaths
  1. George Beverly Shea
    
    George Beverly Shea was a Canadian-born American gospel singer and hymn composer. Shea was often described as "America's beloved gospel singer" and was considered "the first international singing 'star' of the gospel world," as a consequence of his solos at Billy Graham Crusades and his exposure on radio, records and television. Because of the large attendance at Graham's Crusades, it is estimated that Shea sang live before more people than anyone else in history.
6. Pat Summerall, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Pat Summerall
    
    George Allen "Pat" Summerall was an American football player and television sportscaster who worked for CBS, Fox, and ESPN. In addition to football, he announced major golf and tennis events. Summerall announced 16 Super Bowls on network television, 26 Masters Tournaments, and 21 US Opens. He contributed to 10 Super Bowl broadcasts on CBS Radio as a pregame host or analyst.
7. Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Mexican architect, designed the Tijuana Cultural Center and National Museum of Anthropology (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Pedro Ramírez Vázquez
    
    Pedro Ramírez Vázquez was a Mexican late twentieth century architect. He was born in Mexico City. He was persuaded to study architecture by writer and poet Carlos Pellicer.
  2. Tijuana Cultural Center
    
    The Tijuana Cultural Center (CECUT) is a cultural center in the Zona Río district of Tijuana, Mexico. The center opened 20 October 1982, and accommodates more than a million visitors per year.
  3. National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)
    
    The National Museum of Anthropology is a national museum of Mexico. It is the largest and most visited museum in Mexico. Located in the area between Paseo de la Reforma and Mahatma Gandhi Street within Chapultepec Park in Mexico City, the museum contains significant archaeological and anthropological artifacts from Mexico's pre-Columbian heritage, such as the Stone of the Sun and the Aztec Xochipilli statue.
2012
1. Sári Barabás, Hungarian soprano (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Sári Barabás
    
    Sári Barabás was a Hungarian operatic soprano, particularly associated with coloratura roles.
2. Marian Biskup, Polish author and academic (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Marian Biskup
    
    Marian Biskup was a Polish historian, author and academic, who specialized in the history of the Baltics, Pomerelia, Teutonic Order, Prussia, Toruń and Copernicus. He was a member of the International Commission for the study of the Teutonic Order.
3. Alan Hacker, English clarinet player and conductor (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Alan Hacker
    
    Alan Ray Hacker was an English clarinettist, conductor, and music professor.
4. George Kunda, Zambian lawyer and politician, 11th Vice-President of Zambia (b. 1956) deaths
  1. George Kunda
    
    George Kunda was a Zambian lawyer and politician who was the 11th vice-president of Zambia from 2008 to 2011. He served under President Rupiah Banda until their party's loss to Michael Sata's party.
  2. Vice-President of Zambia
    
    The vice-president of Zambia is the second highest position in the executive branch of the Republic of Zambia. The vice-president was previously appointed by the president before the amendment of the Constitution in 2016. Under the amended Constitution, when the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice-president automatically assumes the presidency, unlike when the Constitution demanded holding of presidential by-election within 90 days. This is so because now every presidential candidate shall pick a vice-presidential running mate and the two will share the vote meaning voting for a president is an automatic vote for the vice-president.
5. Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish businessman (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller
    
    Arnold Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller was a Danish shipping magnate. He was a longtime figure at A.P. Moller–Maersk Group, which was founded by his father.
6. Carlo Petrini, Italian footballer and coach (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Carlo Petrini (footballer)
    
    Carlo Petrini was an Italian professional football player and coach.
2011
1. Gerry Alexander, Jamaican cricketer and veterinarian (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Gerry Alexander
    
    Franz Copeland Murray Alexander OD, known as Gerry Alexander, was a Jamaican cricketer who played 25 Test matches for the West Indies. He was a wicket-keeper who had 90 dismissals in his 25 Test appearances and, though his batting average was around 30 in both Test and first class cricket, his only first-class century came in a Test on the 1960–61 tour of Australia.
2. Allan Blakeney, Canadian scholar and politician, tenth Premier of Saskatchewan (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Allan Blakeney
    
    Allan Emrys Blakeney was the tenth premier of Saskatchewan from 1971 to 1982, and leader of the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party (NDP).
  2. Premier of Saskatchewan
    
    The premier of Saskatchewan is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The current premier of Saskatchewan is Scott Moe, who was sworn in as premier on February 2, 2018, after winning the 2018 Saskatchewan Party leadership election. The first premier of Saskatchewan was Liberal Thomas Walter Scott, who served from 1905 to 1916. Since Saskatchewan was created as a province in 1905, 15 individuals have served as premier.
3. Sol Saks, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Sol Saks
    
    Sol Saks was an American screenwriter best known as the creator of the television sitcom Bewitched.
2010
1. Rasim Delić, Bosnian general and convicted war criminal (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Rasim Delić
    
    Rasim Delić was the chief of staff of the Bosnian Army. He was a career officer in the Yugoslav Army but left it during the breakup of Yugoslavia and was convicted of war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, being sentenced to 3 years in prison.
2. Daryl Gates, American police officer, created the D.A.R.E. Program (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Daryl Gates
    
    Daryl Gates was the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) from 1978 to 1992. His length of tenure in this position was second only to that of William H. Parker. As Chief of the LAPD, he took a hardline, aggressive, paramilitary approach to law enforcement that affected black and Latino Angelenos far more often than their white counterparts. Gates is co-credited with the creation of SWAT teams with LAPD's John Nelson, who others claim was the originator of SWAT in 1965. Gates also co-founded D.A.R.E.
  2. Drug Abuse Resistance Education
    
    Drug Abuse Resistance Education is an education program that seeks to prevent use of controlled drugs, membership in gangs, and violent behavior. It was founded in Los Angeles in 1983 as a joint initiative of then-LAPD chief Daryl Gates and the Los Angeles Unified School District as a demand-side drug control strategy of the American War on Drugs. The program's mascot is Daren the Lion.
2008
1. Edward Norton Lorenz, American mathematician and meteorologist (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Edward Norton Lorenz
    
    Edward Norton Lorenz was an American mathematician and meteorologist who established the theoretical basis of weather and climate predictability, as well as the basis for computer-aided atmospheric physics and meteorology. He is best known as the founder of modern chaos theory, a branch of mathematics focusing on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.
2007
1. Frank Bateson, New Zealand astronomer (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Frank Bateson
    
    Frank Maine Bateson was a New Zealand astronomer who specialised in the study of variable stars.
2. Gaétan Duchesne, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Gaétan Duchesne
    
    Gaétan Joseph Pierre Duchesne was a Canadian professional ice hockey player.
3. Maria Lenk, Brazilian swimmer (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Maria Lenk
    
    Maria Emma Hulga Lenk was a Brazilian swimmer, the first South American woman to participate in the Summer Olympic Games, in 1932.
4. Chandrabose Suthaharan, Sri Lankan journalist deaths
  1. Chandrabose Suthaharan
    
    Chandrabose Suthaharan was a minority Sri Lankan Tamil editor of the Tamil magazine, Nilam, and he also wrote for other Tamil news media. He had earlier worked for Virakesari. He was shot and killed on 16 April 2007, in Thirunavatkulam in Vavuniya.
2005
1. Kay Walsh, English actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Kay Walsh
    
    Kathleen "Kay" Walsh was an English actress, dancer, and screenwriter. Her film career prospered after she met her future husband film director David Lean, with whom she worked on prestige productions such as In Which We Serve and Oliver Twist.
2004
1. Sadie Sink, American actress births
  1. Sadie Sink
    
    Sadie Elizabeth Sink is an American actress. She began acting at age seven in local theater productions, and played the title role in Annie (2012–14) and young Queen Elizabeth II in The Audience (2015) on Broadway. Sink made her television debut in a 2013 episode of The Americans and her film debut in the sports film Chuck (2016). She had her breakthrough portraying Max Mayfield in the science fiction drama series Stranger Things (2017–present), and in 2021, appeared in the horror film trilogy Fear Street and played the lead role in Taylor Swift's short film All Too Well. Sink has since starred in Darren Aronofsky's psychological drama The Whale (2022).
2003
1. Graham Jarvis, Canadian actor (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Graham Jarvis
    
    Graham Powley Jarvis was a Canadian character actor in American films and television from the 1960s to the early 2000s.
2. Graham Stuart Thomas, English horticulturalist and author (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Graham Stuart Thomas
    
    Graham Stuart Thomas, was an English horticulturist, who is likely best known for his work with garden roses, his restoration and stewardship of over 100 National Trust gardens and for writing 19 books on gardening, many of which remain classics today. However, as he states in the Preface to his outstanding book, The Rock Garden and its Plants: From Grotto to Alpine House, "My earliest enthusiasms in gardening were for....alpines." p8
2002
1. Billy Ayre, English footballer and manager (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Billy Ayre
    
    William Ayre was an English footballer who played for three clubs in a sixteen-year professional career, making over three hundred League appearances in the process. After retiring from the playing side of the game, he became a manager, and took the helm at five clubs between 1984 and 2000. He guided Blackpool to two successive play-off finals, in 1991 and 1992, during his four years in charge of the club.
2. Ruth Fertel, American businesswoman, founded Ruth's Chris Steak House (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Ruth Fertel
    
    Ruth Ann Udstad Fertel was a Louisiana businesswoman, best known as the founder of Ruth's Chris Steak Houses, which was founded in 1965.
  2. Ruth's Chris Steak House
    
    Ruth's Chris Steak House is a chain of over 100 steakhouses across the United States, Canada and Mexico. On May 22, 2008, the company underwent rebranding and became part of Ruth's Hospitality Group after its acquisition of Mitchell's Fish Market. The group's headquarters are in Winter Park, Florida.
3. Robert Urich, American actor (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Robert Urich
    
    Robert Michael Urich was an American film, television, and stage actor, and television producer. Over the course of his 30-year career, he starred in a record 15 television series.
2001
1. Robert Osterloh, American actor (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Robert Osterloh
    
    Robert Osterloh was an American actor. His career spanned 20 years, appearing in films such as The Dark Past (1948), The Wild One (1953), I Bury the Living (1958) and Young Dillinger (1965).
2. Michael Ritchie, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Michael Ritchie (filmmaker)
    
    Michael Brunswick Ritchie was an American film director, producer, and writer of films with comical or satirical leanings, such as The Candidate and Smile. He scored commercial successes directing sports films, like Downhill Racer and The Bad News Bears, and Chevy Chase's Fletch comedies and Eddie Murphy's The Golden Child.
3. Alec Stock, English footballer and manager (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Alec Stock
    
    Alec William Alfred Stock was an English footballer and manager. He briefly managed AS Roma, between long spells at Leyton Orient and Queens Park Rangers. At QPR, he won successive promotions, leading the club to the First Division for the first time, and winning the League Cup. Among managers for whom accurate statistics exist, he is the fourth most experienced manager of all time.
1999
1. Skip Spence, Canadian-American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Skip Spence
    
    Alexander Lee "Skip" Spence was a Canadian-born American singer, songwriter, and musician. He was co-founder of Moby Grape, and played guitar with them until 1969. He released one solo album, 1969's Oar, and then largely withdrew from the music industry. He had started his career as a guitarist in an early line-up of Quicksilver Messenger Service, and was the drummer on Jefferson Airplane's debut album, Jefferson Airplane Takes Off. He has been described on the AllMusic website as "one of psychedelia's brightest lights"; however, his career was plagued by drug addictions coupled with mental health problems, and he has been described by a biographer as a man who "neither died young nor had a chance to find his way out."
1998
1. Alberto Calderón, Argentinian-American mathematician and academic (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Alberto Calderón
    
    Alberto Pedro Calderón was an Argentinian mathematician. His name is associated with the University of Buenos Aires, but first and foremost with the University of Chicago, where Calderón and his mentor, the analyst Antoni Zygmund, developed the theory of singular integral operators. This created the "Chicago School of (hard) Analysis".
2. Fred Davis, English snooker player (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Fred Davis (snooker player)
    
    Fred Davis was an English professional player of snooker and English billiards. He was an eight-time World Snooker Championship winner from 1948 to 1956, and a two-time winner of the World Billiards Championship. He was the brother of 15-time world snooker champion Joe Davis; the pair were the only two players to win both snooker and English billiards world championships, and Fred is second on the list of those holding most world snooker championship titles, behind Joe.
3. Marie-Louise Meilleur, Canadian super-centenarian (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Marie-Louise Meilleur
    
    Marie-Louise Fébronie Meilleur was a Canadian supercentenarian. Meilleur is the oldest validated Canadian ever and upon the death of longevity world record holder Jeanne Calment, became the world's oldest recognized living person.
1997
1. Esmeralda Arboleda Cadavid, Colombian politician (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Esmeralda Arboleda Cadavid
    
    Maria Esmeralda Arboleda Cadavid was a Colombian politician, suffragist and the first woman elected to the Senate of Colombia, serving from 1958 to 1961.
2. Roland Topor, French actor, director, and painter (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Roland Topor
    
    Roland Topor was a French illustrator, cartoonist, comics artist, painter, novelist, playwright, film and TV writer, filmmaker and actor, who was known for the surreal nature of his work. He was of Polish-Jewish origin. His parents were Jewish refugees from Warsaw. He spent the early years of his life in Savoy, where his family hid him from the Gestapo.
1996
1. Anya Taylor-Joy, Argentine-British actress births
  1. Anya Taylor-Joy
    
    Anya-Josephine Marie Taylor-Joy is an actress. She has won several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, in addition to a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award. In 2021, she was featured on Time magazine's 100 Next list.
2. Taylor Townsend, American tennis player births
  1. Taylor Townsend
    
    Taylor Townsend is an American professional tennis player. She reached career-high WTA rankings of world No. 61 in singles and No. 32 in doubles. She also reached the doubles final of the 2022 US Open with Caty McNally.
3. Lucille Bremer, American actress and dancer (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Lucille Bremer
    
    Lucille Bremer was an American film actress and dancer.
1994
1. Paul-Émilien Dalpé, Canadian labor unionist (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Paul-Émilien Dalpé
    
    Paul-Émilien Dalpé, C.M., also known as Paul-Émile Dalpé, was a Canadian labour unionist and nurse. He was born in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec and was the founding president of the Centrale des syndicats démocratiques (CSD), a Quebec labour central body.
2. Ralph Ellison, American novelist and critic (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Ralph Ellison
    
    Ralph Waldo Ellison was an American writer, literary critic, and scholar best known for his novel Invisible Man, which won the National Book Award in 1953. He also wrote Shadow and Act (1964), a collection of political, social, and critical essays, and Going to the Territory (1986). The New York Times dubbed him "among the gods of America's literary Parnassus." A posthumous novel, Juneteenth, was published after being assembled from voluminous notes he left upon his death.
1993
1. Chance the Rapper, American rapper births
  1. Chance the Rapper
    
    Chancelor Johnathan Bennett, known professionally as Chance the Rapper, is an American rapper, singer-songwriter, and record producer. Born and raised in Chicago, Bennett released his debut mixtape 10 Day in 2012. He began to gain mainstream recognition in 2013 after releasing his second mixtape, Acid Rap. He then released his third mixtape, Coloring Book in 2016, which garnered further critical acclaim and attention. It earned him three Grammy Awards, including the award for Best Rap Album; upon winning, it became the first streaming-only album to win a Grammy Award, and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200. His debut studio album The Big Day was released in 2019.
2. Mirai Nagasu, Japanese-American figure skater births
  1. Mirai Nagasu
    
    Mirai Aileen Nagasu is an American figure skater. She is a 2018 Olympic Games team event bronze medalist, three-time Four Continents medalist, the 2007 JGP Final champion, a two-time World Junior medalist, and a seven-time U.S. national medalist.
1992
1. Neville Brand, American actor (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Neville Brand
    
    Lawrence Neville Brand was an American soldier and actor. He was known for playing villainous or antagonistic character roles in Westerns, crime dramas, and films noir, and was nominated for a BAFTA Award for his performance in Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954).
2. Alexandru Nicolschi, Romanian spy and activist (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Alexandru Nicolschi
    
    Alexandru Nicolschi was a Romanian communist activist, Soviet agent and officer, and Securitate chief under the Communist regime. Active until 1961, he was one of the most recognizable leaders of violent political repression.
3. Andy Russell, American singer and actor (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Andy Russell (singer)
    
    Andy Russell was an American popular vocalist, actor, and entertainer of Mexican descent, specializing in traditional pop and Latin music. He sold 8 million records in the 1940s singing in a romantic, baritone voice and in his trademark bilingual English and Spanish style. He had chart-busters, such as "Bésame Mucho", "Amor", and "What a Diff'rence a Day Made". He made personal appearances and performed on radio programs, most notably Your Hit Parade, in several movies, and on television. During this initial phase of his career, his popularity in the United States rivaled that of crooners Frank Sinatra and Perry Como.
1991
1. Nolan Arenado, American baseball player births
  1. Nolan Arenado
    
    Nolan James Arenado is an American professional baseball third baseman for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). Arenado is widely recognized as an elite third baseman, both offensively and defensively. He is the only infielder to win the Rawlings Gold Glove Award in each of his first ten MLB seasons. He made his MLB debut with the Colorado Rockies in 2013 and was traded to the Cardinals before the 2021 season.
2. Kim Kyung-jung, South Korean footballer births
  1. Kim Kyung-jung
    
    Kim Kyung-Jung is a South Korean association football player who currently plays for FC Anyang as a striker. He had represented the South Korea national under-20 football team and participated in the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
3. David Lean, English director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1908) deaths
  1. David Lean
    
    Sir David Lean was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor. Widely considered one of the most important figures in British cinema, Lean directed the large-scale epics The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984). He also directed the film adaptations of two Charles Dickens novels, Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948), as well as the romantic drama Brief Encounter (1945).
1990
1. Reggie Jackson, American basketball player births
  1. Reggie Jackson (basketball, born 1990)
    
    Reginald Shon Jackson is an Italian-born American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played three seasons for the Boston College Eagles before declaring for the 2011 NBA draft where he was drafted 24th overall by the Oklahoma City Thunder.
2. Vangelis Mantzaris, Greek basketball player births
  1. Vangelis Mantzaris
    
    Evangelos "Vangelis" Mantzaris is a Greek professional basketball player for Ionikos Nikaias of the Greek Basket League. He is a 1.96 m (6'5") tall point guard and shooting guard. He also represents the senior National Basketball Team of Greece internationally.
3. Tony McQuay, American sprinter births
  1. Tony McQuay
    
    Tony McQuay is an American track and field athlete who specializes in the 400 meters. He is a member of the 2012 and 2016 United States Olympic teams, winning a silver medal in the 4 x 400 m relay in 2012 and a gold in the same event in 2016. He is also a two time World Champion in this event.
1989
1. Jocko Conlan, American baseball player and umpire (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Jocko Conlan
    
    John Bertrand "Jocko" Conlan was an American baseball umpire who worked in the National League (NL) from 1941 to 1965. He had a brief career as an outfielder with the Chicago White Sox before entering umpiring. He umpired in five World Series and six All-Star Games. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 by the Veterans Committee.
2. Kaoru Ishikawa Japanese author and educator (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Kaoru Ishikawa
    
    Kaoru Ishikawa was a Japanese organizational theorist and a professor in the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo noted for his quality management innovations. He is considered a key figure in the development of quality initiatives in Japan, particularly the quality circle. He is best known outside Japan for the Ishikawa or cause and effect diagram, often used in the analysis of industrial processes.
3. Miles Lawrence, English cricketer (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Miles Lawrence
    
    John Miles Lawrence played first-class cricket for Somerset in 18 matches between 1959 and 1961.
4. Hakkı Yeten, Turkish footballer, manager and president (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Hakkı Yeten
    
    Hakkı Yeten, was a Turkish football player and president of the İstanbul-based football club Beşiktaş J.K., which he also coached. He is one of the most important names in Beşiktaş history.
1988
1. Kyle Okposo, American ice hockey player births
  1. Kyle Okposo
    
    Kyle Henry Erovre Okposo is an American professional ice hockey right winger and captain of the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted seventh overall in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Islanders, for whom he played from 2008 to 2016.
2. Khalil al-Wazir, Palestinian commander, founded Fatah (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Khalil al-Wazir
    
    Khalil Ibrahim al-Wazir was a Palestinian leader and co-founder of the nationalist party Fatah. As a top aide of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat, al-Wazir had considerable influence in Fatah's military activities, eventually becoming the commander of Fatah's armed wing al-Assifa.
  2. Fatah
    
    Fatah, formerly the Palestinian National Liberation Movement, is a Palestinian nationalist social democratic political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and second-largest party in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). Mahmoud Abbas, the President of the Palestinian Authority, is a member of Fatah.
3. Youri Egorov, Russian pianist (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Youri Egorov
    
    Youri Aleksandrovich Egorov was a Soviet and Monegasque classical pianist.
1987
1. Cenk Akyol, Turkish basketball player births
  1. Cenk Akyol
    
    Cenk Akyol is a Turkish professional basketball coach and former player who played at the shooting guard position. He is assistant coach for Galatasaray Nef of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL).
2. Aaron Lennon, English international footballer births
  1. Aaron Lennon
    
    Aaron Justin Lennon is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger.
1986
1. Shinji Okazaki, Japanese footballer births
  1. Shinji Okazaki
    
    Shinji Okazaki is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder for Belgian club Sint-Truiden.
2. Peter Regin, Danish ice hockey player births
  1. Peter Regin
    
    Peter Regin Jensen is a Danish professional ice hockey player who plays for Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. He was drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the third round of the 2004 NHL Entry Draft and played his first five NHL seasons with the organization. Prior to his NHL career, he played professionally in Europe.
3. Epke Zonderland, Dutch gymnast births
  1. Epke Zonderland
    
    Epke Jan Zonderland is a Dutch artistic gymnast and the 2012 Olympic gold medallist on high bar. He is a 4-time Olympian (2008–20) and has also taken 3 World Championships golds on high bar at the 2013, 2014 and 2018 World Championships, the first man to secure this feat on that apparatus. He is nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman.”
1985
1. Luol Deng, Sudanese-English basketball player births
  1. Luol Deng
    
    Luol Ajou Deng is a British former professional basketball player. He was a two-time NBA All-Star and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team in 2012. Born in what is now South Sudan, Deng fled the country with his family as a child, eventually settling in the United Kingdom. He became a British citizen in 2006, and has played for the Great Britain national team.
2. Brendon Leonard, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Brendon Leonard
    
    Brendon Leonard is a New Zealand rugby union footballer.
3. Taye Taiwo, Nigerian footballer births
  1. Taye Taiwo
    
    Taye Ismaila Taiwo is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Kakkonen club SalPa.
4. Scott Brady, American actor (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Scott Brady
    
    Scott Brady was an American film and television actor best known for his roles in western films and as a ubiquitous television presence. He played the title role in the television series Shotgun Slade (1959-1961).
1984
1. Teddy Blass, American composer and producer births
  1. Teddy Blass
    
    Teddy Blass is an American film composer and record producer.
2. Claire Foy, English actress births
  1. Claire Foy
    
    Claire Elizabeth Foy is a British actress. She is best known for her portrayal of the young Queen Elizabeth II in the first two seasons of the Netflix series The Crown, for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.
3. Tucker Fredricks, American speed skater births
  1. Tucker Fredricks
    
    Tucker Fredricks is an American speed skater and the US record holder in the 500 meter event. He competed at the 2006, 2010, and 2014 Winter Olympics.
4. Paweł Kieszek, Polish footballer births
  1. Paweł Kieszek
    
    Paweł Kieszek is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.
5. Kerron Stewart, Jamaican sprinter births
  1. Kerron Stewart
    
    Kerron Stewart is a retired Jamaican sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres and 200 metres. She is the 2008 Jamaican national champion in the 100 m clocking 10.80s. She defeated World Champion Veronica Campbell-Brown in the process and now is the 2008 Summer Olympics silver medalist after she tied with Sherone Simpson in a time of 10.98s. She also earned a bronze medal in the 200 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics with a time of 22.00s. She was born in Kingston and retired after the 2018 season.
1983
1. Marié Digby, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress births
  1. Marié Digby
    
    Marié Christina Digby is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and pianist known for her acoustic cover version of Rihanna's "Umbrella", which was posted on YouTube in 2007. The song was subsequently played on the radio station STAR 98.7, was featured on the highly rated third season opening episode of the MTV show The Hills, and peaked at #10 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. Digby performed the song on the late night talk show Last Call with Carson Daly on August 2, 2007. Since then, Digby has released several studio albums, EPs and singles, including one Japanese cover album. Her fifth studio album Winter Fields was released on October 29, 2013. On August 16, 2014, Marié released Chimera, a 3 track EP.
2. Cat Osterman, American softball player births
  1. Cat Osterman
    
    Catherine Leigh Osterman is a retired American softball player. Osterman pitched on the United States women's national softball team that won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and silver medal at the 2008 and 2020 Summer Olympics.
1982
1. Gina Carano, American mixed martial artist and actress births
  1. Gina Carano
    
    Gina Joy Carano is an American actress and former mixed martial artist. She competed in EliteXC and Strikeforce from 2006 to 2009, where she compiled a 7–1 record. Her popularity led to her being called the "face of women's MMA", although Carano rejected this title. She and Cris Cyborg were the first women to headline a major MMA event during their 2009 Strikeforce bout. Carano retired from competition after her first professional MMA defeat to Cyborg.
2. Boris Diaw, French basketball player births
  1. Boris Diaw
    
    Boris Babacar Diaw-Riffiod, better known as Boris Diaw, is a French basketball executive and former player who is the president of Metropolitans 92 of LNB Pro A. Diaw began his playing career in Pro A and returned to that league after 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played mostly at the power forward position. In 2006, Diaw was named the NBA's Most Improved Player as a member of the Phoenix Suns. He won an NBA championship with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014.
3. Jonathan Vilma, American football player births
  1. Jonathan Vilma
    
    Jonathan Polynice Vilma is a former American football linebacker and current Fox NFL analyst. He played college football at the University of Miami, winning a National Championship in 2001. He went on to be drafted by the New York Jets in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Vilma won a Super Bowl championship with the New Orleans Saints. He serves as a color analyst for the NFL on Fox. He previously worked at ESPN as a college football commentator and studio analyst. Vilma was elected as a member of the Orange Bowl Committee in 2018.
1981
1. Anestis Agritis, Greek footballer births
  1. Anestis Agritis
    
    Anestis Agritis is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a forward.
2. Maya Dunietz, Israeli singer-songwriter and pianist births
  1. Maya Dunietz
    
    Maya Dunietz, is an international musician and artist, combining a solo career with collaborations with renowned musicians: Emahoy Tsegué-Maryam Guèbrou, Roscoe Mitchell, John Tilbury, Habiluim, and many others. Her works are exhibited in venues such as Centre Pompidou Paris, Athens Onassis Center, Frac Paca, and CCA Tel Aviv.
3. Matthieu Proulx, Canadian football player births
  1. Matthieu Proulx
    
    Matthieu Proulx is a former safety with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League.
1980
1. Morris Stoloff, American composer (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Morris Stoloff
    
    Morris W. Stoloff was a musical composer. Stoloff worked with Sammy Davis Jr., Dinah Shore, Al Jolson and Frank Sinatra.
1979
1. Christijan Albers, Dutch racing driver births
  1. Christijan Albers
    
    Christijan Albers is a Dutch former professional racing driver. After success in the DTM he drove in Formula One from 2005 until the 2007 British Grand Prix, shortly after which he was dropped by the Spyker F1 team. In 2008, he returned to the DTM series as a driver for the Audi Futurecom TME team. Albers acted as Team Principal and CEO of the Caterham F1 Team from July to September 2014 after it was acquired by new team owners.
2. Lars Börgeling, German pole vaulter births
  1. Lars Börgeling
    
    Lars Börgeling is a German pole vaulter.
3. Daniel Browne, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Daniel Browne
    
    Daniel Browne is currently playing club rugby for London Welsh in the Aviva Championship. He previously played for Bath, Northampton Saints and Leeds Carnegie in the English Premiership.
1978
1. Lucius D. Clay, American officer and military governor in occupied Germany (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Lucius D. Clay
    
    General Lucius Dubignon Clay was a senior officer of the United States Army who was known for his administration of occupied Germany after World War II. He served as the deputy to General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1945; deputy military governor, Germany, in 1946; Commander in Chief, United States Forces in Europe and military governor of the United States Zone, Germany, from 1947 to 1949. Clay orchestrated the Berlin Airlift (1948–1949) when the USSR blockaded West Berlin.
1977
1. Freddie Ljungberg, Swedish footballer births
  1. Freddie Ljungberg
    
    Karl Fredrik "Freddie" Ljungberg is a Swedish former professional footballer and manager who played as a winger. He was most recently a former assistant coach, and interim head coach of Arsenal.
1976
1. Lukas Haas, American actor and musician births
  1. Lukas Haas
    
    Lukas Daniel Haas is an American actor and musician. His acting career has spanned four decades, during which he has appeared in more than 50 feature films and a number of television shows and stage productions.
2. Kelli O'Hara, American actress and singer births
  1. Kelli O'Hara
    
    Kelli Christine O'Hara is an American actress and singer, most known for her work on the Broadway and opera stages.
1973
1. Akon, Senegalese-American singer, rapper and songwriter births
  1. Akon
    
    Aliaune Damala Badara Akon Thiam, known mononymously as Akon, is a Senegalese-American singer, record producer, and entrepreneur. He rose to prominence in 2004 following the release of "Locked Up", the first single from his debut album Trouble (2004), followed by the second single "Lonely".
2. Charlotta Sörenstam, Swedish golfer births
  1. Charlotta Sörenstam
    
    Charlotta Petra Sörenstam is a retired Swedish professional golfer. As an amateur competing for the Texas Longhorns, she won the NCAA Division I Championship individual title. As a professional, she won one tournament on the LPGA Tour and represented Europe in the Solheim Cup. Her elder sister by three years, Annika, is a Hall of Fame golfer.
3. Teddy Cobeña, Spanish-Ecuadorian expressionist and representational sculptor births
  1. Teddy Cobeña
    
    Teddy Cobeña Loor is a figurative expressionist sculptor with a surrealist component. He lives in Barcelona.
4. István Kertész, Hungarian conductor and educator (b. 1929) deaths
  1. István Kertész (conductor)
    
    István Kertész was an internationally acclaimed Hungarian orchestral and operatic conductor who, throughout his brief career led many of the world's great orchestras, including the Cleveland, Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Detroit, San Francisco and Minnesota Orchestras in the United States, as well as the London Symphony, Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Israel Philharmonic, and L'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. His orchestral repertoire numbered over 450 works from all periods, and was matched by a repertoire of some sixty operas ranging from Mozart, Verdi, Puccini and Wagner to the more contemporary Prokofiev, Bartók, Britten, Kodály, Poulenc and Janáček. Kertész was part of a musical tradition that produced fellow Hungarian conductors Fritz Reiner, Antal Doráti, János Ferencsik, Eugene Ormandy, George Szell, János Fürst, Ferenc Fricsay, and Georg Solti.
1972
1. Conchita Martínez, Spanish-American tennis player births
  1. Conchita Martínez
    
    Inmaculada Concepción "Conchita" Martínez Bernat is a Spanish former professional tennis player. She was the first Spaniard to win the women's singles title at Wimbledon, doing so in 1994. Martínez also was the runner-up at the 1998 Australian Open and the 2000 French Open. She reached a career-high ranking of world No. 2 in October 1995, and was in the year-end Top 10 for nine years. Martínez won 33 singles and 13 doubles titles during her 18-year career, as well as three Olympic medals. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2020.
2. Tracy K. Smith, American poet and educator births
  1. Tracy K. Smith
    
    Tracy K. Smith is an American poet and educator. She served as the 22nd Poet Laureate of the United States from 2017 to 2019. She has published four collections of poetry, winning the Pulitzer Prize for her 2011 volume Life on Mars. Her memoir, Ordinary Light, was published in 2015.
3. Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese novelist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Yasunari Kawabata
    
    Yasunari Kawabata was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award. His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
4. Frank O'Connor, Australian public servant (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Frank O'Connor (public servant)
    
    Francis Alexander O'Connor was a senior Australian public servant. He was Secretary of the Department of Supply and Shipping (1946–1948) and later the Department of Supply (1953–1959).
1971
1. Cameron Blades, Australian rugby player births
  1. Cameron Blades
    
    Cameron Blades is an Australian international former rugby union player who played at the loosehead prop position, but could also cover at tighthead prop and hooker. He played professionally for New South Wales Waratahs and Glasgow Warriors.
2. Selena, American singer-songwriter, actress, and fashion designer (d. 1995) births
  1. Selena
    
    Selena Quintanilla Pérez, known mononymously as Selena, was an American Tejano singer. Called the "Queen of Tejano music", her contributions to music and fashion made her one of the most celebrated Mexican-American entertainers of the late 20th century. In 2020, Billboard magazine put her in third place on their list of "Greatest Latino Artists of All Time", based on both Latin albums and Latin songs chart. Media outlets called her the "Tejano Madonna" for her clothing choices. She also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all time and is credited for catapulting the Tejano genre into the mainstream market.
3. Seigo Yamamoto, Japanese racing driver births
  1. Seigo Yamamoto
    
    Seigo Yamamoto , known as "Boss", is a Japanese drift driver.
4. Natasha Zvereva, Belarusian tennis player births
  1. Natasha Zvereva
    
    Natallia Marataŭna Zvierava is a former professional tennis player from Belarus. She was the first major athlete in the Soviet Union to demand publicly that she should be able to keep her tournament earnings. The team of Zvereva and Gigi Fernández won more women's doubles titles and Grand Slam women's doubles championships than any other team since Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver.
1970
1. Dero Goi, German singer-songwriter and drummer births
  1. Dero Goi
    
    Stephan Musiol, known professionally as Dero Goi, is a German singer, musician, songwriter and poet. He is best known as the former lead vocalist, drummer and founding member of Neue Deutsche Härte band Oomph! from 1989 to 2021.
2. Walt Williams, American basketball player births
  1. Walt Williams
    
    Walter Ander "The Wizard" Williams is an American former professional basketball player. A sharpshooting 6'8" forward/guard, Williams attended school at the University of Maryland from 1988 to 1992, and is credited by many for resurrecting the school's basketball program which was going through very difficult times.
3. Richard Neutra, Austrian-American architect, designed the Los Angeles County Hall of Records (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Richard Neutra
    
    Richard Joseph Neutra was an Austrian-American architect. Living and building for the majority of his career in Southern California, he came to be considered a prominent and important modernist architect. He mainly built suburban single-family detached homes for wealthy clients. His most notable works include the Kaufmann Desert House in Palm Springs, California.
  2. Los Angeles County Hall of Records
    
    The Los Angeles County Hall of Records sits in the northern end of the Civic Center in Downtown Los Angeles. The high-rise building by Richard Neutra is an example of international style architecture. The building includes louvers similar to the Kaufmann Desert House. Additionally, the screen to the right of the louvres was a feature by sculptor Malcolm Leland to incorporate ornamentation into modernist buildings.
4. Péter Veres, Hungarian politician, Hungarian Minister of Defence (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Péter Veres (politician)
    
    Péter Veres was a Hungarian politician and writer, who served as Minister of Defence from 1947 to 1948.
  2. Minister of Defence (Hungary)
    
    The Minister of Defence of Hungary is a member of the Hungarian cabinet and the head of the Ministry of Defence. The defence minister appoints the Commander of the Hungarian Defence Forces. The current minister is Kristóf Szalay-Bobrovniczky.
1969
1. Patrik Järbyn, Swedish skier births
  1. Patrik Järbyn
    
    Patrik Järbyn is a Swedish former World Cup alpine ski racer.
2. Fernando Viña, American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Fernando Viña
    
    Fernando Viña Spanish: [viˈɲa] (VEEN-ya) is a Cuban-American former Major League Baseball second baseman and former MLB analyst for ESPN. His parents Andres and Olga emigrated from Cuba in 1968. From 1993 through 2005, Viña played for the Seattle Mariners (1993), New York Mets (1994), Milwaukee Brewers (1995-1999), St. Louis Cardinals (2000-2003), and Detroit Tigers (2004).
3. Hem Vejakorn, Thai illustrator and painter (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Hem Vejakorn
    
    Hem Vejakorn was a Thai artist and writer. He is best known for his illustrations for the covers of 10-satang pulp novels, which have in turn influenced subsequent generations of Thai artists and illustrators, and also his ghost stories. It is estimated that he produced more than 50,000 pieces of art, including pen and pencil drawings, watercolors, posters and oil paintings. He portrayed rural life, Thai history and figures from Thai classical literature. His works have been reproduced on Thai postage stamps and featured in art galleries.
1968
1. Vickie Guerrero, American wrestler and manager births
  1. Vickie Guerrero
    
    Vickie Lynn Benson is an American professional wrestling personality and manager. She is best known for her time in WWE, under the ring name Vickie Guerrero. She is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as the manager of Nyla Rose.
2. Rüdiger Stenzel, German runner births
  1. Rüdiger Stenzel
    
    Rüdiger Stenzel is a former German middle distance runner who participated in several international championships in the 1990s.
3. Fay Bainter, American actress (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Fay Bainter
    
    Fay Okell Bainter was an American film and stage actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Jezebel (1938) and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
4. Edna Ferber, American novelist, short story writer, and playwright (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Edna Ferber
    
    Edna Ferber was an American novelist, short story writer and playwright. Her novels include the Pulitzer Prize-winning So Big (1924), Show Boat, Cimarron, Giant and Ice Palace (1958), which also received a film adaptation in 1960.
1966
1. Jarle Vespestad, Norwegian drummer births
  1. Jarle Vespestad
    
    Jarle Vespestad is a Norwegian jazz musician (percussion), the younger brother of jazz musician Liz Tove Vespestad, and a central member of Tord Gustavsen's projects.
2. Eric Lambert, Australian author (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Eric Lambert (author)
    
    Eric Frank Lambert was an Australian author and a sometime member of the Communist Party of Australia.
1965
1. Yves-François Blanchet, Canadian politician births
  1. Yves-François Blanchet
    
    Yves-François Blanchet is a Canadian politician who has served as leader of the Bloc Québécois (BQ) since 2019. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Beloeil—Chambly since the 2019 election.
2. Jon Cryer, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Jon Cryer
    
    Jonathan Niven Cryer is an American actor, writer, director and producer. Born into a show business family, he made his motion picture debut as a teenage photographer in the 1984 romantic comedy No Small Affair; his breakout role came in 1986, in the John Hughes-written film Pretty in Pink. In 1998, he wrote and produced the independent film Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God... Be Back by Five.
3. Martin Lawrence, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Martin Lawrence
    
    Martin Fitzgerald Lawrence is an American comedian and actor. He came to fame during the 1990s, establishing a Hollywood career as a leading actor. He got his start playing Maurice Warfield in What's Happening Now!! (1987–1988). He was a leading actor in the Fox television sitcom Martin, the Bad Boys franchise, and House Party, Boomerang, Open Season, Wild Hogs, Nothing to Lose, Blue Streak, Life, Black Knight, Big Momma's House, and A Thin Line Between Love and Hate.
4. Francis Balfour, English soldier and colonial administrator (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Francis Balfour (colonial administrator)
    
    Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Cecil Campbell Balfour was a British military officer and colonial administrator.
5. Sydney Chaplin, English actor, comedian, brother of Charlie Chaplin (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Sydney Chaplin
    
    Sydney John Chaplin was an English actor. Chaplin was the elder half-brother of actor and director Charlie Chaplin and served as his business manager in later life.
1964
1. David Kohan, American screenwriter and producer births
  1. David Kohan
    
    David Sanford Kohan is an American television producer and writer. After writing for The Wonder Years and The Dennis Miller Show, Kohan co-created and produced Will & Grace, Boston Common, Good Morning, Miami, Twins and Four Kings with Max Mutchnick. Kohan has won an Emmy and a People's Choice Award. He has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award. He and his business partner Max Mutchnick worked on a half-hour comedy series for CBS called Partners.
2. Dave Pirner, American singer, songwriter and producer births
  1. Dave Pirner
    
    David Anthony Pirner is an American songwriter, singer, and producer best known as the lead vocalist and frontman for the alternative rock band Soul Asylum.
3. Esbjörn Svensson, Swedish pianist (d. 2008) births
  1. Esbjörn Svensson
    
    Bror Fredrik "Esbjörn" Svensson was a Swedish jazz pianist and founder of the jazz group Esbjörn Svensson Trio, commonly known as e.s.t.
1963
1. Saleem Malik, Pakistani cricketer births
  1. Saleem Malik
    
    Saleem Malik, is a Pakistani former cricketer. He played for the Pakistan national cricket team between 1981/82 and 1999, at one stage captaining the side. He was a right-handed wristy middle order batsman who was strong square of the wicket. His off break bowling was also quite effective. Despite playing more than 100 Tests he would go down in cricket history as the first of a number of international cricketers to be banned for match fixing around the start of the 21st century. Saleem is the brother-in-law of former teammate Ijaz Ahmed.
2. Jimmy Osmond, American singer births
  1. Jimmy Osmond
    
    James Arthur Osmond, also known as Little Jimmy Osmond, is an American singer, actor, and businessman. He is the youngest member of the sibling musical group the Osmonds. As a solo artist, Osmond has accumulated six gold records, one platinum record, and two gold albums.
1962
1. Anna Dello Russo, Italian journalist births
  1. Anna Dello Russo
    
    Anna Dello Russo is an Italian fashion journalist. She is a creative consultant and editor-at-large for Vogue Japan.
2. Douglas Elmendorf, American economist and politician births
  1. Douglas Elmendorf
    
    Douglas William Elmendorf is an American economist who is the dean and Don K. Price Professor of Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. He previously served as the Director of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) from 2009 to 2015. He was a Brookings Institution senior fellow from 2007 to 2009, and briefly in 2015 following his time at the CBO, and was a director of the Hamilton Project at Brookings.
3. Ian MacKaye, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Ian MacKaye
    
    Ian Thomas Garner MacKaye is an American musician. Active since 1979, he is best known as the co-founder and owner of Dischord Records, a Washington, D.C.-based independent record label and the frontman of hardcore punk band Minor Threat and post-hardcore band Fugazi. MacKaye was also the frontman for the short-lived bands the Teen Idles, Embrace, and Pailhead, a collaboration with the band Ministry. MacKaye is a member of The Evens, a two-piece indie rock group he formed with his wife Amy Farina in 2001 and in 2018 formed the band Coriky with Farina and his Fugazi band mate Joe Lally.
1961
1. Jarbom Gamlin, Indian lawyer and politician, seventh Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh (d. 2014) births
  1. Jarbom Gamlin
    
    Jarbom Gamlin was an Indian politician and a leader of the Indian National Congress political party in Arunachal Pradesh and briefly served as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh.
  2. List of chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh
    
    The chief minister of Arunachal Pradesh is the chief executive of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. As per the Constitution of India, the governor of Arunachal Pradesh is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits. Pema Khandu of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the current incumbent.
2. Linda Ruth Williams, British film studies academic births
  1. Linda Ruth Williams
    
    Linda Ruth Williams is Professor of Film Studies in the College of Humanities at the University of Exeter, UK. Her special interests include sexuality and censorship in cinema and literature, women in film, psychoanalytic theory and D. H. Lawrence.
3. Carl Hovland, American psychologist and academic (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Carl Hovland
    
    Carl Iver Hovland was a psychologist working primarily at Yale University and for the US Army during World War II who studied attitude change and persuasion. He first reported the sleeper effect after studying the effects of the Frank Capra's propaganda film Why We Fight on soldiers in the Army. In later studies on this subject, Hovland collaborated with Irving Janis who would later become famous for his theory of groupthink. Hovland also developed social judgment theory of attitude change. Carl Hovland thought that the ability of someone to resist persuasion by a certain group depended on your degree of belonging to the group.
1960
1. Wahab Akbar, Filipino politician (d. 2007) births
  1. Wahab Akbar
    
    Ustadz Wahab M. Akbar was a Filipino politician who served three terms as governor of Basilan, during which time he was known for his "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" policy for dealing with kidnappers and terrorists in the province. He was later elected as congressman for the lone district of Basilan in the House of Representatives, but was one of 4 people killed in a bomb attack at the Batasang Pambansa. Police publicly suspected the attack was directed at him by political opponents.
2. Rafael Benítez, Spanish footballer and manager births
  1. Rafael Benítez
    
    Rafael Benítez Maudes is a Spanish professional football manager and former player who most recently managed Premier League club Everton.
3. Pierre Littbarski, German footballer and manager births
  1. Pierre Littbarski
    
    Pierre Michael Littbarski is a German professional football manager and former player of 1. FC Köln and the West Germany national team. Known for his dribbling abilities, he was mainly used as an attacking midfielder or winger. Littbarski was a FIFA World Cup winner with West Germany in 1990, and the runner-up in both 1982 and 1986. Littbarski was the caretaker manager of VfL Wolfsburg after taking over from Steve McClaren from 7 February to 17 March 2011.
4. Mihály Fekete, Hungarian actor, screenwriter and film director (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Mihály Fekete
    
    Mihály Fekete was a Hungarian actor, screenwriter and film director.
1959
1. Alison Ramsay, English-Scottish field hockey player and lawyer births
  1. Alison Ramsay
    
    Alison Gail Ramsay is a former Scottish field hockey player, who was a member of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland squad that won the bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. She is one of the world's most capped women's hockey players, with over 250 appearances for Scotland and Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and received the MBE.
1958
1. Tim Flach, English photographer and director births
  1. Tim Flach
    
    Tim Flach is a British photographer who specialises in studio photography of animals. He has published several books of photographs.
2. Ulf Wakenius, Swedish guitarist births
  1. Ulf Wakenius
    
    Ulf Karl Erik Wakenius is a Swedish jazz guitarist, known as a member of Oscar Peterson's last quartet from 1997. He was also a member of the Ray Brown trio.
3. Rosalind Franklin, English biophysicist and academic (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Rosalind Franklin
    
    Rosalind Elsie Franklin was a British chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite. Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely unrecognized during her life, for which she has been variously referred to as the "wronged heroine", the "dark lady of DNA", the "forgotten heroine", a "feminist icon", and the "Sylvia Plath of molecular biology".
1957
1. Patricia De Martelaere, Belgian philosopher, author, and academic (d. 2009) births
  1. Patricia De Martelaere
    
    Patricia De Martelaere was a Flemish philosopher, professor, author and essayist. Born in Zottegem, Belgium, her full name was Patricia Marie Madeleine Godelieve. She graduated in philosophy from the Catholic University of Leuven and then taught and lectured there and at the Catholic University of Brussels.
1956
1. David M. Brown, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2003) births
  1. David M. Brown
    
    David McDowell Brown was a United States Navy captain and a NASA astronaut. He died on his first spaceflight, when the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107) disintegrated during orbital reentry into the Earth's atmosphere. Brown became an astronaut in 1996 but had not served on a space mission before the Columbia disaster. Brown was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.
2. T Lavitz, American keyboard player, composer, and producer (d. 2010) births
  1. T Lavitz
    
    Terry "T" Lavitz was an American keyboardist, composer and producer. He is best known for his work with the Dixie Dregs and Jazz Is Dead.
3. Lise-Marie Morerod, Swiss skier births
  1. Lise-Marie Morerod
    
    Lise-Marie Morerod is a Swiss former slalom skier. In 1977, she was women's overall season champion.
1955
1. Bruce Bochy, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Bruce Bochy
    
    Bruce Douglas Bochy, nicknamed "Boch" and "Headly", is an American professional baseball manager and former catcher who is the current manager of the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He managed the San Diego Padres from 1995 to 2006, and the San Francisco Giants from 2007 to 2019. During his playing career, Bochy was a catcher for the Houston Astros, New York Mets, and San Diego Padres. Prior to becoming the Giants' manager, he was the Padres' manager for 12 seasons. Bochy led the Giants to three World Series championships, and previously led the Padres to one World Series appearance. Bochy is the 11th manager in MLB history to achieve 2,000 wins.
2. Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg births
  1. Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
    
    Henri is the Grand Duke of Luxembourg. He has reigned since 7 October 2000. Henri, the eldest son of Grand Duke Jean and Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium, is a first cousin of King Philippe of Belgium. In 2019, Henri's net worth was estimated around US$4 billion.
3. David Kirkwood, Scottish engineer and politician (b. 1872) deaths
  1. David Kirkwood
    
    David Kirkwood, 1st Baron Kirkwood, PC, was a Scottish politician, trade unionist and socialist activist from the East End of Glasgow, who was as a leading figure of the Red Clydeside era.
1954
1. Ellen Barkin, American actress births
  1. Ellen Barkin
    
    Ellen Rona Barkin is an American actress and a producer. Her breakthrough role was in the 1982 film Diner, and in the following years, she had starring roles in films such as Tender Mercies (1983), Eddie and the Cruisers (1983), The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension (1984), The Big Easy (1986), Johnny Handsome, and Sea of Love.
2. John Bowe, Australian racing driver births
  1. John Bowe (racing driver)
    
    John Bowe is an Australian racing driver, presently racing a Holden Torana in the Touring Car Masters series.
3. Mike Zuke, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Mike Zuke
    
    Michael P. Zuke is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centreman who played eight seasons in the NHL between 1978 and 1986.
1953
1. Peter Garrett, Australian singer-songwriter and politician births
  1. Peter Garrett
    
    Peter Robert Garrett is an Australian musician, environmentalist, activist and former politician.
2. Jay O. Sanders, American actor births
  1. Jay O. Sanders
    
    Jay Olcutt Sanders is an American film, theatre and television actor and playwright. He frequently appears in plays off-Broadway at The Public Theatre.
1952
1. Bill Belichick, American football player and coach births
  1. Bill Belichick
    
    William Stephen Belichick is an American professional football coach who is the head coach of the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). Additionally, he exercises extensive authority over the Patriots' football operations, effectively making him the team's general manager as well. Widely regarded as one of the greatest coaches of all time, he holds numerous coaching records, including the record of most Super Bowl wins (six) as a head coach, all with the Patriots, along with two more during his time as the defensive coordinator of the New York Giants, for the record of eight combined total Super Bowl victories as coach and coordinator. Belichick is often referred to as a "student of the game", with a deep knowledge of the intricacies of each player position, as well as a renowned American football historian. Under his tenure with the Patriots, he was a central figure as the head coach as well as the chief executive during the franchise's dynasty from 2001 to 2019.
2. Michel Blanc, French actor and director births
  1. Michel Blanc
    
    Michel Blanc is a French actor, writer and director. He is noted for his roles of losers and hypochondriacs. He is frequently associated with Le Splendid, which he co-founded, along with Thierry Lhermitte, Josiane Balasko, Christian Clavier, Marie-Anne Chazel and Gérard Jugnot. Michel Blanc has also shown his versatility by appearing in more serious roles, such as the title role in the Patrice Leconte film Monsieur Hire.
3. Esther Roth-Shahamorov, Israeli sprinter and hurdler births
  1. Esther Roth-Shahamorov
    
    Esther Roth-Shahamorov is a former Israeli track and field athlete. She specialized in the 100-meter hurdles and the 100-meter sprint.
4. Billy West, American voice actor, singer-songwriter, and comedian births
  1. Billy West
    
    William Richard Werstine, known professionally as Billy West, is an American voice actor. His voice roles include Bugs Bunny in the 1996 film Space Jam and several subsequent projects, the title characters of Doug and The Ren & Stimpy Show, as well as the Futurama characters Philip J. Fry, Professor Farnsworth, Dr. Zoidberg, and Zapp Brannigan. In commercials, he is the current voice of the Red M&M and formerly voiced Buzz for Honey Nut Cheerios. West also voices other such established characters such as Elmer Fudd, Popeye, Shaggy Rogers, Skeets, Tom, Muttley, and Woody Woodpecker. He was a cast member on The Howard Stern Show, during which time he was noted for his impressions of Larry Fine, Marge Schott, George Takei, and Jackie Martling.
1951
1. Ioan Mihai Cochinescu, Romanian author and photographer births
  1. Ioan Mihai Cochinescu
    
    Ioan Mihai Cochinescu is a Romanian novelist and essayist. He is also a film script author and director, an art photographer, teacher, musicologist and composer.
1950
1. David Graf, American actor (d. 2001) births
  1. David Graf
    
    Paul David Graf was an American actor, best known for his role as Sgt. Eugene Tackleberry in the Police Academy series of films.
2. Colleen Hewett, Australian singer and actress births
  1. Colleen Hewett
    
    Colleen Hewett is an Australian singer and actress.
3. Eduard Oja, Estonian composer, conductor, and critic (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Eduard Oja
    
    Eduard Oja was an Estonian composer, conductor, music teacher and critic. His father was a forest warden. Between 1919 and 1925 he studied at Tartu Teacher's College at Tartu University, where he met Eduard Tubin, and he also worked for some time as a school teacher. He was not a particularly prolific composer, composing mainly orchestral and ensemble works and choral music. He was however much appreciated during his lifetime, and received awards and acclaim for several of his works. He also worked as a conductor, leading the Tartu Women's Singing Society's Women's Choir between 1930 and 1934, as well as a teacher of music theory at Tartu Higher School of Music. In addition, he was himself a practising violinist. A number of his works such as the opera Oath Redeemed and the choral work The Return Home have been lost, although the majority of his work has survived, and is valued in museums in Estonia today. The Eduard Tubin Museum of Alatskivi Castle contains exhibits related to him and his fellow students under Heino Eller, known as the "Tartu school", such as Eduard Tubin, Alfred Karindi, Olav Roots and Karl Leichter.
4. Anders Peter Nielsen, Danish target shooter (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Anders Peter Nielsen
    
    Anders Peter Nielsen was a Danish sport shooter who competed in the late 19th century and early 20th century in rifle shooting. He participated in Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and won three silver medals in the military rifle in the kneeling, prone, and 3 positions categories.
1948
1. Reg Alcock, Canadian businessman and politician, 17th Canadian President of the Treasury Board (d. 2011) births
  1. Reg Alcock
    
    Reginald B. Alcock, was a Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Winnipeg South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 2006 and was a cabinet minister in the government of Prime Minister Paul Martin. Alcock was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.
  2. President of the Treasury Board
    
    The president of the Treasury Board is a minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet. The president is the chair of the Treasury Board of Canada and is the minister responsible for the Treasury Board Secretariat, the central agency which is responsible for accounting for the Government of Canada's fiscal operations.
1947
1. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
    
    Kareem Abdul-Jabbar is an American former professional basketball player who played 20 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Bucks and the Los Angeles Lakers. During his career as a center, Abdul-Jabbar was a record six-time NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP), a record 19-time NBA All-Star, a 15-time All-NBA Team member, and an 11-time NBA All-Defensive Team member. He was a member of six NBA championship teams as a player and two more as an assistant coach, and was twice voted NBA Finals MVP. He was named to three NBA anniversary teams. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, he was called the greatest basketball player of all time by Pat Riley, Isiah Thomas, and Julius Erving.
2. Gerry Rafferty, Scottish singer-songwriter (d. 2011) births
  1. Gerry Rafferty
    
    Gerald Rafferty was a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer. He was a founding member of Stealers Wheel, whose biggest hit was "Stuck in the Middle with You" in 1973. His solo hits in the late 1970s included "Baker Street", "Right Down the Line", and "Night Owl".
3. Rudolf Höss, German SS officer (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Rudolf Höss
    
    Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Höss was a German SS officer during the Nazi era who, after the defeat of Nazi Germany, was convicted for war crimes. Höss was the longest-serving commandant of Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp. He tested and implemented means to accelerate Hitler's order to systematically exterminate the Jewish population of Nazi-occupied Europe, known as the Final Solution. On the initiative of one of his subordinates, Karl Fritzsch, Höss introduced the pesticide Zyklon B to be used in gas chambers, where more than a million people were killed.
  2. Schutzstaffel
    
    The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
1946
1. Margot Adler, American journalist and author (d. 2014) births
  1. Margot Adler
    
    Margot Susanna Adler was an American author, journalist, lecturer, Wiccan priestess, and New York correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR).
2. Ernst Bakker, Dutch politician (d. 2014) births
  1. Ernst Bakker
    
    Ernst Carel Bakker was a Dutch politician, alderman and member of the Democrats 66 political party. He served as a member of the House of Representatives from 1981 to 1982. He joined the Amsterdam City Council in 1990 before becoming a city alderman beginning in 1992. Bakker relocated to Hilversum in 1998 to become Mayor, a position he held until his retirement in 2011.
3. Johnnie Lewis, Liberian lawyer and politician, 18th Chief Justice of Liberia (d. 2015) births
  1. Johnnie Lewis
    
    Johnnie N. Lewis was a Liberian lawyer and politician who served as the 18th Chief Justice of Liberia from 2006 to 2012. Before his appointment to the Supreme Court, he served as a circuit judge in Liberia's judicial system.
  2. Chief Justice of Liberia
    
    The chief justice of Liberia is the head of the judicial branch of the Government of the Republic of Liberia and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Liberia.
4. R. Carlos Nakai, American flute player births
  1. R. Carlos Nakai
    
    Raymond Carlos Nakai is a Native American flutist of Navajo and Ute heritage. Nakai played brass instruments in high school and college, and auditioned for the Armed Forces School of Music after a two-year period in the United States Navy. He began playing a traditional Native American cedar flute after an accident left him unable to play the trumpet. Largely self-taught, he released his first album Changes in 1983, and afterward signed a contract with Canyon Records, who produced more than thirty of his albums in subsequent years. His music prominently features original compositions for the flute inspired by traditional Native American melodies. Nakai has collaborated with musicians William Eaton, Peter Kater, Philip Glass, Nawang Khechog, Paul Horn, and Keola Beamer. He has received 11 Grammy Award nominations for his albums.
5. Arthur Chevrolet, Swiss-American race car driver and engineer (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Arthur Chevrolet
    
    Arthur Chevrolet, was a Swiss racecar driver and automobile manufacturer.
1945
1. Tom Allen, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Tom Allen (Maine politician)
    
    Thomas Hodge Allen is an American author and former politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Maine's 1st congressional district, and the Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2008 against Republican incumbent senator Susan Collins. Allen lost to Collins.
1943
1. Lonesome Dave Peverett, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2000) births
  1. Dave Peverett
    
    David Jack Peverett, also known as Lonesome Dave, was an English singer and musician, best known as the original lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Foghat, which he founded following his tenure in Savoy Brown.
2. Petro Tyschtschenko, Austrian-German businessman births
  1. Petro Tyschtschenko
    
    Petro Taras Ostap Tyschtschenko is a German businessman best known for his work in the European market for the American computer company Commodore International.
3. John Watkins, Australian cricketer births
  1. John Watkins (Australian cricketer)
    
    John Russell Watkins is a former Australian cricketer who played in one Test match in 1973.
1942
1. Jim Lonborg, American baseball pitcher births
  1. Jim Lonborg
    
    James Reynold Lonborg is an American former professional baseball right-handed starting pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Boston Red Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, and Philadelphia Phillies. Though nicknamed "Gentleman Jim", he was known for fearlessly pitching on the inside of the plate throughout his fifteen-year career.
2. Sir Frank Williams, English businessman, founded the Williams F1 Racing Team (d. 2021) births
  1. Frank Williams (Formula One)
    
    Sir Francis Owen Garbett Williams was a British businessman, racing car driver, and the founder of the Williams Formula One team. He was the team principal from its foundation in 1977 until 2020. During that period, the team won nine constructors' championships and seven drivers' championships.
  2. Williams Grand Prix Engineering
    
    Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited, currently racing in Formula One as Williams Racing, is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor. It was founded by former team owner Frank Williams and automotive engineer Patrick Head. The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams' earlier unsuccessful F1 operation: Frank Williams Racing Cars. All of Williams F1 chassis are called "FW" then a number, the FW being the initials of team co-founder and original owner, Frank Williams.
3. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
    
    Princess Alexandra Louise Olga Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the fourth child and third daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. As the wife of Ernst II, she was Princess consort of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. She was a granddaughter of both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Tsar Alexander II of Russia.
4. Denis St. George Daly, Irish polo player (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Denis St. George Daly
    
    Denis St George Daly was an Irish polo player in the 1900 Summer Olympics.
1941
1. Allan Segal, American director and producer (d. 2012) births
  1. Allan Segal
    
    Allan Segal also known as Allan Fear-Segal was a BAFTA-winning documentary film maker. He spent the majority of his career working for Granada Television.
2. Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, English economist and civil servant (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp
    
    Josiah Charles Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, was an English industrialist, economist, civil servant, statistician, writer, and banker. He was a director of the Bank of England and chairman of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.
1940
1. Benoît Bouchard, Canadian academic and politician, 18th Canadian Minister of Transport births
  1. Benoît Bouchard
    
    Benoît Bouchard, is a Canadian public official and former politician.
  2. Minister of Transport (Canada)
    
    The minister of transport is a minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet. The minister is responsible for overseeing the federal government's transportation regulatory and development department, Transport Canada, as well as Canada Post, the Saint Lawrence Seaway, Nav Canada, and the Port Authority system. Since 12 January 2021, the position has been held by Omar Alghabra of the Liberal Party.
2. David Holford, Barbadian cricketer births
  1. David Holford
    
    David Anthony Jerome Holford was a West Indian cricketer who played in 24 Test matches between 1966 and 1977.
3. Queen Margrethe II of Denmark births
  1. Margrethe II of Denmark
    
    Margrethe II is Queen of Denmark. Having reigned as Denmark's monarch for over 50 years, she is Europe's longest-serving current head of state.
4. Joan Snyder, American painter births
  1. Joan Snyder
    
    Joan Snyder is an American painter from New York. She is a MacArthur Fellow, a Guggenheim Fellow, and a National Endowment for the Arts Fellow (1974).
5. Thomas Stonor, 7th Baron Camoys, English banker and politician, Lord Chamberlain of the United Kingdom births
  1. Thomas Stonor, 7th Baron Camoys
    
    Ralph Thomas Campion George Sherman Stonor, 7th Baron Camoys, is a British peer and banker who served as Lord Chamberlain of the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2000, and the first Roman Catholic Lord Chamberlain since the Reformation.
  2. Lord Chamberlain
    
    The Lord Chamberlain of the Household is the most senior officer of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom, supervising the departments which support and provide advice to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom while also acting as the main channel of communication between the Sovereign and the House of Lords. The office organises all ceremonial activity such as garden parties, state visits, royal weddings, and the State Opening of Parliament. They also handle the Royal Mews and Royal Travel, as well as the ceremony around the awarding of honours.
6. Tony D'Arcy, Irish Republican hunger striker deaths
  1. Tony D'Arcy
    
    Tony D'Arcy was a senior leader in the Irish Republican Army (IRA) who died as a result of a 52 day Hunger-strike at the age of 32.
1939
1. John Amabile, American football player and coach (d. 2012) births
  1. John Amabile (American football)
    
    John Amabile was a professional American football scout for the New York Giants, high school football coach, and college football quarterback.
2. Dusty Springfield, English singer and record producer (d. 1999) births
  1. Dusty Springfield
    
    Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette O'Brien, known professionally as Dusty Springfield, was an English singer. With her distinctive mezzo-soprano sound, she was a popular singer of blue-eyed soul, pop and dramatic ballads, with French chanson, country, and jazz also in her repertoire. During her 1960s peak, she ranked among the most successful British female performers on both sides of the Atlantic. Her image – marked by a peroxide blonde bouffant/beehive hairstyle, heavy makeup and evening gowns, as well as stylised, gestural performances – made her an icon of the Swinging Sixties.
1938
1. Rich Rollins, American baseball player births
  1. Rich Rollins
    
    Richard John Rollins is an American former Major League Baseball third baseman. He played with the Minnesota Twins (1961–68), Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers (1969–1970), and Cleveland Indians (1970). During a 10-year baseball career, Rollins hit .269 with 77 home runs, and 399 runs batted in.
2. Gordon Wilson, Scottish lawyer and politician (d. 2017) births
  1. Gordon Wilson (Scottish politician)
    
    Robert Gordon Wilson was a Scottish politician and solicitor. He was the leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) from 1979 to 1990, and was SNP Member of Parliament (MP) for Dundee East from 1974 to 1987. He was Rector of the University of Dundee from 1983 to 1986.
3. Steve Bloomer, English footballer and manager (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Steve Bloomer
    
    Stephen Bloomer was an England international footballer and manager who played for Derby County – becoming their record goalscorer – and Middlesbrough. The anthem Steve Bloomer's Watchin' is played at every Derby home game and there is a bust of him at the Pride Park Stadium. He is also listed in the Football League 100 Legends and English Football Hall of Fame.
1937
1. Gert Potgieter, South African hurdler and coach births
  1. Gert Potgieter (athlete)
    
    Gerhardus Cornelius Potgieter is a retired South African Track and field athletics competitor, primarily known for the 400-metre and 440-yard hurdles. His innovation was to run 14 steps between the hurdles. For perspective, 1980's legend Edwin Moses' innovation was to run 13 steps. Current world record holder Kevin Young was able to achieve 12 steps between some hurdles.
2. Jay Johnson Morrow, American military engineer and politician, third Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (b. 1870) deaths
  1. Jay Johnson Morrow
    
    Jay Johnson Morrow was Chief Engineer of the United States First Army and as Deputy Chief Engineer of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I and Governor of the Panama Canal Zone from 1921 to 1924.
  2. List of governors of the Panama Canal Zone
    
    The following is a list of governors of the Panama Canal Zone while it was under U.S. control.
1936
1. Vadim Kuzmin, Russian physicist and academic (d. 2015) births
  1. Vadim Kuzmin (physicist)
    
    Vadim Alekseyevich Kuzmin was a Russian theoretical physicist.
1935
1. Marcel Carrière, Canadian director and screenwriter births
  1. Marcel Carrière
    
    Marcel Carrière is a Canadian film director and sound engineer.
2. Sarah Kirsch, German poet and author (d. 2013) births
  1. Sarah Kirsch
    
    Sarah Kirsch was a German poet.
3. Lennart Risberg, Swedish boxer (d. 2013) births
  1. Lennart Risberg
    
    Lennart Kurt Risberg was a Swedish boxer. He competed in the lightweight event at the 1956 Summer Olympics, but was eliminated in the first round.
4. Dominique Venner, French journalist and historian (d. 2013) births
  1. Dominique Venner
    
    Dominique Venner was a French historian, journalist and essayist. Venner was a member of the Organisation armée secrète and later became a European nationalist, founding Europe-Action, before withdrawing from politics to focus on a career as a historian. He specialized in military and political history. At the time of his death, he was the editor of the La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire, a bimonthly history magazine. On 21 May 2013, Venner committed suicide inside the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris.
5. Bobby Vinton, American singer births
  1. Bobby Vinton
    
    Stanley Robert Vinton is a retired American singer and occasional actor. As a teen idol, he became known as "The Polish Prince", as his music paid tribute to his Polish heritage. One of his most popular songs is "Blue Velvet" which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1963, No. 1 in Canada, and number 2 in the UK in 1990.
6. Panait Istrati, Romanian journalist and author (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Panait Istrati
    
    Panait Istrati was a Romanian working class writer, who wrote in French and Romanian, nicknamed The Maxim Gorky of the Balkans. Istrati appears to be the first Romanian author explicitly depicting a homosexual character in his work.
1934
1. Vince Hill, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Vince Hill
    
    Vincent Hill is an English traditional pop music singer and songwriter who is best known for his recording of the Rodgers and Hammerstein show tune "Edelweiss" (1967), which reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart. Along with a successful recording career in the 1960s, Hill hosted several hit TV shows during the seventies and eighties, including They Sold a Million (BBC), Musical Time Machine (BBC) and his own chat show Gas Street (ITV). Outside of his work in show business, Hill is a Patron of The Macular Society, a UK charity for anyone affected by central vision loss. Hill revealed in 2019 that he is losing his eye sight to Age-Related Macular Disease (AMD).
2. Robert Stigwood, Australian producer and manager (d. 2016) births
  1. Robert Stigwood
    
    Robert Colin Stigwood was an Australian-born British-resident music entrepreneur, film producer and impresario, best known for managing Cream, Andy Gibb and the Bee Gees, theatrical productions like Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar, and film productions including the successful Grease and Saturday Night Fever. On his death, one obituary judged that he had been for a time the most powerful tycoon in the entertainment industry: "Stigwood owned the record label that issued his artists’ albums and film soundtracks, and he also controlled publishing rights – not since Hollywood's golden days had so much power and wealth been concentrated in the hands of one mogul."
3. Barrie Unsworth, Australian politician, 36th Premier of New South Wales births
  1. Barrie Unsworth
    
    Barrie John Unsworth is a former Australian politician, representing the Labor Party in the Parliament of New South Wales from 1978 to 1991. He served as the 36th Premier from July 1986 to March 1988.
  2. Premier of New South Wales
    
    The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.
4. Vicar, Chilean cartoonist (d. 2012) births
  1. Vicar (cartoonist)
    
    Vicar, a pseudonym for Víctor José Arriagada Ríos , was a Chilean cartoonist, known for his prolific career drawing Disney comics.
1933
1. Marcos Alonso Imaz, Spanish footballer (d. 2012) births
  1. Marquitos (footballer, born 1933)
    
    Marcos Alonso Imaz, nicknamed Marquitos, was a Spanish footballer who played as a defender. He was best known for his participation in Real Madrid's five European Cup conquests, mainly in the 1950s.
2. Joan Bakewell, English journalist and author births
  1. Joan Bakewell
    
    Joan Dawson Bakewell, Baroness Bakewell,, is an English journalist, television presenter and Labour Party peer. Baroness Bakewell is president of Birkbeck, University of London; she is also an author and playwright, and has been awarded Humanist of the year for services to humanism.
3. Perry Botkin Jr., American composer, arranger and musician (d. 2021) births
  1. Perry Botkin Jr.
    
    Perry Botkin Jr. was an American composer, producer, arranger, and musician. The tune "Nadia's Theme", composed by Botkin and Barry De Vorzon, peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1976 and became the theme song for the long-running television soap opera The Young and the Restless. He was also a major contributor to Incredible Bongo Band, one of the most influential groups of all-time for its Bongo Rock album which is one of the most sampled from records, making it a major influence in the origins of Hip hop.
4. Vera Krepkina, Russian long jumper births
  1. Vera Krepkina
    
    Vera Samuilovna Krepkina is a retired Russian track athlete who competed for the Soviet Union at the 1952, 1956 and 1960 Olympics. At all these Olympics she finished fourth in the 4 × 100 m relay and was eliminated in the heats of the 100 m sprint. In 1960 she also took part in the long jump and won a surprise gold medal with an Olympic record of 6.37 m, ahead of the defending champion Elżbieta Krzesińska and the world record holder Hildrun Claus.
5. Ike Pappas, American journalist and actor (d. 2008) births
  1. Ike Pappas
    
    Icarus Nestor Pappas, better known as Ike Pappas, was an American television journalist who worked as a CBS News correspondent for 25 years.
1932
1. Maury Meyers, American lawyer and politician (d. 2014) births
  1. Maury Meyers
    
    Maurice "Maury" Meyers was an American politician who served four non-consecutive terms as Mayor of Beaumont, Texas. He is well known in the city as a progressive and economic mind, help turning the city of Beaumont into a thriving community. Maury also led the charge to desegregate the school systems in Beaumont while in office. He again though about running for mayor in the early 2000s to rejuvenate the city back to promise, when his battle with Parkinson's disease made it unsafe to himself to do so. The same Parkinson's disease is what took him from the city in June 2014, and he is remembered by his wife Arline, his son Casey, four daughters, Ellen, Peggy, Nancy and Jamie.
1930
1. Doug Beasy, Australian footballer and educator (d. 2013) births
  1. Doug Beasy
    
    Douglas Edward Beasy was an Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
2. Herbie Mann, American flute player and composer (d. 2003) births
  1. Herbie Mann
    
    Herbert Jay Solomon, known by his stage name Herbie Mann, was an American jazz flute player and important early practitioner of world music. Early in his career, he also played tenor saxophone and clarinet, but Mann was among the first jazz musicians to specialize on the flute. His most popular single was "Hi-Jack", which was a Billboard No. 1 dance hit for three weeks in 1975.
3. José Carlos Mariátegui, Peruvian journalist, philosopher, and activist (b. 1894) deaths
  1. José Carlos Mariátegui
    
    José Carlos Mariátegui La Chira was a Peruvian writer, journalist, politician and Marxist philosopher.
1929
1. Roy Hamilton, American singer (d. 1969) births
  1. Roy Hamilton
    
    Roy Hamilton was an American singer. By combining semi-classical technique with traditional black gospel feeling, he brought soul to Great American Songbook singing.
2. Ralph Slatyer, Australian biologist and ecologist (d. 2012) births
  1. Ralph Slatyer
    
    Ralph Owen Slatyer was an Australian ecologist, and the first Chief Scientist of Australia from 1989 to 1992.
3. Ed Townsend, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2003) births
  1. Ed Townsend
    
    Edward Benjamin 'Ed' Townsend was an American singer, songwriter, producer and attorney. He performed and composed "For Your Love", a rhythm and blues doo wop classic, and co-wrote "Let's Get It On" with Marvin Gaye.
1928
1. Henry Birks, Canadian businessman, founded Henry Birks and Sons (b. 1840) deaths
  1. Henry Birks
    
    Henry Birks was a Canadian businessman and founder of Henry Birks and Sons, a chain of high-end Canadian jewellery stores.
  2. Birks Group
    
    Birks Group Inc. is a designer, manufacturer, and retailer of jewellery, timepieces, silverware and gifts, with stores and manufacturing facilities located in Canada and the United States. The Group was created in November 2005 through the merger of Henry Birks and Sons Ltd. (Canada) and Mayors Jewelers Inc..
2. Roman Steinberg, Estonian wrestler (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Roman Steinberg
    
    Roman Steinberg, was an Estonian Greco-Roman wrestling bronze medal winner in middleweight class at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Steinberg was also three times Estonian wrestling champion 1921–1923, coached by Robert Oksa.
1927
1. Edie Adams, American actress and singer (d. 2008) births
  1. Edie Adams
    
    Edie Adams was an American comedian, actress, singer and businesswoman. She earned the Tony Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award.
2. Pope Benedict XVI births
  1. Pope Benedict XVI
    
    Pope Benedict XVI is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereign of the Vatican City State from 19 April 2005 until his resignation in 28 February 2013. Benedict's election as pope occurred in the 2005 papal conclave that followed the death of Pope John Paul II. Benedict has chosen to be known by the title "pope emeritus" upon his resignation.
3. Rolf Schult, German actor (d. 2013) births
  1. Rolf Schult
    
    Rolf Schult was a German actor and voice actor. He provided the German dub for actor Robert Redford, among many others. Until the film Hannibal (2001), he provided the voice for Anthony Hopkins before he was replaced by Joachim Kerzel, and dubbed Patrick Stewart for much of his career.
1926
1. Pierre Fabre, French pharmacist, founded Laboratoires Pierre Fabre (d. 2013) births
  1. Pierre Fabre (businessman)
    
    Pierre Jacques Louis Fabre was a French pharmaceutical and cosmetics executive and pharmacist, who founded Laboratoires Pierre Fabre in 1962. Fabre, a rugby enthusiast, was also the owner of Castres Olympique, a French rugby union club based in the city of Castres.
  2. Laboratoires Pierre Fabre
    
    Laboratoires Pierre Fabre is a French multinational pharmaceutical and cosmetics company. The company had a consolidated turnover of 1.978 billion euros in 2012. It is headquartered in the city of Castres, Midi-Pyrénées, France.
1925
1. Stefan Nerezov, Bulgarian general (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Stefan Nerezov
    
    Stefan Mikhailov Nerezov was a Bulgarian General and Chief of the Bulgarian Army Staff.
1924
1. John Harvey-Jones, English academic and businessman (d. 2008) births
  1. John Harvey-Jones
    
    Sir John Harvey-Jones MBE was an English businessman. He was the chairman of Imperial Chemical Industries from 1982 to 1987. He was best known by the public for his BBC television show, Troubleshooter, in which he advised struggling businesses.
2. Henry Mancini, American composer and conductor (d. 1994) births
  1. Henry Mancini
    
    Henry Mancini was an American composer, conductor, arranger, pianist and flautist. Often cited as one of the greatest composers in the history of film, he won four Academy Awards, a Golden Globe, and twenty Grammy Awards, plus a posthumous Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995.
3. Rudy Pompilli, American saxophonist (d. 1976) births
  1. Rudy Pompilli
    
    Rudolph Clement Pompilii was an American musician best known for playing tenor saxophone with Bill Haley and His Comets. He was usually credited under the alternate spelling Rudy Pompilli and occasionally as Rudy Pell.
4. Madanjeet Singh, Indian diplomat, author, and philanthropist (d. 2013) births
  1. Madanjeet Singh
    
    Madanjeet Singh was an Indian diplomat, painter, photographer, and writer.
1923
1. Warren Barker, American composer (d. 2006) births
  1. Warren Barker
    
    Warren Barker was an American composer, arranger, and conductor known for work in film, radio, and television, as well as for original band and symphonic compositions.
2. Arch A. Moore Jr., American sergeant, lawyer, and politician, 28th Governor of West Virginia (d. 2015) births
  1. Arch A. Moore Jr.
    
    Arch Alfred Moore Jr. was an American lawyer and Republican politician from West Virginia. He began his political career as a state legislator in 1952. He was elected the 28th and 30th governor of West Virginia, serving from 1969 until 1977 and again from 1985 until 1989, he is the longest-serving West Virginia Governor in state history with 12 years of service. He is the father of U.S. Senator Shelley Moore Capito.
  2. List of governors of West Virginia
    
    The governor of West Virginia is the head of government of West Virginia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the West Virginia Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and, except when prosecution has been carried out by the House of Delegates, to grant pardons and reprieves.
1922
1. Kingsley Amis, English novelist, poet, and critic (d. 1995) births
  1. Kingsley Amis
    
    Sir Kingsley William Amis was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, a memoir, short stories, radio and television scripts, and works of social and literary criticism. He is best known for satirical comedies such as Lucky Jim (1954), One Fat Englishman (1963), Ending Up (1974), Jake's Thing (1978) and The Old Devils (1986). His biographer Zachary Leader called Amis "the finest English comic novelist of the second half of the twentieth century." He is the father of the novelist Martin Amis. In 2008, The Times ranked him ninth on a list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.
2. John Christopher, English author (d. 2012) births
  1. John Christopher
    
    Sam Youd, was a British writer, best known for science fiction written under the name of John Christopher, including the novels The Death of Grass, The Possessors, and the young-adult novel series The Tripods. He won the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize in 1971 and the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1976.
3. Lawrence N. Guarino, American colonel (d. 2014) births
  1. Lawrence N. Guarino
    
    Lawrence Nicholas "Larry" Guarino was a U.S. Air Force officer, and veteran of three wars. Shot down on his 50th combat mission, he spent more than 8 years as a prisoner of war (POW) during the Vietnam War and earned the Air Force Cross.
4. Leo Tindemans, Belgian politician, 43rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2014) births
  1. Leo Tindemans
    
    Leonard Clemence "Leo" Tindemans was a Belgian politician. He served as the prime minister of Belgium serving from 25 April 1974 until he resigned as minister on 20 October 1978. He was a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish party.
  2. Prime Minister of Belgium
    
    The Prime Minister of Belgium or the Premier of Belgium is the head of the federal government of Belgium, and the most powerful person in Belgian politics.
1921
1. Arlin Adams, American lawyer and judge (d. 2015) births
  1. Arlin Adams
    
    Arlin Marvin Adams was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. As late as 2013 he served as counsel to Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP, and was listed as a NAFTA adjudicator.
2. Wolfgang Leonhard, German historian and author (d. 2014) births
  1. Wolfgang Leonhard
    
    Wolfgang Leonhard was a German political author and historian of the Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republic and Communism. A German Communist whose family had fled Hitler's Germany and who was educated in the Soviet Union, after World War II Leonhard became one of the founders and leaders of the German Democratic Republic until he became disillusioned and fled in 1949, first defecting to Yugoslavia and then moving to West Germany in 1950 and later to the United Kingdom. In 1956 he moved to the United States, where he was a popular and influential professor at Yale University from 1966 to 1987, teaching the history of communism and the Soviet Union, topics about which he wrote several books. After the Cold War ended, he returned to Germany.
3. Peter Ustinov, English actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2004) births
  1. Peter Ustinov
    
    Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov was a British actor, filmmaker and writer. An internationally known raconteur, he was a fixture on television talk shows and lecture circuits for much of his career. An intellectual and diplomat, he held various academic posts and served as a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF and president of the World Federalist Movement.
1920
1. Ananda Dassanayake, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2012) births
  1. Ananda Dassanayake
    
    Ananda Dassanayake was a Sri Lankan politician belonging to the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. He was the Governor of Uva Province and Southern Province of Sri Lanka. He was a member of the Sri Lankan Parliament for 17 years.
2. Prince George Valdemar of Denmark (d. 1986) births
  1. Prince George Valdemar of Denmark
    
    Prince George Valdemar Carl Axel of Denmark was a Danish prince. He was a second cousin of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
1919
1. Merce Cunningham, American dancer and choreographer (d. 2009) births
  1. Merce Cunningham
    
    Mercier Philip "Merce" Cunningham was an American dancer and choreographer who was at the forefront of American modern dance for more than 50 years. He frequently collaborated with artists of other disciplines, including musicians John Cage, David Tudor, Brian Eno, and graphic artists Robert Rauschenberg, Bruce Nauman, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Frank Stella, and Jasper Johns; and fashion designer Rei Kawakubo. Works that he produced with these artists had a profound impact on avant-garde art beyond the world of dance.
2. Nilla Pizzi, Italian singer (d. 2011) births
  1. Nilla Pizzi
    
    Nilla Pizzi, stage name of Adionilla Pizzi, was an Italian singer and actress.
3. Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Mexican architect, designed the Tijuana Cultural Center and National Museum of Anthropology (d. 2013) births
  1. Pedro Ramírez Vázquez
    
    Pedro Ramírez Vázquez was a Mexican late twentieth century architect. He was born in Mexico City. He was persuaded to study architecture by writer and poet Carlos Pellicer.
  2. Tijuana Cultural Center
    
    The Tijuana Cultural Center (CECUT) is a cultural center in the Zona Río district of Tijuana, Mexico. The center opened 20 October 1982, and accommodates more than a million visitors per year.
  3. National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)
    
    The National Museum of Anthropology is a national museum of Mexico. It is the largest and most visited museum in Mexico. Located in the area between Paseo de la Reforma and Mahatma Gandhi Street within Chapultepec Park in Mexico City, the museum contains significant archaeological and anthropological artifacts from Mexico's pre-Columbian heritage, such as the Stone of the Sun and the Aztec Xochipilli statue.
4. Thomas Willmore, English geometer and academic (d. 2005) births
  1. Thomas Willmore
    
    Thomas James Willmore was an English geometer. He is best known for his work on Riemannian 3-space and harmonic spaces.
1918
1. Dick Gibson, English racing driver (d. 2010) births
  1. Dick Gibson (racing driver)
    
    Richard Gibson was a racing driver from England. Born in Bourne, Lincolnshire, Gibson participated in two World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting in 1957. He scored no championship points. He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races.
2. Hsuan Hua, Chinese-American monk and author (d. 1995) births
  1. Hsuan Hua
    
    Hsuan Hua, also known as An Tzu, Tu Lun and Master Hua by his Western disciples, was a Chinese monk of Chan Buddhism and a contributing figure in bringing Chinese Buddhism to the United States in the late 20th century.
3. Juozas Kazickas, Lithuanian-American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2014) births
  1. Juozas Kazickas
    
    Juozas Petras Kazickas or Joseph P. Kazickas was a Lithuanian-American businessman, self-made multi-millionaire and philanthropist. With assets estimated worth over 3 billion litas, he was considered to be the wealthiest Lithuanian in 2006.
4. Spike Milligan, Irish actor, comedian, and writer (d. 2002) births
  1. Spike Milligan
    
    Terence Alan "Spike" Milligan was an Irish actor, comedian, writer, musician, poet, and playwright. The son of an Irish father and an English mother, Milligan was born in British Colonial India, where he spent his childhood, relocating in 1931 to live and work the majority of his life in the United Kingdom. Disliking his first name, he began to call himself "Spike" after hearing the band Spike Jones and his City Slickers on Radio Luxembourg.
1917
1. Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba, 18th Duchess of Medinaceli (d. 2013) births
  1. Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba, 18th Duchess of Medinaceli
    
    Doña Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba y Fernández de Henestrosa, 18th Duchess of Medinaceli, Grandee of Spain was the 18th Duchess of Medinaceli in her own right and a Grandee of Spain, head of the Spanish noble House of Medinaceli and patron of the Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation. She died in Seville on 18 August 2013, aged 96.
2. Barry Nelson, American actor (d. 2007) births
  1. Barry Nelson
    
    Barry Nelson was an American actor, noted as the first actor to portray Ian Fleming's secret agent James Bond.
1916
1. Behçet Necatigil, Turkish author, poet, and translator (d. 1979) births
  1. Behçet Necatigil
    
    Behçet Necatigil was a leading Turkish author, poet and translator.
1915
1. Robert Speck, Canadian politician, first Mayor of Mississauga (d. 1972) births
  1. Robert Speck (politician)
    
    Robert William Speck was a Canadian politician who was the first Mayor of the Town of Mississauga, and the town's only elected mayor. Speck died while in office and Reeve Chic Murray was appointed by the town's council to take his place.
  2. Mayor of Mississauga
    
    The mayor of Mississauga is the head of Mississauga City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in office, mayors are styled His/Her Worship.
2. Nelson W. Aldrich, American businessman and politician (b. 1841) deaths
  1. Nelson W. Aldrich
    
    Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich was a prominent American politician and a leader of the Republican Party in the United States Senate, where he represented Rhode Island from 1881 to 1911. By the 1890s, he was one of the "Big Four" key Republicans who largely controlled the major decisions of the Senate, along with Orville H. Platt, William B. Allison, and John Coit Spooner. Because of his impact on national politics and central position on the pivotal Senate Finance Committee, he was referred to by the press and public alike as the "general manager of the Nation", dominating tariff and monetary policy in the first decade of the 20th century.
1914
1. John Hodiak, American actor (d. 1955) births
  1. John Hodiak
    
    John Hodiak was an American actor who worked in radio, stage and film.
2. George William Hill, American astronomer and mathematician (b. 1838) deaths
  1. George William Hill
    
    George William Hill was an American astronomer and mathematician. Working independently and largely in isolation from the wider scientific community, he made major contributions to celestial mechanics and to the theory of ordinary differential equations. The importance of his work was explicitly acknowledged by Henri Poincaré in 1905. In 1909 Hill was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal, "on the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy". Today, he is chiefly remembered for the Hill differential equation.
1913
1. Les Tremayne, English actor (d. 2003) births
  1. Les Tremayne
    
    Lester Tremayne was an English actor.
1911
1. Guy Burgess, English-Russian spy (d. 1963) births
  1. Guy Burgess
    
    Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess was a British diplomat and Soviet agent, and a member of the Cambridge Five spy ring that operated from the mid-1930s to the early years of the Cold War era. His defection in 1951 to the Soviet Union, with his fellow spy Donald Maclean, led to a serious breach in Anglo-United States intelligence co-operation, and caused long-lasting disruption and demoralisation in Britain's foreign and diplomatic services.
1910
1. Berton Roueché, American journalist and author (d. 1994) births
  1. Berton Roueché
    
    Clarence Berton Roueché, Jr. was an American medical writer who wrote for The New Yorker magazine for almost fifty years. He also wrote twenty books, including Eleven Blue Men (1954), The Incurable Wound (1958), Feral (1974), and The Medical Detectives (1980). An article he wrote for The New Yorker was made into the 1956 film Bigger Than Life, and many of the medical mysteries on the television show House were inspired by Roueché's writings.
1908
1. Ellis Marsalis, Sr., American businessman and activist (d. 2004) births
  1. Ellis Marsalis Sr.
    
    Ellis Louis Marsalis Sr. was an American businessman from New Orleans, Louisiana. He was a former poultry farmer turned hotelier, Esso franchise owner and civil rights activist.
2. Ray Ventura, French jazz bandleader (d. 1979) births
  1. Ray Ventura
    
    Raymond Ventura was a French jazz pianist and bandleader. He helped popularize jazz in France in the 1930s. His nephew was singer Sacha Distel.
1907
1. Joseph-Armand Bombardier, Canadian inventor and businessman, founded Bombardier Inc. (d. 1964) births
  1. Joseph-Armand Bombardier
    
    Joseph-Armand Bombardier was a Canadian inventor and businessman who was the founder of Bombardier. His most famous invention was the snowmobile.
  2. Bombardier Inc.
    
    Bombardier Inc. is a Canadian business jet manufacturer. It was also formerly a manufacturer of commercial jets, public transport vehicles, trains, and recreational vehicles, with the last being spun-off as Bombardier Recreational Products. The company originally produced Ski-doo snowmobiles, over time expanding into the aviation, light and heavy rail, and public transit businesses.
2. August Eigruber, Austrian-German politician (d. 1947) births
  1. August Eigruber
    
    August Eigruber was an Austrian-born Nazi Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of Reichsgau Oberdonau and Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria. He was convicted of war crimes at Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp and hanged.
1905
1. Frits Philips, Dutch businessman (d. 2005) births
  1. Frits Philips
    
    Frederik Jacques "Frits" Philips was the fourth chairman of the board of directors of the Dutch electronics company Philips, which his uncle and father founded. For his actions in saving 382 Jews during the Nazi Occupation of the Netherlands in World War II, he was recognized in 1996 by Yad Vashem as a Righteous Among the Nations.
1904
1. Fifi D'Orsay, Canadian-American vaudevillian, actress, and singer (d. 1983) births
  1. Fifi D'Orsay
    
    Fifi D'Orsay was a Canadian-American actress and singer.
2. Maximilian Kronberger, German poet and author (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Maximilian Kronberger
    
    Maximilian Kronberger, known familiarly as Maximin, was a German poet and a significant figure in the literary circle of Stefan George.
3. Samuel Smiles, Scottish-English author (b. 1812) deaths
  1. Samuel Smiles
    
    Samuel Smiles was a British author and government reformer. Although he campaigned on a Chartist platform, he promoted the idea that more progress would come from new attitudes than from new laws. His primary work, Self-Help (1859), promoted thrift and claimed that poverty was caused largely by irresponsible habits, while also attacking materialism and laissez-faire government. It has been called "the bible of mid-Victorian liberalism" and had lasting effects on British political thought.
1903
1. Paul Waner, American baseball player and manager (d. 1965) births
  1. Paul Waner
    
    Paul Glee Waner, nicknamed "Big Poison", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for four teams between 1926 and 1945, most notably playing his first 15 seasons with the Pittsburgh Pirates. The greatest Pirate outfielder up to his retirement, he won the 1927 NL Most Valuable Player Award in his second season, collecting a team record 237 hits that year. Waner set the team record for doubles in a season three times, including in 1932 when he set the NL record for doubles in a season with 62. In the only postseason appearance of his career, he hit .333 in the Pirates' 1927 World Series loss against the New York Yankees. Waner won three National League (NL) batting titles, led the NL in hits twice and collected over 200 hits in eight seasons from 1926 to 1934.
1900
1. Polly Adler, Russian-American madam and author (d. 1962) births
  1. Polly Adler
    
    Pearl "Polly" Adler was an American madam and author, best known for her work A House Is Not a Home, which was posthumously adapted into a film of the same name. In 2021, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Debby Applegate published a comprehensive account of Adler's life and times entitled Madam: The Biography of Polly Adler, Icon of the Jazz Age with Doubleday.
1899
1. Osman Achmatowicz, Polish chemist and academic (d. 1988) births
  1. Osman Achmatowicz
    
    Osman Achmatowicz was a Polish professor of chemistry of Lipka Tatar descent. His son, Osman Achmatowicz Jr., is credited with the Achmatowicz reaction in 1971.
2. Emilio Jacinto, Filipino journalist and activist (b. 1875) deaths
  1. Emilio Jacinto
    
    Emilio Jacinto y Dizon was a Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution. He was one of the highest-ranking officers in the Philippine Revolution and was one of the highest-ranking officers of the revolutionary society Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or simply and more popularly called Katipunan, being a member of its Supreme Council. He was elected Secretary of State for the Haring Bayang Katagalugan, a revolutionary government established during the outbreak of hostilities. He is popularly known in Philippine history textbooks as the Brains of the Katipunan while some contend he should be rightfully recognized as the "Brains of the Revolution". Jacinto was present in the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin with Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan, and others of its members which signaled the start of the Revolution against the Spanish colonial government in the islands.
1896
1. Robert Henry Best, American journalist (d. 1952) births
  1. Robert Henry Best
    
    Robert Henry Best was an American foreign correspondent who covered events in Europe for American media outlets during the Interwar period. Later he became a Nazi supporter and well known broadcaster of Nazi propaganda during World War II. He was convicted of treason in 1948 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died while in federal custody in 1952.
2. Árpád Weisz, Hungarian footballer (d. 1944) births
  1. Árpád Weisz
    
    Árpád Weisz was a Hungarian Olympic football player and manager. Weisz was Jewish, and was murdered with his wife and children by the Nazis during the Holocaust in World War II at Auschwitz.
1895
1. Ove Arup, English-Danish engineer and businessman, founded Arup (d. 1988) births
  1. Ove Arup
    
    Sir Ove Nyquist Arup, CBE, MICE, MIStructE, FCIOB was an English engineer who founded Arup Group Limited, a multinational corporation that offers engineering, design, planning, project management, and consulting services for building systems. Ove Arup is considered to be among the foremost architectural structural engineers of his time.
  2. Arup Group
    
    Arup is a British multinational professional services firm headquartered in London which provides design, engineering, architecture, planning, and advisory services across every aspect of the built environment. The firm employs approximately 16,000 staff in over 90 offices across 35 countries around the world. Arup has participated in projects in over 160 countries.
1893
1. Germaine Guèvremont, Canadian journalist and author (d. 1968) births
  1. Germaine Guèvremont
    
    Germaine Guèvremont, born Grignon was a Canadian writer, who was a prominent figure in Quebec literature.
2. John Norton, American hurdler (d. 1979) births
  1. John Norton (athlete)
    
    John Kelley Norton was an American athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metre hurdles. He was born in Santa Clara, California and died in New York City. Norton competed for the United States at the 1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp, Belgium in the 400 metre hurdles where he won the silver medal.
1892
1. Howard Mumford Jones, American author, critic, and academic (d. 1980) births
  1. Howard Mumford Jones
    
    Howard Mumford Jones was an American intellectual historian, literary critic, journalist, poet, and professor of English at the University of Michigan and later at Harvard University.
1891
1. Dorothy P. Lathrop, American author and illustrator (d. 1980) births
  1. Dorothy P. Lathrop
    
    Dorothy Pulis Lathrop was an American writer and illustrator of children's books.
1890
1. Fred Root, English cricketer and umpire (d. 1954) births
  1. Fred Root
    
    Charles Frederick Root was an English cricketer who played for England in 1926 and for Derbyshire between 1910 and 1920 and for Worcestershire between 1921 and 1932.
2. Gertrude Chandler Warner, American author and educator (d. 1979) births
  1. Gertrude Chandler Warner
    
    Gertrude Chandler Warner was an American author, mainly of children's stories. She was most famous for writing the original book of The Boxcar Children and for the next eighteen books in the series.
1889
1. Charlie Chaplin, English actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and composer (d. 1977) births
  1. Charlie Chaplin
    
    Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.
1888
1. Billy Minter, English footballer and manager (d. 1940) births
  1. Billy Minter
    
    William James Minter, was a player, trainer, manager and assistant secretary at Tottenham Hotspur. He scored 101 goals for Tottenham, and was for a time the top scorer for the club. He also managed the club for three years, and after he resigned as manager he stayed at the club until his death in 1940.
2. Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski, Polish physicist and chemist (b. 1845) deaths
  1. Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski
    
    Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski was a Polish physicist and chemist.
1886
1. Michalis Dorizas, Greek-American football player and javelin thrower (d. 1957) births
  1. Michalis Dorizas
    
    Michális Dórizas was a Greek athlete who competed in throwing events at the 1906, 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in the javelin throw in 1908 and a bronze in the stone throw in 1906. In the discus throw his best achievement was fifth place in 1908, and in the shot put he placed 11th in 1912.
2. Ernst Thälmann, German politician (d. 1944) births
  1. Ernst Thälmann
    
    Ernst Johannes Fritz Thälmann was a German communist politician, and leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) from 1925 to 1933.
1885
1. Leó Weiner, Hungarian composer and educator (d. 1960) births
  1. Leó Weiner
    
    Leó Weiner was one of the leading Hungarian music educators of the first half of the twentieth century, and a composer.
1884
1. Ronald Barnes, 3rd Baron Gorell, English cricketer, journalist, and politician (d. 1963) births
  1. Ronald Barnes, 3rd Baron Gorell
    
    Ronald Gorell Barnes, 3rd Baron Gorell was a British peer, Liberal politician, poet, author and newspaper editor.
1882
1. Seth Bingham, American organist and composer (d. 1972) births
  1. Seth Bingham
    
    Seth Daniels Bingham was an American organist and prolific composer.
1879
1. Bernadette Soubirous, French nun and saint (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Bernadette Soubirous
    
    Bernadette Soubirous, also known as Saint Bernadette of Lourdes, was the firstborn daughter of a miller from Lourdes, in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées in France, and is best known for experiencing Marian apparitions of a "young lady" who asked for a chapel to be built at the nearby cave-grotto at Massabielle. These apparitions occurred between 11 February and 16 July 1858, and the woman who appeared to her identified herself as the "Immaculate Conception."
1878
1. R. E. Foster, English cricketer and footballer (d. 1914) births
  1. R. E. Foster
    
    Reginald Erskine Foster, nicknamed Tip Foster, commonly designated R. E. Foster in sporting literature, was an English first-class cricketer and footballer. He is the only man to have captained England at both sports.
1874
1. Jōtarō Watanabe, Japanese general (d. 1936) births
  1. Jōtarō Watanabe
    
    Jōtarō Watanabe was a general in the early Shōwa period Imperial Japanese Army, noted as one of the victims of the February 26 Incident.
1871
1. John Millington Synge, Irish author, poet, and playwright (d. 1909) births
  1. John Millington Synge
    
    Edmund John Millington Synge was an Irish playwright, poet, writer, collector of folklore, and a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival. His best known play The Playboy of the Western World was poorly received, due to its bleak ending, depiction of Irish peasants, and idealisation of parricide, leading to hostile audience reactions and riots in Dublin during its opening run at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, which he had co-founded with W. B. Yeats and Lady Gregory. His other major works include In the Shadow of the Glen (1903), Riders to the Sea (1904), The Well of the Saints (1905), and The Tinker's Wedding (1909).
1867
1. Wilbur Wright, American inventor (d. 1912) births
  1. Wright brothers
    
    The Wright brothers, Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright, were American aviation pioneers generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful motor-operated airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft with the Wright Flyer on December 17, 1903, 4 mi (6 km) south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, at what is now known as Kill Devil Hills. The brothers were also the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.
1866
1. José de Diego, Puerto Rican journalist, lawyer, and politician (d. 1918) births
  1. José de Diego
    
    José de Diego y Martínez was a statesman, journalist, poet, lawyer, and advocate for Puerto Rico's political autonomy in union with Spain and later of independence from the United States who was referred to by his peers as "The Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement".
1865
1. Harry Chauvel, Australian general (d. 1945) births
  1. Harry Chauvel
    
    General Sir Henry George Chauvel, was a senior officer of the Australian Imperial Force who fought at Gallipoli and during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War. He was the first Australian to attain the rank of lieutenant general and later general, and the first to lead a corps. As commander of the Desert Mounted Corps, he was responsible for one of the most decisive victories and fastest pursuits in military history.
1864
1. Rose Talbot Bullard, American medical doctor and professor (d. 1915) births
  1. Rose Talbot Bullard
    
    Rose Talbot Bullard was an American physician and medical school professor, who was elected president of the Los Angeles County Medical Association in 1902.
1859
1. Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian and philosopher, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1805) deaths
  1. Alexis de Tocqueville
    
    Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville, colloquially known as Tocqueville, was a French aristocrat, diplomat, political scientist, political philosopher and historian. He is best known for his works Democracy in America and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both, he analyzed the living standards and social conditions of individuals as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.
  2. Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)
    
    The Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs is the ministry of the Government of France that handles France's foreign relations. Since 1855, its headquarters have been located at 37 Quai d'Orsay, close to the National Assembly. The term Quai d'Orsay is often used as a metonym for the ministry. Its cabinet minister, the Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs is responsible for the foreign relations of France. The current officeholder, Catherine Colonna, was appointed in 2022.
1851
1. Ponnambalam Ramanathan, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician, third Solicitor General of Sri Lanka (d. 1930) births
  1. Ponnambalam Ramanathan
    
    Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan, CMG, KC was a Ceylon Tamil lawyer, politician and Solicitor-General of Ceylon.
  2. Solicitor General of Sri Lanka
    
    The Solicitor General of Sri Lanka is a post subordinate to the Attorney General of Sri Lanka. The Solicitor General of Sri Lanka assists the Attorney General, and is assisted by four Additional Solicitors General. Note that the post was Solicitor General of Ceylon until Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972.
1850
1. Marie Tussaud, French-English sculptor, founded the Madame Tussauds Wax Museum (b. 1761) deaths
  1. Marie Tussaud
    
    Anna Maria "Marie" Tussaud was a French artist known for her wax sculptures and Madame Tussauds, the wax museum she founded in London.
  2. Madame Tussauds
    
    Madame Tussauds is a wax museum founded in 1835 by French wax sculptor Marie Tussaud in London, spawning similar museums in major cities around the world. While it used to be spelled as "Madame Tussaud's"; the apostrophe is no longer used. Madame Tussauds is a major tourist attraction in many cities, displaying the waxworks of famous and historical figures, as well as popular film and television characters.
1848
1. Kandukuri Veeresalingam, Indian author and activist (d. 1919) births
  1. Kandukuri Veeresalingam
    
    Kandukuri Veeresalingam was a social reformer and writer from the Madras Presidency, British India. He is considered as the father of the Telugu Renaissance movement. He was one of the early social reformers who encouraged the education of women and the remarriage of widows. He also fought against child marriage and the dowry system. He started a school in Dowlaiswaram in 1874, constructed the 'Brahmo Mandir' in 1887 and built the 'Hithakarini School' in 1908 in Andhra Pradesh. His novel Rajasekhara Charitramu is considered to be the first novel in Telugu literature.
1847
1. Hans Auer, Swiss-Austrian architect, designed the Federal Palace of Switzerland (d. 1906) births
  1. Hans Auer
    
    Hans Wilhelm Auer was a Swiss-Austrian architect best known for his design of the Swiss Bundeshaus (1894–1902) in Bern.
  2. Federal Palace of Switzerland
    
    The Federal Palace is a building in Bern housing the Swiss Federal Assembly (legislature) and the Federal Council (executive). It is the seat of the government of Switzerland and parliament of the country. The building is a listed symmetrical building complex just over 300 metres (980 ft) long. It is considered one of the most important historic buildings in the country and listed in the Swiss Inventory of Cultural Assets of National Importance. It consists of three interconnected buildings in the southwest of Bern's old city. The two chambers of the Federal Assembly, the National Council and Council of States, meet in the parliament building on Bundesplatz.
1846
1. Domenico Dragonetti, Italian bassist and composer (b. 1763) deaths
  1. Domenico Dragonetti
    
    Domenico Carlo Maria Dragonetti was an Italian double bass virtuoso and composer with a 3 string double bass. He stayed for thirty years in his hometown of Venice, Italy and worked at the Opera Buffa, at the Chapel of San Marco and at the Grand Opera in Vicenza. By that time he had become notable throughout Europe and had turned down several opportunities, including offers from the Tsar of Russia. In 1794, he finally moved to London to play in the orchestra of the King's Theatre, and settled there for the remainder of his life. In fifty years, he became a prominent figure in the musical events of the English capital, performing at the concerts of the Philharmonic Society of London as well as in more private events, where he would meet the most influential persons in the country, like the Prince Consort and the Duke of Leinster. He was acquainted with composers Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven, whom he visited on several occasions in Vienna, and to whom he showed the possibilities of the double bass as a solo instrument. His ability on the instrument also demonstrated the relevance of writing scores for the double bass in the orchestra separate from that of the cello, which was the common rule at the time. He is also remembered today for the Dragonetti bow, which he developed throughout his life.
1844
1. Anatole France, French journalist, novelist, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924) births
  1. Anatole France
    
    Anatole France was a French poet, journalist, and novelist with several best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters. He was a member of the Académie Française, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament".
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1839
1. Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì, Italian politician, 12th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1908) births
  1. Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì
    
    Antonio Starrabba , Marquess of Rudinì was an Italian statesman, Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898.
  2. Prime Minister of Italy
    
    The prime minister, officially the president of the Council of Ministers, of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office.
1834
1. Charles Lennox Richardson, English merchant (d. 1862) births
  1. Charles Lennox Richardson
    
    Charles Lennox Richardson was a British merchant based in Shanghai who was killed in Japan during the Namamugi Incident. His middle name is spelled Lenox in census and family documents.
1828
1. Francisco Goya, Spanish-French painter and illustrator (b. 1746) deaths
  1. Francisco Goya
    
    Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary historical upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters. Goya is often referred to as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns.
1827
1. Octave Crémazie, Canadian poet and bookseller (d. 1879) births
  1. Octave Crémazie
    
    Octave Crémazie was a French Canadian poet and bookseller born in Quebec City. Recognized both during and after his lifetime for his patriotic verse and his significant role in the cultural development of Quebec, Crémazie has been called "the father of French Canadian poetry."
1826
1. Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1891) births
  1. Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet
    
    Sir James Porter Corry, 1st Baronet was an Irish politician. He served as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) from 1874 to 1885 and an Irish Unionist Alliance MP from 1886 until his death.
1823
1. Gotthold Eisenstein, German mathematician and academic (d. 1852) births
  1. Gotthold Eisenstein
    
    Ferdinand Gotthold Max Eisenstein was a German mathematician. He specialized in number theory and analysis, and proved several results that eluded even Gauss. Like Galois and Abel before him, Eisenstein died before the age of 30. He was born and died in Berlin, Prussia.
1821
1. Ford Madox Brown, French-English soldier and painter (d. 1893) births
  1. Ford Madox Brown
    
    Ford Madox Brown was a British painter of moral and historical subjects, notable for his distinctively graphic and often Hogarthian version of the Pre-Raphaelite style. Arguably, his most notable painting was Work (1852–1865). Brown spent the latter years of his life painting the twelve works known as The Manchester Murals, depicting Mancunian history, for Manchester Town Hall.
1808
1. Caleb Blood Smith, American journalist, lawyer, and politician, sixth United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 1864) births
  1. Caleb Blood Smith
    
    Caleb Blood Smith was a United States Representative from Indiana, the 6th United States Secretary of the Interior and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Indiana.
  2. United States Secretary of the Interior
    
    The United States secretary of the interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. The secretary and the Department of the Interior are responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land along with natural resources, leading such agencies as the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Geological Survey, Bureau of Indian Affairs and the National Park Service. The secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation Board. The secretary is a member of the United States Cabinet and reports to the president of the United States. The function of the U.S. Department of the Interior is different from that of the interior minister designated in many other countries.
1800
1. George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, English field marshal and politician (d. 1888) births
  1. George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan
    
    George Charles Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan,, styled Lord Bingham before 1839, was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat and British Army officer. He was one of three men, along with Captain Nolan and Lord Raglan, responsible for the fateful order during the Battle of Balaclava in October 1854 that led to the Light Brigade commander, The Earl of Cardigan, leading the Charge of the Light Brigade. He was subsequently promoted to field marshal.
1788
1. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French mathematician, cosmologist, and author (b. 1707) deaths
  1. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
    
    Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste.
1786
1. John Franklin, English admiral and politician, fourth Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land (d. 1847) births
  1. John Franklin
    
    Sir John Franklin was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. After serving in wars against Napoleonic France and the United States, he led two expeditions into the Canadian Arctic and through the islands of the Arctic Archipelago, in 1819 and 1825, and served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land from 1839 to 1843. During his third and final expedition, an attempt to traverse the Northwest Passage in 1845, Franklin's ships became icebound off King William Island in what is now Nunavut, where he died in June 1847. The icebound ships were abandoned ten months later and the entire crew died, from causes such as starvation, hypothermia, and scurvy.
  2. Governor of Tasmania
    
    The governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of the Monarch of Australia, currently King Charles III. The incumbent governor is Barbara Baker, who was appointed in June 2021. The official residence of the governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain in Hobart. As the sovereign predominantly lives outside Tasmania, the governor's primary task is to perform the sovereign's constitutional duties on their behalf.
1783
1. Christian Mayer, Czech astronomer and educator (b. 1719) deaths
  1. Christian Mayer (astronomer)
    
    Christian Mayer was a Moravian-German Catholic priest, astronomer and teacher.
1756
1. Jacques Cassini, French astronomer (b. 1677) deaths
  1. Jacques Cassini
    
    Jacques Cassini was a French astronomer, son of the famous Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini.
1755
1. Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, French painter (d. 1842) births
  1. Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun
    
    Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, also known as Madame Le Brun, was a French portrait painter, especially of women, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
1742
1. Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino, Italian poet and translator (b. 1672) deaths
  1. Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino
    
    Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino was an Italian poet and opera librettist. He was the son of the composer Carlo Pallavicino (1630?-1688).
1730
1. Henry Clinton, English general and politician (d. 1795) births
  1. Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)
    
    General Sir Henry Clinton, KB was a British army officer and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1772 and 1795. He is best known for his service as a general during the American War of Independence. First arriving in Boston in May 1775, from 1778 to 1782 he was the British Commander-in-Chief in North America. In addition to his military service, due to the influence of his cousin Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, he was a Member of Parliament for many years. Late in life he was named Governor of Gibraltar, but died before assuming the post.
1728
1. Joseph Black, French-Scottish physician and chemist (d. 1799) births
  1. Joseph Black
    
    Joseph Black was a Scottish physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years from 1756, and then Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766, teaching and lecturing there for more than 30 years.
1697
1. Johann Gottlieb Görner, German organist and composer (d. 1778) births
  1. Johann Gottlieb Görner
    
    Johann Gottlieb Görner was a German composer and organist.
1689
1. Aphra Behn, English author and playwright (b. 1640) deaths
  1. Aphra Behn
    
    Aphra Behn was an English playwright, poet, prose writer and translator from the Restoration era. As one of the first English women to earn her living by her writing, she broke cultural barriers and served as a literary role model for later generations of women authors. Rising from obscurity, she came to the notice of Charles II, who employed her as a spy in Antwerp. Upon her return to London and a probable brief stay in debtors' prison, she began writing for the stage. She belonged to a coterie of poets and famous libertines such as John Wilmot, Lord Rochester. Behn wrote under the pastoral pseudonym Astrea. During the turbulent political times of the Exclusion Crisis, she wrote an epilogue and prologue that brought her into legal trouble; she thereafter devoted most of her writing to prose genres and translations. A staunch supporter of the Stuart line, she declined an invitation from Bishop Burnet to write a welcoming poem to the new king William III. She died shortly after.
1687
1. George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English poet and politician, Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire (b. 1628) deaths
  1. George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
    
    George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, 20th Baron de Ros, was an English statesman and poet.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire
    
    This is a list of those who have held the position of Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire from its creation in 1660 to its abolition on 31 March 1974. From 1699 until 1974, all Lords Lieutenant were also Custos Rotulorum of the West Riding of Yorkshire. The incumbent Lord Lieutenant became in 1974 Lord Lieutenant of West Yorkshire, covering a smaller area.
1682
1. John Hadley, English mathematician, invented the octant (d. 1744) births
  1. John Hadley
    
    John Hadley was an English mathematician, and laid claim to the invention of the octant, two years after Thomas Godfrey claimed the same.
  2. Octant (instrument)
    
    The octant, also called a reflecting quadrant, is a reflecting instrument used in navigation.
1661
1. Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, English poet and politician, First Lord of the Treasury (d. 1715) births
  1. Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax
    
    Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax,, was an English statesman and poet. He was the grandson of the 1st Earl of Manchester and was eventually ennobled himself, first as Baron Halifax in 1700 and later as Earl of Halifax in 1714. As one of the three members of the so-called Whig Junto, Montagu played a major role in English politics under the reigns of King William III and Queen Anne. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1694 to 1699 and as First Lord of the Treasury from 1714 until his death the following year. He was also president of the Royal Society and a patron of the scientist Isaac Newton.
  2. First Lord of the Treasury
    
    The first lord of the Treasury is the head of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, and is by convention also the prime minister. This office is not equivalent to the usual position of the "treasurer" in other governments; the closer equivalent of a treasurer in the United Kingdom is Chancellor of the Exchequer, who is the second lord of the Treasury.
1660
1. Hans Sloane, Irish-English physician and academic (d. 1753) births
  1. Hans Sloane
    
    Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet, was an Anglo-Irish physician, naturalist, and collector, with a collection of 71,000 items which he bequeathed to the British nation, thus providing the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London. He was elected to the Royal Society at the age of 24. Sloane travelled to the Caribbean in 1687 and documented his travels and findings with extensive publications years later. Sloane was a renowned medical doctor among the aristocracy, and was elected to the Royal College of Physicians at age 27. Though he is credited with the invention of chocolate milk, it is more likely that he learned the practice of adding milk to drinking chocolate while living and working in Jamaica. Streets and places were later named after him, including Hans Place, Hans Crescent, and Sloane Square in and around Chelsea, London – the area of his final residence – and also Sir Hans Sloane Square in his birthplace in Northern Ireland, Killyleagh.
1646
1. Jules Hardouin-Mansart, French architect, designed the Château de Dampierre and Grand Trianon (probable; d. 1708) births
  1. Jules Hardouin-Mansart
    
    Jules Hardouin-Mansart was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand Trianon of the Palace of Versailles. His monumental work was designed to glorify the reign of Louis XIV of France.
  2. Château de Dampierre
    
    The Château de Dampierre is a castle in Dampierre-en-Yvelines, in the Vallée de Chevreuse, France.
  3. Grand Trianon
    
    The Grand Trianon is a French Baroque style château situated in the northwestern part of the Domain of Versailles in Versailles, France. It was built at the request of King Louis XIV of France as a retreat for himself and his maîtresse-en-titre of the time, the Marquise de Montespan, and as a place where he and invited guests could take light meals (collations) away from the strict étiquette of the royal court. The Grand Trianon is set within its own park, which includes the Petit Trianon.
1645
1. Tobias Hume, Scottish soldier, viol player, and composer (b. 1569) deaths
  1. Tobias Hume
    
    Tobias Hume was a Scottish composer, viol player and soldier.
  2. Viol
    
    The viol, viola da gamba, or informally gamba, is any one of a family of bowed, fretted, and stringed instruments with hollow wooden bodies and pegboxes where the tension on the strings can be increased or decreased to adjust the pitch of each of the strings. Frets on the viol are usually made of gut, tied on the fingerboard around the instrument's neck, to enable the performer to stop the strings more cleanly. Frets improve consistency of intonation and lend the stopped notes a tone that better matches the open strings. Viols first appeared in Spain in the mid-to-late 15th century, and were most popular in the Renaissance and Baroque (1600–1750) periods. Early ancestors include the Arabic rebab and the medieval European vielle, but later, more direct possible ancestors include the Venetian viole and the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish vihuela, a six-course plucked instrument tuned like a lute that looked like but was quite distinct from the four-course guitar.
1640
1. Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau (b. 1579) deaths
  1. Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau
    
    Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau was a french abbess. She was the fourth daughter of William the Silent and his third spouse Charlotte of Bourbon.
1635
1. Frans van Mieris the Elder, Dutch painter (d. 1681) births
  1. Frans van Mieris the Elder
    
    Frans van Mieris the Elder, was a Dutch Golden Age genre and portrait painter. The leading member of a Leiden family of painters, his sons Jan (1660–1690) and Willem (1662–1747) and his grandson Frans van Mieris the Younger (1689–1763) were also accomplished genre painters.
1587
1. Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset (b. 1497) deaths
  1. Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset
    
    Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset was the second wife of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, who held the office of lord protector during the first part of the reign of their nephew King Edward VI. The Duchess was briefly the most powerful woman in England. During her husband's regency she unsuccessfully claimed precedence over the queen dowager, Catherine Parr.
1569
1. John Davies, English poet and lawyer (d. 1626) births
  1. John Davies (poet, born 1569)
    
    Sir John Davies was an English poet, lawyer, and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1597 and 1621. He became Attorney General for Ireland and formulated many of the legal principles that underpinned the British Empire.
1516
1. Tabinshwehti, Burmese king (d. 1550) births
  1. Tabinshwehti
    
    Tabinshwehti was king of Burma (Myanmar) from 1530 to 1550, and the founder of the First Toungoo Empire. His military campaigns (1534–1549) created the largest kingdom in Burma since the fall of the Pagan Empire in 1287. His administratively fragile kingdom proved to be the impetus for the eventual reunification of the entire country by his successor and brother-in-law Bayinnaung.
1496
1. Charles II, Duke of Savoy (b. 1489) deaths
  1. Charles II, Duke of Savoy
    
    Charles II or Charles John Amadeus, was the Duke of Savoy from 1490 to 1496 but his mother Blanche of Montferrat (1472–1519) was the actual ruler as a regent. In 1485 his father Charles I had received the hereditary rights to the Kingdoms of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia which were inherited by young Charles.
1495
1. Petrus Apianus, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1557) births
  1. Petrus Apianus
    
    Petrus Apianus, also known as Peter Apian, Peter Bennewitz, and Peter Bienewitz, was a German humanist, known for his works in mathematics, astronomy and cartography. His work on "cosmography", the field that dealt with the earth and its position in the universe, was presented in his most famous publications, Astronomicum Caesareum (1540) and Cosmographicus liber (1524). His books were extremely influential in his time, with the numerous editions in multiple languages being published until 1609. The lunar crater Apianus and asteroid 19139 Apian are named in his honour.
1488
1. Jungjong of Joseon (d. 1544) births
  1. Jungjong of Joseon
    
    Jungjong of Joseon, personal name Yi Yeok, firstly titled Grand Prince Jinseong, was the 11th ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He succeeded to the throne after the deposition of his older half-brother, the tyrannical Yeonsangun.
1375
1. John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman and soldier (b. 1347) deaths
  1. John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
    
    John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke,, was a fourteenth-century English nobleman and soldier. He also held the titles Baron Abergavenny and Lord of Wexford. He was born in Sutton Valence, the son of Laurence Hastings, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and Agnes Mortimer. His father died when John Hastings was a year old, and he became a ward of King Edward III while remaining in his mother's care. The King arranged for John to marry Edward's daughter Margaret in 1359, which drew John into the royal family. However, Margaret died two years later. John Hastings inherited his father's earldom, subsidiary titles and estates in 1368. The same year he made a second marriage, to Anne, daughter of Walter, Lord Mauny. The following year Pembroke began the career in royal service that was to continue for the rest of his life.
1234
1. Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (b. 1191) deaths
  1. Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke
    
    Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, was the son of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and brother of William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, whom he succeeded to the Earldom of Pembroke and Lord Marshal of England upon his brother's death on 6 April 1231.
1198
1. Frederick I, Duke of Austria (b. 1175) deaths
  1. Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg)
    
    Frederick I, known as Frederick the Catholic, was the Duke of Austria from 1195 to 1198. He was a member of the House of Babenberg.
1118
1. Adelaide del Vasto, regent of Sicily, mother of Roger II of Sicily, queen of Baldwin I of Jerusalem deaths
  1. Adelaide del Vasto
    
    Adelaide del Vasto was countess of Sicily as the third spouse of Roger I of Sicily, and Queen consort of Jerusalem by marriage to Baldwin I of Jerusalem. She served as regent of Sicily during the minority of her son Roger II of Sicily from 1101 until 1112.
  2. Roger II of Sicily
    
    Roger II was King of Sicily and Africa, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, became Duke of Apulia and Calabria in 1127, then King of Sicily in 1130 and King of Africa in 1148. By the time of his death at the age of 58, Roger had succeeded in uniting all the Norman conquests in Italy into one kingdom with a strong centralized government.
1113
1. Sviatopolk II of Kiev (b. 1050) deaths
  1. Sviatopolk II of Kiev
    
    Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich was supreme ruler of the Kievan Rus for 20 years, from 1093 to 1113. He was not a popular prince, and his reign was marked by incessant rivalry with his cousin Vladimir Monomakh.
1090
1. Sikelgaita, duchess of Apulia (b. c. 1040) deaths
  1. Sikelgaita
    
    Sikelgaita was a Lombard princess, the daughter of Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno and second wife of Duke Robert Guiscard of Apulia. She commanded troops in her own right.
  2. 1040
    
    Year 1040 (MXL) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
665
1. Fructuosus of Braga, French archbishop and saint deaths
  1. Fructuosus of Braga
    
    Fructuosus of Braga was the Bishop of Dumio and Archbishop of Braga, a great founder of monasteries, who died on 16 April 665. He was the son of a Visigothic dux in the region of Bierzo and at a young age accompanied his father on official trips over his estates. After a period spent as a hermit, he established a monastery at Complutum and became its first abbot.
69
1. Otho, Roman emperor (b. AD 32) deaths
  1. AD 69
    
    AD 69 (LXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Rufinus. The denomination AD 69 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Otho
    
    Marcus Otho was the seventh Roman emperor, ruling for three months from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Benedict Joseph Labre
1. Benedict Joseph Labre
  
  Benedict Joseph Labre was a French mendicant, Franciscan tertiary, and Catholic saint. Labre was from a well to do family near Arras, France. After attempting a monastic lifestyle, he opted instead for the life of a pilgrim. He traveled to most of the major shrines of Europe, subsisting by begging. Labre is patron saint of the homeless.
Christian feast day: Bernadette Soubirous
1. Bernadette Soubirous
  
  Bernadette Soubirous, also known as Saint Bernadette of Lourdes, was the firstborn daughter of a miller from Lourdes, in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées in France, and is best known for experiencing Marian apparitions of a "young lady" who asked for a chapel to be built at the nearby cave-grotto at Massabielle. These apparitions occurred between 11 February and 16 July 1858, and the woman who appeared to her identified herself as the "Immaculate Conception."
Christian feast day: Drogo
1. Saint Drogo
  
  Drogo of Sebourg, also known as Druon, Dreux, and Drogon, is a Flemish saint. He was born in Epinoy, County of Artois in the French part of the County of Flanders, and died in Sebourg, France. He is known as the patron saint of shepherds and coffee, and his feast day is on April 16.
Christian feast day: Engratia
1. Engratia
  
  Saint Engratia is venerated as a virgin martyr and saint. Tradition states that she was martyred with eighteen companions in 303 AD. She should not be confused with the 8th-century Spanish martyr of the same name.
Christian feast day: Fructuosus of Braga
1. Fructuosus of Braga
  
  Fructuosus of Braga was the Bishop of Dumio and Archbishop of Braga, a great founder of monasteries, who died on 16 April 665. He was the son of a Visigothic dux in the region of Bierzo and at a young age accompanied his father on official trips over his estates. After a period spent as a hermit, he established a monastery at Complutum and became its first abbot.
Christian feast day: Isabella Gilmore (Church of England)
1. Isabella Gilmore
  
  Isabella Gilmore was an English churchwoman who oversaw the revival of the Deaconess Order in the Anglican Communion. Isabella served actively in the poorest parishes in South London for almost two decades and she is remembered with a commemoration in the Calendar of saints in some parts of the Anglican Communion on 16 April. She was the sister of William Morris.
2. Church of England
  
  The Church of England is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the 3rd century and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury.
Christian feast day: Martyrs of Zaragoza
1. Engratia
  
  Saint Engratia is venerated as a virgin martyr and saint. Tradition states that she was martyred with eighteen companions in 303 AD. She should not be confused with the 8th-century Spanish martyr of the same name.
Christian feast day: Molly Brant (Konwatsijayenni) (Anglican Church of Canada, Episcopal Church)
1. Molly Brant
  
  Molly Brant, also known as Mary Brant, Konwatsi'tsiaienni, and Degonwadonti, was a Mohawk leader in British New York and Upper Canada in the era of the American Revolution. Living in the Province of New York, she was the consort of Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, with whom she had eight children. Joseph Brant, who became a Mohawk leader and war chief, was her younger brother.
2. Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Canada)
  
  Prior to the revision of the Anglican Church of Canada's (ACC) Book of Common Prayer (BCP) in 1962, the national church followed the liturgical calendar of the 1918 Canadian Book of Common Prayer. Throughout most of the twentieth century, the situation in Canada resembled that which pertained in much of the Anglican Communion: There was uncertainty as to whether post-Reformation figures could or should be commemorated. In the words of the calendar's introduction, "New names have been added from the ancient calendars, and also from the history of the Anglican Communion, without thereby enrolling or commending such persons as saints of the Church." The 1962 revision added twenty-six post-Reformation individuals, as well as commemorations of the first General Synod and of "The Founders, Benefactors, and Missionaries of the Church in Canada." Of the calendar days, twenty-eight were highlighted as "red-letter days" — that is, days of required observation.
3. Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)
  
  The veneration of saints in the Episcopal Church is a continuation of an ancient tradition from the early Church which honors important and influential people of the Christian faith. The usage of the term saint is similar to Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Episcopalians believe in the communion of saints in prayer and as such the Episcopal liturgical calendar accommodates feasts for saints.
Christian feast day: Turibius of Astorga
1. Turibius of Astorga
  
  Saint Turibius of Astorga was an archdeacon of Tui and an early Bishop of Astorga. Turibius was a zealous maintainer of ecclesiastical discipline, and defender of the Nicene Christianity against the Galician heresy of Priscillianism, for which he received a supportive letter from Leo the Great, which still survives.
Christian feast day: April 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. April 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  April 15 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 17
Birthday of José de Diego (Puerto Rico, United States)
1. Public holidays in Puerto Rico
  
  Puerto Rico celebrates all official U.S holidays, and a number of other official holidays established by the Commonwealth government. Additionally, many municipalities celebrate their own Patron Saint Festivals, as well as festivals honoring cultural icons like Bomba y plena, danza, salsa, hamacas (hammocks), and popular crops such as plantains and coffee.
2. Puerto Rico
  
  Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. It is located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as Mona, Culebra, and Vieques. It has roughly 3.2 million residents, and its capital and most populous city is San Juan. Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government, though Spanish predominates.
Birthday of Queen Margrethe II (Denmark)
1. Public holidays in Denmark
Emancipation Day (Washington, D.C., United States)
1. Emancipation Day
  
  Emancipation Day is observed in many former European colonies in the Caribbean and areas of the United States on various dates to commemorate the emancipation of slaves of African descent.
2. Washington, D.C.
  
  Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.
Memorial Day for the Victims of the Holocaust (Hungary)
1. Public holidays in Hungary
  
  A number of public holidays and special events take place each year in Hungary.
National Healthcare Decisions Day (United States)
1. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
Remembrance of Chemical Attack on Balisan and Sheikh Wasan (Iraqi Kurdistan)
1. Public holidays in Iraq
  
  This is a list of public holidays in Iraq.
2. Iraqi Kurdistan
  
  Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan refers to the Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq. It is considered one of the four parts of "Kurdistan" in Western Asia, which also includes parts of southeastern Turkey, northern Syria, and northwestern Iran. Much of the geographical and cultural region of Iraqi Kurdistan is part of the Kurdistan Region (KRI), an autonomous region recognized by the Constitution of Iraq. As with the rest of Kurdistan, and unlike most of the rest of Iraq, the region is inland and mountainous.
World Voice Day
1. World Voice Day
  
  World Voice Day (WVD) is a worldwide annual event that takes place on April 16 devoted to the celebration of the phenomenon of voice.[1]The aim is to demonstrate the enormous importance of the voice in the daily lives of all people. Voice is a critical aspect of effective and healthy communication, and World Voice Day brings global awareness to the need for preventing voice problems, rehabilitating the deviant or sick voice, training the artistic voice, and researching the function and application of voice. A goal of World Voice Day is to encourage all those who use their voice for business or pleasure to learn to take care of their voice, and know how to seek help and training, and to support research on the voice.

Important events in history on April 16 th

Events

The New York Times

The New Yorker

Pulitzer Prize for Public Service

Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases

2016 Ecuador earthquake

MV Sewol

Sinking of MV Sewol

Donggeochado

Danwon High School

South Korea

MV Sewol

Sinking of MV Sewol

Jindo (island)

Moment magnitude scale

2013 Saravan earthquake

Sistan and Baluchestan province

Iran

2013 Baga massacre

Boko Haram

Baga, Borno

Trial of Anders Behring Breivik

Anders Behring Breivik

2011 Norway attacks

Oslo

2012 Pulitzer Prize

1977 Pulitzer Prize

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Supreme Court of the United States

Baze v. Rees

Lethal injection

Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Cruel and unusual punishment

Virginia Tech shooting

Virginia Tech

Blacksburg, Virginia

Virginia Tech shooting

Seung-Hui Cho

Treaty of Accession 2003

Athens

European Union

Michael Jordan

National Basketball Association

2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes

Bangladesh–India border

Bangladesh

2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes

Bangladesh–India border

Nabatieh Fawka attack

Nabatieh Fawka

Jack Kevorkian

Assisted suicide

Apollo program

Apollo 16

Cape Canaveral, Florida

A Call for Unity

Martin Luther King Jr.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Nonviolent resistance

Martin Luther King Jr.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Birmingham, Alabama

Fidel Castro

Marxism–Leninism

Communism

OECD

Texas City disaster

Texas City, Texas

Bernard Baruch

Cold War

Soviet Union

Red Army

Battle of Berlin

Nazi Germany

Battle of the Seelow Heights

United States Army

Prisoner-of-war camp

Oflag IV-C

Colditz Castle

Important events in history
on April 16 ^th