Important events in history
on April 10 ^th

Events

2019
1. Scientists from the Event Horizon Telescope project published the first image of a black hole, located at the center of the galaxy M87.
  1. Event Horizon Telescope
    
    The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes. The EHT project combines data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations around Earth, which form a combined array with an angular resolution sufficient to observe objects the size of a supermassive black hole's event horizon. The project's observational targets include the two black holes with the largest angular diameter as observed from Earth: the black hole at the center of the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, and Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way.
  2. Black hole
    
    A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon. Although it has a great effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, it has no locally detectable features according to general relativity. In many ways, a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is of the order of billionths of a kelvin for stellar black holes, making it essentially impossible to observe directly.
  3. Messier 87
    
    Messier 87 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy with several trillion stars in the constellation Virgo. One of the largest and most massive galaxies in the local universe, it has a large population of globular clusters — about 15,000 compared with the 150–200 orbiting the Milky Way — and a jet of energetic plasma that originates at the core and extends at least 1,500 parsecs, traveling at a relativistic speed. It is one of the brightest radio sources in the sky and a popular target for both amateur and professional astronomers.
2. Scientists from the Event Horizon Telescope project announce the first ever image of a black hole, which was located in the centre of the M87 galaxy.
  1. Event Horizon Telescope
    
    The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes. The EHT project combines data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations around Earth, which form a combined array with an angular resolution sufficient to observe objects the size of a supermassive black hole's event horizon. The project's observational targets include the two black holes with the largest angular diameter as observed from Earth: the black hole at the center of the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, and Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way.
  2. Black hole
    
    A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon. Although it has a great effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, it has no locally detectable features according to general relativity. In many ways, a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is of the order of billionths of a kelvin for stellar black holes, making it essentially impossible to observe directly.
  3. Messier 87
    
    Messier 87 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy with several trillion stars in the constellation Virgo. One of the largest and most massive galaxies in the local universe, it has a large population of globular clusters — about 15,000 compared with the 150–200 orbiting the Milky Way — and a jet of energetic plasma that originates at the core and extends at least 1,500 parsecs, traveling at a relativistic speed. It is one of the brightest radio sources in the sky and a popular target for both amateur and professional astronomers.
2016
1. The Paravur temple accident in which a devastating fire caused by the explosion of firecrackers stored for Vishu, kills more than one hundred people out of the thousands gathered for seventh day of Bhadrakali worship.
  1. Puttingal temple fire
    
    On 10 April 2016 at approximately 03:30 AM IST, the Puttingal Temple in Paravur, Kollam, Kerala, India, experienced an explosion and fire after firework celebrations went awry. As a result, 111 people were killed and more than 350 were injured, including some with severe burns. The temple and at least 150 houses in the area of the temple were damaged by the blast. According to local reports and eyewitnesses, the explosion and fire were caused by sparks from a firecracker being used in a competitive fireworks display igniting fireworks in a concrete storehouse. The temple did not have permission from Kerala government authorities to conduct a "competitive fireworks display". About 15,000 pilgrims were visiting the temple to mark local Hindu celebrations during the last day of a seven-day festival of the goddess Bhadrakali.
  2. Vishu
    
    Vishu, the traditional Malayali New Year, is a Hindu festival celebrated in the Indian state of Kerala, Tulu Nadu region of Karnataka, and Mahe district. The festival marks the first day of Medam, the first month of the Malayalam Calendar followed in Kerala. It therefore always falls in the middle of April in the Gregorian calendar on 14 or 15 April every year.
  3. Bhadrakali
    
    Bhadrakali, also known as Mahakali and Kali, is a Hindu goddess.
2. An earthquake of 6.6 magnitude strikes 39 km west-southwest of Ashkasham, shakes up India, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Srinagar and Pakistan.
  1. 2016 Afghanistan earthquake
    
    The 2016 Afghanistan earthquake was a magnitude 6.6 earthquake which struck 39 km (24 mi) west-southwest of Ashkasham on April 10, at a depth of 210.4 km (130.7 mi). The shock had a maximum intensity of V (Moderate). The earthquake killed at least 5 people in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and one in Gilgit Baltistan. A further 46 were injured in both provinces. The tremors shook up Peshawar, Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Faisalabad and Lahore. The Himalayas region is one of earth's most seismically active regions. The tremors were felt in Delhi, National Capital Region, Kashmir and Uttarakhand. In Delhi, some 1,000 kilometers from the epicentre, the Delhi Metro was temporarily halted.
  2. Ishkashim, Afghanistan
    
    Ishkashim, also transliterated Ishkashem or Eshkashem, is a town in Badakhshan Province in north-eastern Afghanistan, the capital of Ishkashim District. It lies on the Panj River, at a point where its direction turns sharply north. Ishkashim lies opposite a town of the same name in Tajikistan, although the Tajik town is normally transliterated Ishkoshim following Tajik practice. A bridge linking the two towns was reconstructed in 2006.
2010
1. Polish Air Force Tu-154M crashes near Smolensk, Russia, killing 96 people, including Polish President Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and dozens of other senior officials and dignitaries.
  1. Polish Air Force
    
    The Polish Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Polish Armed Forces. Until July 2004 it was officially known as Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej. In 2014 it consisted of roughly 16,425 military personnel and about 475 aircraft, distributed among ten bases throughout Poland.
  2. Smolensk air disaster
    
    On 10 April 2010, a Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft operating Polish Air Force Flight 101 crashed near the Russian city of Smolensk, killing all 96 people on board. Among the victims were the president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, and his wife, Maria, the former president of Poland in exile, Ryszard Kaczorowski, the chief of the Polish General Staff and other senior Polish military officers, the president of the National Bank of Poland, Polish Government officials, 18 members of the Polish Parliament, senior members of the Polish clergy, and relatives of victims of the Katyn massacre. The group was arriving from Warsaw to attend an event commemorating the 70th anniversary of the massacre, which took place not far from Smolensk.
  3. Smolensk
    
    Smolensk is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, 360 kilometers (220 mi) west-southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest cities in Russia. Population: 316,570 (2021 Census); 326,861 (2010 Census); 325,137 (2002 Census); 341,483 (1989 Census).
  4. Russia
    
    Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, covering over 17,098,246 square kilometres (6,601,670 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries, more than any other country but China. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow, the largest city entirely within Europe. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan.
  5. Lech Kaczyński
    
    Lech Aleksander Kaczyński was a Polish politician who served as the city mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until 2005, and as President of Poland from 2005 until his death in 2010. Before his tenure as president, he previously served as President of the Supreme Audit Office from 1992 to 1995 and later Minister of Justice and Public Prosecutor General in Jerzy Buzek's cabinet from 2000 until his dismissal in July 2001.
2009
1. President of Fiji Ratu Josefa Iloilo announces the abrogation of the constitution and assumes all governance in the country, creating a constitutional crisis.
  1. President of Fiji
    
    The president of Fiji is the head of state of the Republic of Fiji. The president is appointed by the Parliament for a three-year term under the terms of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji. Although not entirely a figurehead, the role of president in the government is largely ceremonial, but there are important reserve powers that may be exercised in the event of a crisis. In addition, the president is the commander-in-chief of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces.
  2. Ratu
    
    Ratu is an Austronesian title used by male Fijians of chiefly rank. An equivalent title, adi, is used by females of chiefly rank. In the Malay language, the title ratu is also the traditional honorific title to refer to the ruling king or queen in Javanese culture. Thus in Java, a royal palace is called "keraton", constructed from the circumfix ke- -an and Ratu, to describe the residence of the ratu.
  3. Josefa Iloilo
    
    Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda, was a Fijian politician who served as the 3rd President of Fiji from 2000 until 2009, excluding a brief period from 5 December 2006 to 4 January 2007. He held the traditional title of Tui Vuda, the paramount chief of the Vuda district in Ba Province on Fiji's northwest coast. Like many Fijian people, he rarely used his surname and was known simply as Josefa Iloilo. He announced on 28 July 2009 that he would be leaving office on 30 July. At the age of 88, he was the world's oldest head of state.
  4. 1997 Constitution of Fiji
    
    The 1997 Constitution of Fiji was the supreme law of Fiji from its adoption in 1997 until 2009 when President Josefa Iloilo purported to abrogate it. It was also suspended for a period following the 2000 coup d'état led by George Speight.
  5. 2009 Fijian constitutional crisis
    
    The Fijian constitutional crisis of 2009 began on Friday, 10 April 2009. Fijian President Ratu Josefa Iloilo announced on a nationwide radio broadcast that he was abrogating the Constitution of Fiji. He dismissed all judges and constitutional appointees and assumed all governance in the country after the Court of Appeal ruled that the government of Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama was illegal. Iloilo reinstalled Bainimarama as PM and his Cabinet members to their positions. He also instituted emergency rule which increased police powers and allowed media censorship.
1998
1. The Good Friday Agreement is signed in Northern Ireland.
  1. Good Friday Agreement
    
    The Good Friday Agreement (GFA), or Belfast Agreement, is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April 1998 that ended most of the violence of The Troubles, a political conflict in Northern Ireland that had prevailed since the late 1960s. It was a major development in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990s. It is made up of the Multi-Party Agreement between most of Northern Ireland's political parties, and the British–Irish Agreement between the British and Irish governments. Northern Ireland's present devolved system of government is based on the agreement.
1992
1. First Nagorno-Karabakh War: Dozens of Armenian civilians were massacred in the village of Maraga by Azerbaijani forces.
  1. First Nagorno-Karabakh War
    
    The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former Soviet Republics, entangled themselves in protracted, undeclared mountain warfare in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the secessionist movement in Nagorno-Karabakh. The enclave's parliament had voted in favor of uniting with Armenia and a referendum, boycotted by the Azerbaijani population of Nagorno-Karabakh, was held, in which a majority voted in favor of independence. The demand to unify with Armenia began in a relatively peaceful manner in 1988; in the following months, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, it gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, resulting in ethnic cleansing, including the Sumgait (1988) and Baku (1990) pogroms directed against Armenians, and the Gugark pogrom (1988) and Khojaly Massacre (1992) directed against Azerbaijanis. Inter-ethnic clashes between the two broke out shortly after the parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) in Azerbaijan voted to unite the region with Armenia on 20 February 1988. The declaration of secession from Azerbaijan was the culmination of a territorial conflict. As Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union and removed the powers held by the enclave's government, the Armenian majority voted to secede from Azerbaijan and in the process proclaimed the unrecognized Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.
  2. Maraga massacre
    
    The Maraga massacre was the mass murder of Armenian civilians in the village of Maraga (Maragha) by Azerbaijani troops, which had captured the village on April 10, 1992, in the course of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. The villagers, including men, women, children and elderly, were killed indiscriminately and deliberately, their houses were pillaged and burnt; the village was destroyed. Amnesty International reports that over 100 women, children and elderly were tortured and killed and a further 53 were taken hostage, 19 of whom were never returned.
  3. Maragha, Azerbaijan
    
    Maragha or Shikharkh, formerly known as Leninavan, is a town in the Tartar District of Azerbaijan, in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The town had an ethnic Armenian-majority population in 1989, which had the status of a village at the time. The town was the site of a large massacre during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
1991
1. Italian ferry MS Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, killing 140.
  1. Moby Prince disaster
    
    The Moby Prince disaster was a major maritime accident resulting in 140 deaths. It occurred in the late evening of Wednesday 10 April 1991, in the harbor of Livorno, Italy. It is the worst disaster in the Italian merchant navy since World War II. It is also considered one of the two worst environmental disasters in Italian history, along with the explosion and loss of the tanker Amoco Milford Haven on the following day in an unrelated accident near Voltri.
  2. Livorno
    
    Livorno is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn.
2. A rare tropical storm develops in the South Atlantic Ocean near Angola; the first to be documented by satellites.
  1. South Atlantic tropical cyclone
    
    South Atlantic tropical cyclones are unusual weather events that occur in the Southern Hemisphere. Strong wind shear, which disrupts the formation of cyclones, as well as a lack of weather disturbances favorable for development in the South Atlantic Ocean, make any strong tropical system extremely rare, and Hurricane Catarina in 2004 is the only recorded South Atlantic hurricane in history. Storms can develop year-round in the South Atlantic, with activity peaking during the months from November through May. Since 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center has assigned names to tropical and subtropical systems in the western side of the basin, near the eastern coast of Brazil, when they have sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph), the generally accepted minimum sustained wind speed for a disturbance to be designated as a tropical storm in the North Atlantic basin. Below is a list of notable South Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones.
  2. Tropical cyclone
    
    A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms".
  3. Atlantic Ocean
    
    The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about 106,460,000 km2 (41,100,000 sq mi). It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe and Asia from the "New World" of the Americas in the European perception of the World.
  4. Angola
    
    Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country located on the west coast of central-southern Africa. It is the second-largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in both total area and population, and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is Luanda.
  5. Weather satellite
    
    A weather satellite or meteorological satellite is a type of Earth observation satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites can be polar orbiting, or geostationary.
1988
1. The Ojhri Camp explosion kills or injures more than 1,000 people in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan.
  1. Ojhri Camp disaster
    
    Ojhri Camp was a military storage center located in Rawalpindi Military District in Rawalpindi, Punjab Province of Pakistan, and the site of the 1988 Ojhri Camp disaster.
  2. Rawalpindi
    
    Rawalpindi, is the capital city of Rawalpindi Division located in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Rawalpindi is the 4th largest city proper in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad respectively. Rawalpindi is 3rd largest city of Punjab after Lahore and Faisalabad respectively, while the larger Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country's fourth largest metropolitan area. Rawalpindi is adjacent to Pakistan's capital of Islamabad, and the two are jointly known as the "twin cities" on account of strong social and economic links between the cities.
  3. Islamabad
    
    Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country's ninth-most populous city, with a population of over 1.2 million people, and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Built as a planned city in the 1960s, it replaced Rawalpindi as Pakistan's national capital. The city is notable for its high standards of living, safety, cleanliness, and abundant greenery.
1979
1. Red River Valley tornado outbreak: A tornado lands in Wichita Falls, Texas killing 42 people.
  1. 1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak
    
    A destructive and deadly tornado outbreak impacted the Red River Valley on April 10, 1979. Several strong to violent tornadoes touched down throughout the region that day. One F4 tornado impacted Vernon, Texas. The most notable tornado was another F4 tornado that destroyed most of the southern part of Wichita Falls, Texas, and is commonly referred to as "Terrible Tuesday" by many meteorologists. Additional tornadoes were reported across the Southern Plains as well as in the Mississippi River Valley on April 11–12. Overall, the outbreak killed 58 people and injured 1,927 others.
  2. Wichita Falls, Texas
    
    Wichita Falls is a city in and the seat of government of Wichita County, Texas, United States. It is the principal city of the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Archer, Clay, and Wichita counties. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 104,553, making it the 38th-most populous city in Texas. In addition, its central business district is 5 miles (8 km) from Sheppard Air Force Base, which is home to the Air Force's largest technical training wing and the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program, the world's only multinationally staffed and managed flying training program chartered to produce combat pilots for both USAF and NATO.
1973
1. In the deadliest aviation accident in Swiss history, Invicta International Airlines Flight 435 ploughed into a snowy, forested hillside near Hochwald, killing 108 people out of 145 on board.
  1. Invicta International Airlines Flight 435
    
    Invicta International Airlines Flight 435 (IM435) was a Vickers Vanguard 952, flying from Bristol Lulsgate to Basel-Mulhouse, which crashed into a forested hillside near Hochwald, Switzerland on 10 April 1973. The aircraft somersaulted and broke up, killing 108 people, with 37 survivors. To date, this is the deadliest accident involving a Vickers Vanguard and the deadliest aviation accident to occur on Swiss soil. Many of the 139 passengers on the charter flight were women, members of the Axbridge Ladies Guild, from the Somerset towns and villages of Axbridge, Cheddar, Winscombe and Congresbury. The accident left 55 children motherless and became known in the British media as the Basle air crash.
  2. Hochwald, Switzerland
    
    Hochwald is a municipality in the district of Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Hochwald means "high forest".
2. Invicta International Airlines Flight 435 crashes in a snowstorm on approach to Basel, Switzerland, killing 108 people.
  1. Invicta International Airlines Flight 435
    
    Invicta International Airlines Flight 435 (IM435) was a Vickers Vanguard 952, flying from Bristol Lulsgate to Basel-Mulhouse, which crashed into a forested hillside near Hochwald, Switzerland on 10 April 1973. The aircraft somersaulted and broke up, killing 108 people, with 37 survivors. To date, this is the deadliest accident involving a Vickers Vanguard and the deadliest aviation accident to occur on Swiss soil. Many of the 139 passengers on the charter flight were women, members of the Axbridge Ladies Guild, from the Somerset towns and villages of Axbridge, Cheddar, Winscombe and Congresbury. The accident left 55 children motherless and became known in the British media as the Basle air crash.
  2. Basel
    
    Basel, also known as Basle, is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine. Basel is Switzerland's third-most-populous city with about 175,000 inhabitants. The official language of Basel is German, but the main spoken language is the local Basel German dialect.
1972
1. Tombs containing bamboo slips, among them Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's lost military treatise, are accidentally discovered by construction workers in Shandong.
  1. Yinqueshan Han Tombs Bamboo Slips Museum
    
    The Yinqueshan Han Tombs Bamboo Slips Museum is a museum dedicated to archaeological finds from two Western Han Dynasty tombs excavated on site in Lanshan District, Linyi City, Shandong Province, China.
  2. Yinqueshan Han Slips
    
    The Yinqueshan Han Slips are ancient Chinese writing tablets from the Western Han dynasty, made of bamboo strips and discovered in 1972. The tablets contain many writings that were not previously known or shed new light on the ancient versions of classic texts.
  3. Sun Tzu
    
    Sun Tzu was a Chinese military general, strategist, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Eastern Zhou period. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and East Asian philosophy and military thinking. It focuses much more on alternatives to battle and even to war than on war itself, such as stratagem, delay, the use of spies, the making and keeping of alliances, the uses of deceit, and a willingness to submit, at least temporarily, to more powerful foes. Sun Tzu is revered in Chinese and East Asian culture as a legendary historical and military figure. His birth name was Sun Wu and he was known outside of his family by his courtesy name Changqing. The name Sun Tzu by which he is more popularly known is an honorific which means "Master Sun".
  4. The Art of War
    
    The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu, is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a different set of skills or art related to warfare and how it applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that was formalized as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy, politics, sports, lifestyles and beyond.
  5. Sun Bin
    
    Sun Bin was a Chinese general, military strategist, and writer who lived during the Warring States period of Chinese history. A supposed descendant of Sun Tzu, Sun was tutored in military strategy by the hermit Guiguzi. He was accused of treason while serving in the Wei state and was sentenced to face-tattooing and had his kneecaps removed, permanently crippling him. Sun escaped from Wei later and rose to prominence in the Qi state, by serving as a military strategist and commander. He led Qi to victory against the Wei state at the Battle of Guiling and Battle of Maling. Sun authored the military treatise Sun Bin's Art of War, which was rediscovered in a 1972 archaeological excavation after being lost for almost 2000 years.
  6. Sun Bin's Art of War
    
    Sun Bin's Art of War is an ancient Chinese classic work on military strategy written by Sun Bin, a supposed descendant of Sun Tzu, who served as a military strategist in the Qi state during the Warring States period. According to historical records from the Han Dynasty, Sun Bin's Art of War contained 89 chapters, with four volumes of pictures attached, but it was lost by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Sun Bin's Art of War is sometimes confused with Sun Tzu's The Art of War.
  7. Shandong
    
    Shandong is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
2. Vietnam War: For the first time since November 1967, American B-52 bombers reportedly begin bombing North Vietnam.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. 1967
    
    1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1967th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 967th year of the 2nd millennium, the 67th year of the 20th century, and the 8th year of the 1960s decade.
  3. Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
    
    The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is an American long-range, subsonic, jet-powered strategic bomber. The B-52 was designed and built by Boeing, which has continued to provide support and upgrades. It has been operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) since the 1950s. The bomber is capable of carrying up to 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) of weapons, and has a typical combat range of around 8,800 miles (14,080 km) without aerial refueling.
  4. North Vietnam
    
    North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a socialist state supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976 and was recognized in 1954. Both the North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese states ceased to exist when they unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
1971
1. Ping-pong diplomacy: In an attempt to thaw relations with the United States, China hosts the U.S. table tennis team for a week-long visit.
  1. Ping-pong diplomacy
    
    Ping-pong diplomacy refers to the exchange of table tennis (ping-pong) players between the United States (US) and People's Republic of China (PRC) in the early 1970s, that began during the 1971 World Table Tennis Championships in Nagoya, Japan as a result of an encounter between players Glenn Cowan and Zhuang Zedong. The exchange and its promotion helped to humanize the people in each country after a period of isolation and distrust. The event paved the way for President Richard Nixon's visit to Beijing in 1972 and has been seen as a key turning point in relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China.
  2. Table tennis
    
    Table tennis, also known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball, also known as the ping-pong ball, back and forth across a table using small solid rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, the rules are generally as follows: players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce once on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side at least once. A point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponent's options, giving the hitter a great advantage.
1970
1. In the midst of business disagreements with his bandmates, Paul McCartney announced his departure from the Beatles.
  1. Paul McCartney
    
    Sir James Paul McCartney is an English singer, songwriter and musician who gained worldwide fame with the Beatles, for whom he played bass guitar and shared primary songwriting and lead vocal duties with John Lennon. One of the most successful composers and performers of all time, McCartney is known for his melodic approach to bass-playing, versatile and wide tenor vocal range, and musical eclecticism, exploring styles ranging from pre–rock and roll pop to classical and electronica. His songwriting partnership with Lennon remains the most successful in history.
  2. The Beatles
    
    The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.
2. Paul McCartney announces that he is leaving The Beatles for personal and professional reasons.
  1. Paul McCartney
    
    Sir James Paul McCartney is an English singer, songwriter and musician who gained worldwide fame with the Beatles, for whom he played bass guitar and shared primary songwriting and lead vocal duties with John Lennon. One of the most successful composers and performers of all time, McCartney is known for his melodic approach to bass-playing, versatile and wide tenor vocal range, and musical eclecticism, exploring styles ranging from pre–rock and roll pop to classical and electronica. His songwriting partnership with Lennon remains the most successful in history.
  2. The Beatles
    
    The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.
1968
1. The TEV Wahine, a New Zealand ferry sinks in Wellington harbour due to a fierce storm – the strongest winds ever in Wellington. Out of the 734 people on board, fifty-three died.
  1. TEV Wahine
    
    TEV Wahine was a twin-screw, turbo-electric, roll-on/roll-off ferry. Ordered in 1964, the vessel was built by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, in Govan, Glasgow, Scotland for the Union Steam Ship Company's Wellington-Lyttelton Steamer Express Service in New Zealand. The ship's name, Wahine, is a word for 'woman' in some Polynesian languages, including Māori.
1963
1. The U.S. Navy nuclear submarine USS Thresher (SSN-593) sank with all hands lost during deep-diving tests in the North Atlantic Ocean.
  1. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  2. USS Thresher (SSN-593)
    
    USS Thresher (SSN-593) was the lead boat of her class of nuclear-powered attack submarines in the United States Navy. She was the U.S. Navy's second submarine to be named after the thresher shark.
2. One hundred twenty-nine American sailors die when the submarine USS Thresher sinks at sea.
  1. Submarine
    
    A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships irrespective of their size.
  2. USS Thresher (SSN-593)
    
    USS Thresher (SSN-593) was the lead boat of her class of nuclear-powered attack submarines in the United States Navy. She was the U.S. Navy's second submarine to be named after the thresher shark.
1944
1. The Holocaust: Slovak Jewish prisoners Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler escaped from Auschwitz, later publishing a report that became one of the earliest and most detailed descriptions of the camp's mass killings.
  1. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
  2. Rudolf Vrba
    
    Rudolf "Rudi" Vrba was a Slovak-Jewish biochemist who, as a teenager in 1942, was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland. He escaped from the camp in April 1944, at the height of the Holocaust, and co-wrote a detailed report about the mass murder taking place there. Distribution of the report by George Mantello in Switzerland is credited with having halted the mass deportation of Hungary's Jews to Auschwitz in July 1944, saving more than 200,000 lives. After the war, Vrba trained as a biochemist, working mostly in England and Canada.
  3. Alfréd Wetzler
    
    Alfréd Israel Wetzler, who wrote under the alias Jozef Lánik, was a Slovak Jewish writer. He is known for escaping from Auschwitz concentration camp and co-writing the Vrba-Wetzler Report, which helped halt the deportation of Jews from Hungary, saving up to 200,000 lives.
  4. Auschwitz concentration camp
    
    Auschwitz concentration camp was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' final solution to the Jewish question.
  5. Vrba–Wetzler report
    
    The Vrba–Wetzler report is one of three documents that comprise what is known as the Auschwitz Protocols, otherwise known as the Auschwitz Report or the Auschwitz notebook. It is a 33-page eye-witness account of the Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust.
2. Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler escape from Birkenau death camp.
  1. Rudolf Vrba
    
    Rudolf "Rudi" Vrba was a Slovak-Jewish biochemist who, as a teenager in 1942, was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland. He escaped from the camp in April 1944, at the height of the Holocaust, and co-wrote a detailed report about the mass murder taking place there. Distribution of the report by George Mantello in Switzerland is credited with having halted the mass deportation of Hungary's Jews to Auschwitz in July 1944, saving more than 200,000 lives. After the war, Vrba trained as a biochemist, working mostly in England and Canada.
  2. Alfréd Wetzler
    
    Alfréd Israel Wetzler, who wrote under the alias Jozef Lánik, was a Slovak Jewish writer. He is known for escaping from Auschwitz concentration camp and co-writing the Vrba-Wetzler Report, which helped halt the deportation of Jews from Hungary, saving up to 200,000 lives.
  3. Auschwitz concentration camp
    
    Auschwitz concentration camp was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' final solution to the Jewish question.
1941
1. World War II: The Axis powers establish the Independent State of Croatia.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Axis powers
    
    The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion.
  3. Independent State of Croatia
    
    The Independent State of Croatia was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia on 10 April 1941, after the invasion by the Axis powers. Its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia, Istria, and Međimurje regions.
1939
1. Alcoholics Anonymous, A.A.'s "Big Book", is first published.
  1. Alcoholics Anonymous
    
    Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international mutual aid fellowship of alcoholics dedicated to abstinence-based recovery from alcoholism through its spiritually-inclined Twelve Step program. Following its Twelve Traditions, AA is non-professional, non-denominational, as well as apolitical and unaffiliated. In 2020 AA estimated its worldwide membership to be over two million with 75% of those in the U.S. and Canada.
1938
1. The 1938 German parliamentary election and referendum seeks approval for a single list of Nazi candidates and the recent annexation of Austria.
  1. 1938 German parliamentary election and referendum
    
    Parliamentary elections were held in Germany on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single list of Nazi and pro-Nazi guest candidates for the 814-member Reichstag as well as the recent annexation of Austria. Turnout in the election was officially 99.6% with 99.1% voting 'yes' in Germany and Austria.
1925
1. The novel The Great Gatsby by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald was first published by Scribner's.
  1. The Great Gatsby
    
    The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on Long Island, near New York City, the novel depicts first-person narrator Nick Carraway's interactions with mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and Gatsby's obsession to reunite with his former lover, Daisy Buchanan.
  2. F. Scott Fitzgerald
    
    Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. He is best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age—a term he popularized. During his lifetime, he published four novels, four story collections, and 164 short stories. Although he achieved temporary popular success and fortune in the 1920s, Fitzgerald received critical acclaim only after his death and is now widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century.
  3. Charles Scribner's Sons
    
    Charles Scribner's Sons, or simply Scribner's or Scribner, is an American publisher based in New York City, known for publishing American authors including Henry James, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Kurt Vonnegut, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Stephen King, Robert A. Heinlein, Thomas Wolfe, George Santayana, John Clellon Holmes, Don DeLillo, and Edith Wharton.
2. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is first published in New York City, by Charles Scribner's Sons.
  1. The Great Gatsby
    
    The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on Long Island, near New York City, the novel depicts first-person narrator Nick Carraway's interactions with mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and Gatsby's obsession to reunite with his former lover, Daisy Buchanan.
  2. F. Scott Fitzgerald
    
    Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. He is best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age—a term he popularized. During his lifetime, he published four novels, four story collections, and 164 short stories. Although he achieved temporary popular success and fortune in the 1920s, Fitzgerald received critical acclaim only after his death and is now widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century.
  3. Charles Scribner's Sons
    
    Charles Scribner's Sons, or simply Scribner's or Scribner, is an American publisher based in New York City, known for publishing American authors including Henry James, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Kurt Vonnegut, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Stephen King, Robert A. Heinlein, Thomas Wolfe, George Santayana, John Clellon Holmes, Don DeLillo, and Edith Wharton.
1919
1. Mexican Revolution leader Emiliano Zapata (pictured) was shot to death near Ciudad Ayala, Morelos.
  1. Mexican Revolution
    
    The Mexican Revolution was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction of the Federal Army and its replacement by a revolutionary army, and the transformation of Mexican culture and government. The northern Constitutionalist faction prevailed on the battlefield and drafted the present-day Constitution of Mexico, which aimed to create a strong central government. Revolutionary generals held power from 1920 to 1940. The revolutionary conflict was primarily a civil war, but foreign powers, having important economic and strategic interests in Mexico, figured in the outcome of Mexico's power struggles. The United States played an especially significant role.
  2. Emiliano Zapata
    
    Emiliano Zapata Salazar was a Mexican revolutionary. He was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920, the main leader of the people's revolution in the Mexican state of Morelos, and the inspiration of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo.
  3. Ciudad Ayala
    
    Ciudad Ayala is a city in the east-central part of the Mexican state of Morelos. It stands at 18°45′59″N 98°59′05″W, at a mean height of 1,220 m (4,000 ft) above sea level. The city is named for Coronel Francisco Ayala (1760-1812) who fought with José María Morelos during the 1812 Siege of Cuautla. The town's previous name was Mapachtlan. Ayala became a municipality on April 17, 1869.
2. Mexican Revolution leader Emiliano Zapata is ambushed and shot dead by government forces in Morelos.
  1. Mexican Revolution
    
    The Mexican Revolution was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction of the Federal Army and its replacement by a revolutionary army, and the transformation of Mexican culture and government. The northern Constitutionalist faction prevailed on the battlefield and drafted the present-day Constitution of Mexico, which aimed to create a strong central government. Revolutionary generals held power from 1920 to 1940. The revolutionary conflict was primarily a civil war, but foreign powers, having important economic and strategic interests in Mexico, figured in the outcome of Mexico's power struggles. The United States played an especially significant role.
  2. Emiliano Zapata
    
    Emiliano Zapata Salazar was a Mexican revolutionary. He was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920, the main leader of the people's revolution in the Mexican state of Morelos, and the inspiration of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo.
  3. Morelos
    
    Morelos, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Morelos, is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 36 municipalities and its capital city is Cuernavaca.
1916
1. The Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) is created in New York City.
  1. Professional Golfers' Association of America
    
    The Professional Golfers' Association of America is an American organization of golf professionals that was founded in 1916. Consisting of nearly 29,000 men and women members, the PGA of America's undertaking is to establish and elevate the standards of the profession and to grow interest and participation in the game of golf.
1912
1. RMS Titanic sets sail from Southampton, England on her maiden and only voyage.
  1. Titanic
    
    RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner, operated by the White Star Line, which sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City, United States. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it the deadliest sinking of a single ship up to that time. It remains the deadliest peacetime sinking of a superliner or cruise ship. The disaster drew public attention, provided foundational material for the disaster film genre, and has inspired many artistic works.
  2. Southampton
    
    Southampton is a port city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire in southern England. It is located approximately 70 mi (110 km) south-west of London and 15 mi (24 km) west of Portsmouth. The city forms part of the South Hampshire built-up area, which also covers Portsmouth and the towns of Havant, Waterlooville, Eastleigh, Fareham and Gosport.
1900
1. British suffer a sharp defeat by the Boers south of Brandfort. 600 British troops are killed and wounded and 800 taken prisoner.
1896
1. 1896 Summer Olympics: The Olympic marathon is run ending with the victory of Greek athlete Spyridon Louis.
  1. 1896 Summer Olympics
    
    The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 1896, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896.
  2. Marathon
    
    The marathon is a long-distance foot race with a distance of 42.195 km, usually run as a road race, but the distance can be covered on trail routes. The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy. There are also wheelchair divisions. More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes, as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants.
  3. Spyridon Louis
    
    Spyridon Louis, commonly known as Spyros Louis, was a Greek water carrier who won the first modern-day Olympic marathon at the 1896 Summer Olympics. Following his victory, he was celebrated as a national hero.
1887
1. On Easter Sunday, Pope Leo XIII authorizes the establishment of the Catholic University of America.
  1. Easter
    
    Easter, also called Pascha or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus Christ, preceded by Lent, a 40-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance.
  2. Pope Leo XIII
    
    Pope Leo XIII was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the second-oldest-serving Pope before Pope Agatho, and the third-longest-lived pope in history, before Pope Benedict XVI as Pope emeritus, and had the fourth-longest reign of any, behind those of St. Peter, Pius IX and John Paul II.
  3. Catholic University of America
    
    The Catholic University of America (CUA) is a private Roman Catholic research university in Washington, D.C. It is a pontifical university of the Catholic Church in the United States and the only institution of higher education founded by U.S. Catholic bishops. Established in 1887 as a graduate and research center following approval by Pope Leo XIII, the university began offering undergraduate education in 1904. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
1875
1. India: Arya Samaj is founded in Mumbai by Swami Dayananda Saraswati to propagate his goal of social reform.
  1. Arya Samaj
    
    Arya Samaj is a monotheistic Indian Hindu reform movement that promotes values and practices based on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas. The samaj was founded by the sannyasi (ascetic) Dayanand Saraswati on 7 April 1875.
  2. Mumbai
    
    Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the de facto financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second-most populous city in India after Delhi and the eighth-most populous city in the world with a population of roughly 20 million ). As per the Indian government population census of 2011, Mumbai was the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore) living under the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23 million. Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India.
  3. Dayananda Saraswati
    
    Dayanand Saraswati also known as Maharshi Dayanand is an Indian philosopher, social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a reform movement of the Vedic dharma. His Magnus Opus is the book Satyarth Prakash which has remained a highly influential text on the Philosophy of the Vedas and clarifications of various ideas and duties of Human Beings. He was the first to give the call for Swaraj as "India for Indians" in 1876, a call later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak. Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies. Subsequently, the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan called him one of the "makers of Modern India", as did Sri Aurobindo.
1872
1. The first Arbor Day is celebrated in Nebraska.
  1. Arbor Day
    
    Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.
  2. Nebraska
    
    Nebraska is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state.
1868
1. At Arogee in Abyssinia, British and Indian forces defeat an army of Emperor Tewodros II. While 700 Ethiopians are killed and many more injured, only two British/Indian troops die.
  1. Ethiopia
    
    Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres. As of 2022, it is home to around 113.5 million inhabitants, making it the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa after Nigeria. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
  2. British expedition to Abyssinia
    
    The British Expedition to Abyssinia was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire. Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, then often referred to by the anglicized name Theodore, imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government in an attempt to force the British government to comply with his requests for military assistance. The punitive expedition launched by the British in response required the transportation of a sizeable military force hundreds of kilometres across mountainous terrain lacking any road system. The formidable obstacles to the action were overcome by the commander of the expedition, General Robert Napier, who was victorious in every battle against the troops of Tewodros, captured the Ethiopian capital, and rescued all the hostages. The expedition was widely hailed on its return for achieving all its objectives.
  3. Tewodros II
    
    Tewodros II was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1855 until his death in 1868. His rule is often placed as the beginning of modern Ethiopia and brought an end to the decentralized Zemene Mesafint.
1866
1. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh.
  1. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
    
    The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preventing animal cruelty. Based in New York City since its inception in 1866, the organization's mission is "to provide effective means for the prevention of cruelty to animals throughout the United States."
  2. Henry Bergh
    
    Henry Bergh founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in April, 1866, three days after the first effective legislation against animal cruelty in the United States was passed into law by the New York State Legislature. Bergh also prompted the formation, in 1874, of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (MSPCC).
1865
1. American Civil War: A day after his surrender to Union forces, Confederate General Robert E. Lee addresses his troops for the last time.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Lee's Farewell Address
    
    Confederate General Robert E. Lee issued his Farewell Address, also known as General Order No. 9 to his Army of Northern Virginia on April 10, 1865, the day after he surrendered the army to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Lee's surrender was instrumental in bringing about the end of the American Civil War. The text of the order, which were written and drafted by Col. Charles Marshall, edited and finalized by Lee, were issued as follows:Headquarters, Army of Northern Virginia, 10th April 1865. General Order No. 9 After four years of arduous service marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the survivors of so many hard fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to the result from no distrust of them. But feeling that valour and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that must have attended the continuance of the contest, I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and remain until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you his blessing and protection. With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your Country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration for myself, I bid you an affectionate farewell.
1864
1. Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg is proclaimed emperor of Mexico during the French intervention in Mexico.
  1. Maximilian I of Mexico
    
    Maximilian I was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor of the Second Mexican Empire from 10 April 1864 until his execution on 19 June 1867. A member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Maximilian was the younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. He had a distinguished career as commander-in-chief of the Imperial Austrian Navy.
  2. Second French intervention in Mexico
    
    The Second French Intervention in Mexico, also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (1861–1867), was an invasion of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico, launched in late 1862 by the Second French Empire at the invitation of Mexican conservatives. It helped replace the republic with a monarchy, known as the Second Mexican Empire, ruled by the Mexican Emperor Maximilian I. Mexican monarchists came up with the initial plan to return Mexico to a monarchical form of government, as it had been pre-independence and at its inception as an independent country. They invited Napoleon III to aid in their cause and help create the monarchy, which would, in his estimations, lead to a country more favorable to French interests, but which was not always the case.
1858
1. Big Ben, the bell in the Palace of Westminster's clock tower in London, was cast after the original bell cracked during testing.
  1. Big Ben
    
    Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the Great Clock of Westminster, at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, England, and the name is frequently extended to refer also to the clock and the clock tower. The official name of the tower in which Big Ben is located was originally the Clock Tower, but it was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.
  2. Palace of Westminster
    
    The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England.
  3. Casting
    
    Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various time setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Heavy equipment like machine tool beds, ships' propellers, etc. can be cast easily in the required size, rather than fabricating by joining several small pieces.
2. After the original Big Ben, a 14.5 tonnes (32,000 lb) bell for the Palace of Westminster, had cracked during testing, it is recast into the current 13.76 tonnes (30,300 lb) bell by Whitechapel Bell Foundry.
  1. Big Ben
    
    Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the Great Clock of Westminster, at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, England, and the name is frequently extended to refer also to the clock and the clock tower. The official name of the tower in which Big Ben is located was originally the Clock Tower, but it was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.
  2. Palace of Westminster
    
    The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England.
  3. Whitechapel Bell Foundry
    
    The Whitechapel Bell Foundry was a business in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. At the time of the closure of its Whitechapel premises, it was the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain. The bell foundry primarily made church bells and their fittings and accessories, although it also provided single tolling bells, carillon bells and handbells. The foundry was notable for being the original manufacturer of the Liberty Bell, a famous symbol of American independence, and for re-casting Big Ben, which rings from the north clock tower at the Houses of Parliament in London.
1826
1. Greek War of Independence: Inhabitants of the Greek town of Missolonghi attempted to escape a year-long siege, but were caught and killed by Ottoman forces.
  1. Greek War of Independence
    
    The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
  2. Missolonghi
    
    Missolonghi or Messolonghi is a municipality of 34,416 people in western Greece. The town is the capital of Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit, and the seat of the municipality of Iera Polis Messolongiou. Missolonghi is known as the site of a dramatic siege during the Greek War of Independence, and of the death of poet Lord Byron.
  3. Third siege of Missolonghi
    
    The Third Siege of Missolonghi was fought in the Greek War of Independence, between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek rebels, from 15 April 1825 to 10 April 1826. The Ottomans had already tried and failed to capture the city in 1822 and 1823, but returned in 1825 with a stronger force of infantry and a stronger navy supporting the infantry. The Greeks held out for almost a year before they ran out of food and attempted a mass breakout, which however resulted in a disaster, with the larger part of the Greeks slain. This defeat was a key factor leading to intervention by the Great Powers who, hearing about the atrocities, felt sympathetic to the Greek cause.
  4. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
2. The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town of Missolonghi begin leaving the town after a year's siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive.
  1. Missolonghi
    
    Missolonghi or Messolonghi is a municipality of 34,416 people in western Greece. The town is the capital of Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit, and the seat of the municipality of Iera Polis Messolongiou. Missolonghi is known as the site of a dramatic siege during the Greek War of Independence, and of the death of poet Lord Byron.
  2. Third siege of Missolonghi
    
    The Third Siege of Missolonghi was fought in the Greek War of Independence, between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek rebels, from 15 April 1825 to 10 April 1826. The Ottomans had already tried and failed to capture the city in 1822 and 1823, but returned in 1825 with a stronger force of infantry and a stronger navy supporting the infantry. The Greeks held out for almost a year before they ran out of food and attempted a mass breakout, which however resulted in a disaster, with the larger part of the Greeks slain. This defeat was a key factor leading to intervention by the Great Powers who, hearing about the atrocities, felt sympathetic to the Greek cause.
1821
1. Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged by the Ottoman government from the main gate of the Patriarchate and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus.
  1. Gregory V of Constantinople
    
    Gregory V was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808, and from 1818 to 1821. He was responsible for much restoration work to the Patriarchal Cathedral of St George, which had been badly damaged by fire in 1738.
  2. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
  3. Patriarchate
    
    Patriarchate is an ecclesiological term in Christianity, designating the office and jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical patriarch. According to Christian tradition three patriarchates were established by the apostles as apostolic sees in the 1st century: Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria. Constantinople was added in the 4th century and Jerusalem in the 5th century. Eventually, together, these five were recognised as the pentarchy by the Council of Ephesus in 431.
  4. Bosporus
    
    The Bosporus Strait or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul in northwestern Turkey. It forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe, and divides Turkey by separating Anatolia from Thrace. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation.
2. Greek War of Independence: the island of Psara joins the Greek struggle for independence.
  1. Greek War of Independence
    
    The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
  2. Psara
    
    Psara is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. Together with the small island of Antipsara it forms the municipality of Psara. It is part of the Chios regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean region. The only town of the island and seat of the municipality is also called Psara.
1816
1. The Federal government of the United States approves the creation of the Second Bank of the United States.
  1. Federal government of the United States
    
    The federal government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a federal district, five major self-governing territories and several island possessions. The federal government, sometimes simply referred to as Washington, is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.
  2. Second Bank of the United States
    
    The Second Bank of the United States was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United States. Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it was chartered from February 1816 to January 1836. The Bank's formal name, according to section 9 of its charter as passed by Congress, was "The President Directors and Company of the Bank of the United States". While other banks in the US were chartered by and only allowed to have branches in a single state, it was authorized to have branches in multiple states and lend money to the US government.
1815
1. Mount Tambora in Indonesia began the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded history, killing at least 71,000 people and affecting temperatures worldwide.
  1. Mount Tambora
    
    Mount Tambora, or Tomboro, is an active stratovolcano in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Located on Sumbawa in the Lesser Sunda Islands, it was formed by the active subduction zones beneath it. Before 1815, its elevation reached more than 4,300 metres high, making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago.
  2. 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
    
    Mount Tambora is a volcano on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia, then part of the Dutch East Indies, and its 1815 eruption was the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded human history. This volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 7 eruption ejected 160–213 cubic kilometres (38–51 cu mi) of material into the atmosphere, and was the most recent confirmed VEI-7 eruption.
  3. Year Without a Summer
    
    The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4–0.7 °C (0.7–1 °F). Summer temperatures in Europe were the coldest on record between the years of 1766–2000. This resulted in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere.
2. The Mount Tambora volcano begins a three-month-long eruption, lasting until July 15. The eruption ultimately kills 71,000 people and affects Earth's climate for the next two years.
  1. Mount Tambora
    
    Mount Tambora, or Tomboro, is an active stratovolcano in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Located on Sumbawa in the Lesser Sunda Islands, it was formed by the active subduction zones beneath it. Before 1815, its elevation reached more than 4,300 metres high, making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago.
  2. Year Without a Summer
    
    The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4–0.7 °C (0.7–1 °F). Summer temperatures in Europe were the coldest on record between the years of 1766–2000. This resulted in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere.
1809
1. Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition began with the Austrian invasion of Bavaria, then a client state of France.
  1. Napoleonic Wars
    
    The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars consisting of the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). The Napoleonic Wars are often described as five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1803–1806), the Fourth (1806–1807), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–1814), and the Seventh (1815) plus the Peninsular War (1807–1814) and the French invasion of Russia (1812).
  2. War of the Fifth Coalition
    
    The War of the Fifth Coalition was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the Napoleonic Wars and the Coalition Wars. The main conflict took place in central Europe between the Austrian Empire of Francis I and Napoleon's French Empire. The French were supported by their client states, including the Kingdom of Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and the Duchy of Warsaw. Austria was supported by the Fifth Coalition which included the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain and the Kingdoms of Sardinia and Sicily, though the latter two took no part in the fighting. By the start of 1809 much of the French army was committed to the Peninsular War against Britain, Spain and Portugal. After France withdrew 108,000 soldiers from Germany, Austria attacked France to seek the recovery of territories lost in the 1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition. The Austrians hoped Prussia would support them as their former ally, but Prussia chose to remain neutral.
  3. Client state
    
    A client state, in international relations, is a state that is economically, politically, and/or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state. A client state may variously be described as satellite state, associated state, dominion, condominium, self-governing colony, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state, puppet state, and tributary state.
2. Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.
  1. Napoleonic Wars
    
    The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars consisting of the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). The Napoleonic Wars are often described as five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1803–1806), the Fourth (1806–1807), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–1814), and the Seventh (1815) plus the Peninsular War (1807–1814) and the French invasion of Russia (1812).
  2. War of the Fifth Coalition
    
    The War of the Fifth Coalition was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the Napoleonic Wars and the Coalition Wars. The main conflict took place in central Europe between the Austrian Empire of Francis I and Napoleon's French Empire. The French were supported by their client states, including the Kingdom of Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and the Duchy of Warsaw. Austria was supported by the Fifth Coalition which included the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain and the Kingdoms of Sardinia and Sicily, though the latter two took no part in the fighting. By the start of 1809 much of the French army was committed to the Peninsular War against Britain, Spain and Portugal. After France withdrew 108,000 soldiers from Germany, Austria attacked France to seek the recovery of territories lost in the 1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition. The Austrians hoped Prussia would support them as their former ally, but Prussia chose to remain neutral.
  3. Austrian Empire
    
    The Austrian Empire was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom. Along with Prussia, it was one of the two major powers of the German Confederation. Geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire.
  4. Bavaria
    
    Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of 70,550.19 km2 (27,239.58 sq mi), Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size its population density is below the German average. Bavaria's main cities are Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg.
1741
1. War of the Austrian Succession: Prussian forces defeated Austrian troops at the Battle of Mollwitz in present-day Małujowice, Poland, cementing Frederick II's authority over the newly conquered territory of Silesia.
  1. War of the Austrian Succession
    
    The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's War in North America, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
  2. Kingdom of Prussia
    
    The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Its capital was Berlin.
  3. Habsburg monarchy
    
    The Habsburg monarchy, also known as the Danubian monarchy, or Habsburg Empire, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg, especially the dynasty's Austrian branch.
  4. Battle of Mollwitz
    
    The Battle of Mollwitz was fought by Prussia and Austria on 10 April 1741, during the First Silesian War. It was the first battle of the new Prussian King Frederick II, in which both sides made numerous military blunders and King Frederick II of Prussia fled the battlefield, but the Prussian Army still managed to attain victory. This battle cemented Frederick's authority over the newly conquered territory of Silesia and gave him valuable military experience.
  5. Małujowice
    
    Małujowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skarbimierz, within Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Skarbimierz, 8 km (5 mi) west of Brzeg, and 44 km (27 mi) north-west of the regional capital Opole.
  6. Frederick the Great
    
    Frederick II was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his re-organisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment. Frederick was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia, declaring himself King of Prussia after annexing Polish Prussia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. Prussia greatly increased its territories and became a major military power in Europe under his rule. He became known as Frederick the Great and was nicknamed "Old Fritz".
  7. Silesia
    
    Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is approximately 40,000 km2 (15,400 sq mi), and the population is estimated at around 8,000,000. Silesia is split into two main subregions, Lower Silesia in the west and Upper Silesia in the east. Silesia has a diverse culture, including architecture, costumes, cuisine, traditions, and the Silesian language.
2. War of the Austrian Succession: Prussia gains control of Silesia at the Battle of Mollwitz.
  1. War of the Austrian Succession
    
    The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's War in North America, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
  2. Silesia
    
    Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is approximately 40,000 km2 (15,400 sq mi), and the population is estimated at around 8,000,000. Silesia is split into two main subregions, Lower Silesia in the west and Upper Silesia in the east. Silesia has a diverse culture, including architecture, costumes, cuisine, traditions, and the Silesian language.
  3. Battle of Mollwitz
    
    The Battle of Mollwitz was fought by Prussia and Austria on 10 April 1741, during the First Silesian War. It was the first battle of the new Prussian King Frederick II, in which both sides made numerous military blunders and King Frederick II of Prussia fled the battlefield, but the Prussian Army still managed to attain victory. This battle cemented Frederick's authority over the newly conquered territory of Silesia and gave him valuable military experience.
1717
1. Robert Walpole resigns from the British government, commencing the Whig Split which lasts until 1720.
  1. Robert Walpole
    
    Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, was a British statesman and Whig politician who, as First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Leader of the House of Commons, is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
  2. Whig Split
    
    The Whig Split occurred between 1717 and 1720, when the British Whig Party divided into two factions: one in government, led by James Stanhope; the other in opposition, dominated by Robert Walpole. It coincided with a dispute between George I and his son George, Prince of Wales, with the latter siding with the opposition Whigs. It is also known as the Whig Schism.
1710
1. The Statute of Anne, the first law regulating copyright, comes into force in Great Britain.
  1. Statute of Anne
    
    The Statute of Anne, also known as the Copyright Act 1710, was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1710, which was the first statute to provide for copyright regulated by the government and courts, rather than by private parties.
  2. Copyright
    
    A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself. A copyright is subject to limitations based on public interest considerations, such as the fair use doctrine in the United States.
  3. Kingdom of Great Britain
    
    The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use.
1606
1. The Virginia Company of London is established by royal charter by James I of England with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America.
  1. London Company
    
    The London Company, officially known as the Virginia Company of London, was a division of the Virginia Company with responsibility for colonizing the east coast of North America between latitudes 34° and 41° N.
  2. James VI and I
    
    James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.
  3. British colonization of the Americas
    
    The British colonization of the Americas was the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by England, Scotland and, after 1707, Great Britain. Colonization efforts began in the late 16th century with failed attempts by England to establish permanent colonies in the North. The first permanent English colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Approximately 30,000 Algonquian peoples lived in the region at the time. Over the next several centuries more colonies were established in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Though most British colonies in the Americas eventually gained independence, some colonies have opted to remain under Britain's jurisdiction as British Overseas Territories.
1545
1. The settlement of Villa Imperial de Carlos V (now the city of Potosí) in Bolivia is founded after the discovery of huge silver deposits in the area.
  1. Potosí
    
    Potosí, known as Villa Imperial de Potosí in the colonial period, is the capital city and a municipality of the Department of Potosí in Bolivia. It is one of the highest cities in the world at a nominal 4,090 m (13,420 ft). For centuries, it was the location of the Spanish colonial silver mint. A considerable amount of the city's colonial architecture has been preserved in the historic center of the city, which - along with the globally important Cerro Rico de Potosí - are part of a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  2. Bolivia
    
    Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest and Peru to the west. The seat of government and executive capital is La Paz, while the constitutional capital is Sucre. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.
  3. Cerro Rico
    
    Cerro Rico, Cerro Potosí or Sumaq Urqu, is a mountain in the Andes near the Bolivian city of Potosí. Cerro Rico, which is popularly conceived of as being "made of" silver ore, is famous for providing vast quantities of silver for the Spanish Empire, most of which was shipped to metropolitan Spain. It is estimated that eighty-five percent of the silver produced in the central Andes during this time came from Cerro Rico. As a result of mining operations in the mountain, the city of Potosí became one of the largest cities in the New World.
1500
1. Ludovico Sforza is captured by Swiss troops at Novara and is handed over to the French.
  1. Ludovico Sforza
    
    Ludovico Maria Sforza, also known as Ludovico il Moro. "Arbiter of Italy", according to the expression used by Guicciardini, was an Italian Renaissance nobleman who ruled as Duke of Milan from 1494 to 1499.
  2. Novara
    
    Novara is the capital city of the province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Italy, to the west of Milan. With 101,916 inhabitants, it is the second most populous city in Piedmont after Turin. It is an important crossroads for commercial traffic along the routes from Milan to Turin and from Genoa to Switzerland. Novara lies between the rivers Agogna and Terdoppio in northeastern Piedmont, 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Milan and 95 kilometres (59 mi) from Turin.
1407
1. Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama visits the Ming dynasty capital at Nanjing and is awarded the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma".
  1. Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama
    
    Deshin Shekpa (1384–1415), also Deshin Shegpa, Dezhin Shekpa and Dezhin Shegpa, was the fifth Gyalwa Karmapa, head of the Karma Kagyu, a subschool of the Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism.
  2. Ming dynasty
    
    The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
  3. Nanjing
    
    Nanjing, alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the third largest city in the East China region. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi), and a total recorded population of 9,314,685 as of 2020.
837
1. Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
  1. Halley's Comet
    
    Halley's Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–79 years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and thus the only naked-eye comet that can appear twice in a human lifetime. Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.
  2. Astronomical unit
    
    The astronomical unit is a unit of length, roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun and approximately equal to 150 million kilometres or 8.3 light-minutes. The actual distance from Earth to the Sun varies by about 3% as Earth orbits the Sun, from a maximum (aphelion) to a minimum (perihelion) and back again once each year. The astronomical unit was originally conceived as the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion; however, since 2012 it has been defined as exactly 149597870700 m.
428
1. Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
  1. Nestorius
    
    Nestorius was the Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to August 431. A Christian theologian, several of his teachings in the fields of Christology and Mariology were seen as controversial and caused major disputes. He was condemned and deposed from his see by the Council of Ephesus, the third Ecumenical Council, in 431.
  2. Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
    
    The ecumenical patriarch is the archbishop of Constantinople (Istanbul), New Rome and primus inter pares among the heads of the several autocephalous churches which compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. The ecumenical patriarch is regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of many Orthodox Christians worldwide. The term ecumenical in the title is a historical reference to the Ecumene, a Greek designation for the civilised world, i.e. the Roman Empire, and it stems from Canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon.

Births & Deaths

2016
1. Howard Marks, Welsh cannabis smuggler, writer, and legalisation campaigner (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Howard Marks
    
    Dennis Howard Marks was a Welsh drug smuggler and author who achieved notoriety as an international cannabis smuggler through high-profile court cases. At his peak he claimed to have been smuggling consignments of the drug as large as 30 tons, and was connected with groups as diverse as the CIA, the IRA, MI6, and the Mafia. He was eventually convicted by the American Drug Enforcement Administration and given a 25-year prison sentence; he was released in April 1995 after serving seven years. Though he had up to 43 aliases, he became known as "Mr Nice" after he bought a passport from convicted murderer Donald Nice. After his release from prison, he published a best-selling autobiography, Mr. Nice, and campaigned publicly for changes in drugs legislation.
2015
1. Richie Benaud, Australian cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Richie Benaud
    
    Richard Benaud was an Australian cricketer who, after his retirement from international cricket in 1964, became a highly regarded commentator on the game.
2. Raúl Héctor Castro, Mexican-American politician and diplomat, 14th Governor of Arizona (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Raúl Héctor Castro
    
    Raúl Héctor Castro was a Mexican American politician, diplomat and judge. In 1964, Castro was selected to be U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador, a position he held until 1968 when he was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia. In 1974, Castro was elected to serve as the 14th governor of Arizona, and resigned two years into his term to become U.S. Ambassador to Argentina. Prior to his entry into public service, Castro was a lawyer and a judge for Pima County, Arizona. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
  2. List of governors of Arizona
    
    The governor of Arizona is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arizona. As the top elected official, the governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arizona state government and is charged with faithfully executing state laws. The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arizona State Legislature; to convene the legislature; and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.
3. Judith Malina, German-American actress and director, co-founded The Living Theatre (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Judith Malina
    
    Judith Malina was a German-born American actress, director and writer. With her husband, Julian Beck, Malina co-founded The Living Theatre, a radical political theatre troupe that rose to prominence in New York City and Paris during the 1950s and 60s. The Living Theatre and its founders were the subject of the 1983 documentary Signals Through The Flames.
  2. The Living Theatre
    
    The Living Theatre is an American theatre company founded in 1947 and based in New York City. It is the oldest experimental theatre group in the United States. For most of its history it was led by its founders, actress Judith Malina and painter/poet Julian Beck. After Beck's death in 1985, company member Hanon Reznikov became co-director with Malina; the two were married in 1988. After Malina's death in 2015, her responsibilities were taken over by her son Garrick Maxwell Beck. The Living Theatre and its founders were the subject of the 1983 documentary Signals Through the Flames.
4. Rose Francine Rogombé, Gabonese lawyer and politician, President of Gabon (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Rose Francine Rogombé
    
    Rose Francine Rogombé was a Gabonese politician who was Acting President of Gabon from June 2009 to October 2009, following the death of long-time President Omar Bongo. She constitutionally succeeded Bongo due to her role as President of the Senate, a post to which she was elected in February 2009. She was a lawyer by profession and a member of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG). Rogombé was the first female head of state of Gabon. After her interim presidency, she returned to her post as President of the Senate.
  2. President of Gabon
    
    The president of Gabon is the head of state of Gabon. A total of three people have served as president since the post was formed in 1960.
5. Peter Walsh, Australian farmer and politician, 6th Australian Minister for Finance (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Peter Walsh (Australian politician)
    
    Peter Alexander Walsh was an Australian senator and Labor politician from 1974 to 1993.
  2. Minister for Finance (Australia)
    
    The Minister for Finance in the Government of Australia is responsible for monitoring government expenditure and financial management. The current minister is Senator Katy Gallagher who has held the position since May 2022.
2014
1. Dominique Baudis, French journalist and politician (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Dominique Baudis
    
    Dominique Baudis was the French Defender of Rights (ombudsman). Formerly a journalist, politician and mayor of Toulouse, he had been a member of Liberal Democracy and later of the leading centre-right Union for a Popular Movement.
2. Jim Flaherty, Canadian lawyer and politician, 37th Canadian Minister of Finance (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Jim Flaherty
    
    James Michael Flaherty was a Canadian politician who served as the federal minister of finance from 2006 to 2014 under Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
  2. Minister of Finance (Canada)
    
    The minister of finance is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for overseeing the Department of Finance and presenting the federal government's budget each year. It is one of the most important positions in the Cabinet.
3. Richard Hoggart, English author and academic (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Richard Hoggart
    
    Herbert Richard Hoggart was a British academic whose career covered the fields of sociology, English literature and cultural studies, with emphasis on British popular culture.
4. Sue Townsend, English author and playwright (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Sue Townsend
    
    Susan Lillian Townsend, FRSL, was an English writer and humorist whose work encompasses novels, plays and works of journalism. She was best known for creating the character Adrian Mole.
2013
1. Lorenzo Antonetti, Italian cardinal (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Lorenzo Antonetti
    
    Lorenzo Antonetti was a Cardinal in the Catholic Church, who held several positions in the Vatican diplomatic service.
2. Raymond Boudon, French sociologist and academic (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Raymond Boudon
    
    Raymond Boudon was a sociologist, philosopher and Professor in the Paris-Sorbonne University.
3. Binod Bihari Chowdhury, Bangladeshi activist (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Binod Bihari Chowdhury
    
    Binod Bihari Chowdhury was a Bangladeshi social worker and an anti-colonial revolutionary. He was influential in the Indian independence movement and a veteran member of the civil society of Bangladesh. He is mostly known for his participation in the Chittagong armoury raid, an armed resistance movement led by Surya Sen to uproot the British colonial rule from British India in 1930.
4. Robert Edwards, English physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Robert Edwards (physiologist)
    
    Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards was a British physiologist and pioneer in reproductive medicine, and in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) in particular. Along with obstetrician and gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe and nurse Jean Purdy, Edwards successfully pioneered conception through IVF, which led to the birth of Louise Brown on 25 July 1978. They founded the first IVF programme for infertile patients and trained other scientists in their techniques. Edwards was the founding editor-in-chief of Human Reproduction in 1986. In 2010, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of in vitro fertilization".
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
5. Olive Lewin, Jamaican anthropologist, musicologist, and author (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Olive Lewin
    
    Olive Lewin OD OM was a Jamaican author, social anthropologist, musicologist, and teacher. She is best known for her recorded anthologies of old Jamaica folk songs, researched and collected over her lifetime.
6. Gordon Thomas, English cyclist (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Gordon Thomas (cyclist)
    
    Gordon W. "Tiny" Thomas was a British cyclist who competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. There he won a silver medal in the team road race alongside Bob Maitland and Ian Scott. He also competed in the individual event, finishing 8th in a field of 101 participants. Born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, he served during World War II with the Royal Artillery in Africa and Italy. After his Olympic experience, he went on to win the 1953 Tour of Britain before retiring from cycling to enter the wool business.
7. Angela Voigt, German long jumper (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Angela Voigt
    
    Angela Voigt, née Schmalfeld was an East German long jumper.
2012
1. Raymond Aubrac, French engineer and activist (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Raymond Aubrac
    
    Raymond Aubrac was a leader of the French Resistance during the Second World War and a civil engineer after the Second World War.
2. Barbara Buchholz, German theremin player and composer (b. 1959) deaths
  1. Barbara Buchholz
    
    Barbara Buchholz was a Berlin-based German musician and composer. She was one of the leading theremin players of the world.
  2. Theremin
    
    The theremin is an electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the performer. It is named after its inventor, Leon Theremin, who patented the device in 1928.
3. Lili Chookasian, Armenian-American operatic singer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Lili Chookasian
    
    Lili Chookasian was an American contralto of Armenian ethnicity, who appeared with many of the world's major symphony orchestras and opera houses. She began her career in the 1940s as a concert singer but did not draw wider acclaim until she began singing opera in her late thirties. She arose as one of the world's leading contraltos during the 1960s and 1970s, and notably had a long and celebrated career at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1962 through 1986. She was admired for her sonorous, focused tone as well as her excellent musicianship. She often chose, against tradition, to sing oratorios from memory.
4. Luis Aponte Martínez, Puerto Rican cardinal (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Luis Aponte Martínez
    
    Luis Aponte Martínez was a Puerto Rican Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of San Juan from 1965 to 1999. To date he is the only Puerto Rican to have been named a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He participated as an elector in the two conclaves of 1978, which elected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II, respectively.
5. Akin Omoboriowo, Nigerian lawyer and politician (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Akin Omoboriowo
    
    Akinwole Michael Omoboriowo was a Nigerian lawyer and politician who was Deputy Governor of Ondo State, later switching parties and contested for the governorship election of 1983 in Ondo State during the Nigerian Second Republic. He was initially declared the winner but was disputed and later reversed by a court of appeal before he could take office.
2010
1. Casualties in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash included: deaths
  1. Ryszard Kaczorowski
    
    Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG was a Polish statesman. From 1989 to 1990, he served as the last President of Poland-in-exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat, and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and the election of Lech Wałęsa as the first democratically elected President of Poland since before the Second World War. He died on 10 April 2010 in the plane crash near Smolensk, Russia, along with the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and other senior government officials.
  2. President of Poland
    
    The president of Poland, officially the president of the Republic of Poland, is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition, the president has a right to dissolve parliament in certain cases, can veto legislation and represents Poland in the international arena.
2. Casualties in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash included: deaths
  1. Maria Kaczyńska
    
    Maria Helena Kaczyńska was the First Lady of Poland from 2005 to 2010 as the wife of President Lech Kaczyński. She and her husband died in the plane crash in the Russian city of Smolensk.
  2. First Lady of Poland
    
    First Lady of the Republic of Poland is an informal designation customarily applied to the wife of the president of the Republic of Poland. The First Lady does not hold a constitutional position and there are no political duties associated with the role. However, the first lady sometimes accompanies her husband on formal occasions such as state visits.
3. Casualties in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash included: deaths
  1. Lech Kaczyński
    
    Lech Aleksander Kaczyński was a Polish politician who served as the city mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until 2005, and as President of Poland from 2005 until his death in 2010. Before his tenure as president, he previously served as President of the Supreme Audit Office from 1992 to 1995 and later Minister of Justice and Public Prosecutor General in Jerzy Buzek's cabinet from 2000 until his dismissal in July 2001.
  2. President of Poland
    
    The president of Poland, officially the president of the Republic of Poland, is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition, the president has a right to dissolve parliament in certain cases, can veto legislation and represents Poland in the international arena.
4. Casualties in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash included: deaths
  1. Anna Walentynowicz
    
    Anna Walentynowicz was a Polish free trade union activist and co-founder of Solidarity, the first non-communist trade union in the Eastern Bloc. Her firing from her job at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk in August 1980 was the event that ignited the strike at the shipyard, set off a wave of strikes across Poland, and quickly paralyzed the Baltic coast. The Interfactory Strike Committee (MKS) based in the Gdańsk shipyard eventually transformed itself into Solidarity; by September, more than one million workers were on strike in support of the 21 demands of MKS, making it the largest strike ever.
5. Dixie Carter, American actress and singer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Dixie Carter
    
    Dixie Virginia Carter was an American actress. She starred as Julia Sugarbaker on the sitcom Designing Women (1986–1993) and as Randi King on the drama series Family Law (1999–2002). She was nominated for the 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Gloria Hodge on Desperate Housewives (2006–2007).
2009
1. Deborah Digges, American poet and educator (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Deborah Digges
    
    Deborah Digges was an American poet and teacher.
2. Ioannis Patakis, Greek politician (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Ioannis Patakis
    
    Ioannis Patakis was a Greek politician who was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2001 to 2004 for the Communist Party of Greece (KKE).
2007
1. Charles Philippe Leblond, French-Canadian biologist and academic (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Charles Philippe Leblond
    
    Charles Philippe Leblond was a pioneer of cell biology and stem cell research and a Canadian former professor of anatomy. Leblond is notable for developing autoradiography and his work showing how cells continuously renew themselves, regardless of age.
2. Dakota Staton, American singer (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Dakota Staton
    
    Dakota Staton was an American jazz vocalist who found international acclaim with the 1957 No. 4 hit "The Late, Late Show". She was also known by the Muslim name Aliyah Rabia for a period due to her conversion to Islam as interpreted by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
2006
1. Kleitos Kyrou, Greek poet and translator (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Kleitos Kyrou
    
    Kleitos-Dimitrios Kyrou was a Greek poet and translator. He was born in Thessaloniki and he studied at Anatolia College. In 1939, he entered the Law School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He worked in banking between 1951 and 1983, and he was General Secretary of the National Theatre of Northern Greece between 1974 and 1976.
2005
1. Norbert Brainin, Austrian violinist (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Norbert Brainin
    
    Norbert Brainin, OBE was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most highly regarded string quartets.
2. Scott Gottlieb, American drummer (b. 1970) deaths
  1. Bleed the Dream
    
    Bleed the Dream is an American rock band from Southern California, United States.
3. Archbishop Iakovos of America (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Archbishop Iakovos of America
    
    Archbishop Iakovos of North and South America was the primate of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America from 1959 until his resignation in 1996.
4. Al Lucas, American football player (b. 1978) deaths
  1. Al Lucas (American football)
    
    Albert Lucas was an American football player in the National Football League (NFL) and Arena Football League (AFL) who died from a game-related spinal cord injury while playing for the Los Angeles Avengers.
5. Wally Tax, Dutch singer-songwriter (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Wally Tax
    
    Wladimir "Wally" Tax was a Dutch singer and songwriter. He was founder and frontman of the Nederbeat group The Outsiders (1959–1969) and the rock group Tax Free (1969–1971).
2004
1. Jacek Kaczmarski, Polish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and poet (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Jacek Kaczmarski
    
    Jacek Marcin Kaczmarski (listen) was a Polish singer, songwriter, poet and author.
2. Sakıp Sabancı, Turkish businessman and philanthropist, founded Sabancı Holding (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Sakıp Sabancı
    
    Sakıp Sabancı was a Turkish business tycoon and philanthropist.
  2. Sabancı Holding
    
    Hacı Ömer Sabancı Holding A.Ş., commonly abbreviated as Sabancı Holding, is an industrial and financial conglomerate with headquarters in Istanbul, Turkey. The company's primary activities are in financial services, energy, cement, retail and industrial sectors. The founding Sabancı family continues to hold a majority stake. Sabanci Holding was first listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST) in 1997.
2003
1. Little Eva, American singer (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Little Eva
    
    Eva Narcissus Boyd, known by the stage name of Little Eva, was an American singer, well known for her 1962 hit "The Loco-Motion". Although some sources claim that her stage name was inspired by a character from the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, she stated in an interview that she was named after her aunt, which prompted her family to call her "Little Eva".
2001
1. Ky Baldwin, Australian singer and actor births
  1. Ky Baldwin
    
    Ky Baldwin is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer and actor. He is known for his music videos on his YouTube channel.
2. Noa Kirel, Israeli singer births
  1. Noa Kirel
    
    Noa Kirel is an Israeli singer, actress and television host. She won the MTV Europe Music Awards for the best Israeli act between 2017 and 2021. In August 2022, she was announced as the Israeli entrant at the upcoming Eurovision Song Contest 2023 which is set to take place in Liverpool, United Kingdom.
2000
1. Peter Jones, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Peter Jones (actor)
    
    Peter Geoffrey Francis Jones was an English actor, screenwriter and broadcaster.
2. Larry Linville, American actor (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Larry Linville
    
    Lawrence Lavon Linville was an American actor known for his portrayal of the surgeon Major Frank Burns on the television series M*A*S*H.
1999
1. Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, German-American biochemist and physician (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
    
    Heinz Ludwig Fraenkel-Conrat was a biochemist, famous for his research on viruses.
2. Jean Vander Pyl, American actress and voice artist (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Jean Vander Pyl
    
    Jean Thurston Vander Pyl was an American voice actress. Although her career spanned many decades, she is best known as the voice of Wilma Flintstone for the Hanna-Barbera cartoon The Flintstones. In addition to Wilma Flintstone, she also provided the voices of Pebbles Flintstone, Rosie the robot maid on the animated series The Jetsons, Goldie, Lola Glamour, Nurse LaRue, and other characters in Top Cat, Winsome Witch on The Secret Squirrel Show, and Ogee on The Magilla Gorilla Show.
1998
1. Anna Pogorilaya, Russian figure skater births
  1. Anna Pogorilaya
    
    Anna Alexeyevna Pogorilaya is a Russian figure skater. She is the 2016 World bronze medalist, a three-time European medalist, and the 2016 Russian national bronze medalist. She won gold at three Grand Prix events – the 2013 Cup of China, 2016 Rostelecom Cup, and 2016 NHK Trophy. Earlier in her career, she won bronze at the 2013 World Junior Championships and at the 2012–13 Junior Grand Prix Final.
2. Seraphim of Athens, Greek archbishop (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Seraphim of Athens
    
    Seraphim born Vissarion Tikas was Archbishop of Athens and All Greece from 1974 to 1998.
1997
1. Claire Wineland, American activist and author (d. 2018) births
  1. Claire Wineland
    
    Claire Lucia Wineland was an American activist, author, TEDx Speaker and a social media personality. Through her non-profit organization, Claire's Place Foundation, she provided support to children and families affected by cystic fibrosis (CF). She died from a blood clot one week after receiving a double lung transplant at the age of 21.
2. Michael Dorris, American author and academic (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Michael Dorris
    
    Michael Anthony Dorris was an American novelist and scholar who was the first Chair of the Native American Studies program at Dartmouth College. His works include the novel A Yellow Raft in Blue Water (1987) and the memoir The Broken Cord (1989).
1996
1. Thanasi Kokkinakis, Australian tennis player births
  1. Thanasi Kokkinakis
    
    Athanasios "Thanasi" Kokkinakis is an Australian professional tennis player and a doubles specialist. He has been ranked as high as world No. 69 in singles by the ATP, which he first achieved on 8 June 2015. He has won one ATP Tour title in singles and produced his best Major singles performance at the 2015 French Open by reaching the third round. Kokkinakis also has a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 15 which he attained on 21 November 2022 after winning the 2022 Australian Open and reaching the semifinals of 2022 Miami Open with countryman Nick Kyrgios.
2. Audrey Whitby, American actress births
  1. Audrey Whitby
    
    Audrey Whitby is an American actress. She is known for her many appearances on AwesomenessTV including starring in the cast of Betch: A Sketch Show, and for her recurring roles as Audrey Vale on the Disney Channel sketch comedy spinoff series So Random!  and as Cherry on the Nickelodeon television comedy series The Thundermans.
1995
1. Ian Nelson, American actor births
  1. Ian Nelson (actor, born 1995)
    
    Ian Michael Nelson is an American actor. He played the teen version of werewolf Derek Hale in the television series Teen Wolf, Eric Palmer in the drama film The Judge, and Andy in the Hulu series There's...Johnny!.
2. Morarji Desai, Indian politician, 4th Prime Minister of India (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Morarji Desai
    
    Morarji Ranchhodji Desai was an Indian independence activist and politician who served as the 4th Prime Minister of India between 1977 to 1979 leading the government formed by the Janata Party. During his long career in politics, he held many important posts in government such as Chief Minister of Bombay State, Home Minister, Finance Minister and 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of India.
  2. Prime Minister of India
    
    The prime minister of India is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and their chosen Council of Ministers, despite the president of India being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of India, the Lok Sabha, which is the main legislative body in the Republic of India. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha.
1994
1. Siobhan Hunter, Scottish footballer births
  1. Siobhan Hunter
    
    Siobhan Hunter is a Scottish footballer who currently plays as a defender for Hibernian in the Scottish Women's Premier League.
2. Sam B. Hall, Jr., American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Sam B. Hall Jr.
    
    Samuel Blakeley Hall Jr. was an American lawyer, politician, and judge. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 1st congressional district from 1976 to 1985 and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas from 1985 until his death in 1994.
1993
1. Sofia Carson, American singer and actress births
  1. Sofia Carson
    
    Sofía Daccarett Char, known professionally as Sofia Carson, is an American actress and singer. Her first appearance on television was as a guest star on the Disney Channel series Austin & Ally. In 2015, she received recognition as Evie, the daughter of the Evil Queen, in the Disney Channel Original Movie Descendants. She later reprised her role in its two sequels and other work in the franchise.
2. Chris Hani, South African activist and politician (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Chris Hani
    
    Chris Hani, born Martin Thembisile Hani, was the leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). He was a fierce opponent of the apartheid government, and was assassinated by Janusz Waluś, a Polish immigrant and sympathiser of the Conservative opposition on 10 April 1993, during the unrest preceding the transition to democracy.
1992
1. Jack Buchanan, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Jack Buchanan (rugby league)
    
    Jack Buchanan is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Burleigh Bears in the Queensland Cup.
2. Sadio Mané, Senegalese footballer births
  1. Sadio Mané
    
    Sadio Mané is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bundesliga club Bayern Munich and the Senegal national team. Considered one of the best players in the world and amongst the greatest African players of all time, he is known for his pressing, dribbling, and speed.
3. Daisy Ridley, English actress births
  1. Daisy Ridley
    
    Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley is an English actress. She rose to prominence for her role as Rey in the Star Wars sequel trilogy: The Force Awakens (2015), The Last Jedi (2017), and The Rise of Skywalker (2019).
4. Sam Kinison, American comedian and actor (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Sam Kinison
    
    Samuel Burl Kinison was an American stand-up comedian and actor. A former Pentecostal preacher, he performed stand-up routines that were characterized by intense sudden tirades, punctuated with his distinctive scream, similar to charismatic preachers. Initially performing for free, Kinison became a regular fixture at The Comedy Store where he met and eventually befriended such comics as Robin Williams and Jim Carrey. Kinison's comedy was crass observational humor, especially towards women and dating, and his popularity grew quickly, earning him appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, Late Night with David Letterman and Saturday Night Live. At the peak of his career, Kinison was killed in a car crash. Kinison received a Grammy nomination in 1988 for the single "Wild Thing" from his Have You Seen Me Lately? album, and a posthumous win in 1994 for Best Spoken Comedy Album, Live from Hell.
1991
1. AJ Michalka, American actress and singer births
  1. AJ Michalka
    
    Amanda Joy Michalka is an American actress, singer-songwriter, record producer and voice actress who is best known as one half of the musical duo Aly & AJ, alongside her older sister Aly Michalka. She has appeared in films such as The Lovely Bones (2008), Secretariat (2010), Super 8 (2011), Grace Unplugged (2013), Weepah Way for Now (2015), and Support the Girls (2018). Michalka also starred in the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs (2013–present) and its spin-off series Schooled (2019–2020). She is also known for voicing a lead role as Catra in the Netflix animated adventure series She-Ra and the Princesses of Power (2018–2020).
2. Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955) deaths
  1. Kevin Peter Hall
    
    Kevin Peter Hall was an American actor. Hall stood 7 feet 2 inches tall, and frequently played monster characters during his career. He was the original title character in the science fiction Predator franchise, appearing in the first 1987 film and its 1990 sequel. Hall also portrayed the eponymous Harry in the fantasy comedy film Harry and the Hendersons (1987), a role he reprised for the first season of NBC's television adaptation (1990–1991). His human roles included Dr. Elvin "El" Lincoln on the NBC science fiction series Misfits of Science (1985–1986) and Warren Merriwether on the sitcom 227 (1989–1990).
3. Martin Hannett, English guitarist and producer (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Martin Hannett
    
    James Martin Hannett, initially credited as Martin Zero, was an English record producer, musician and an original partner/director at Tony Wilson's Factory Records. Hannett produced music by artists including Joy Division, the Durutti Column, Magazine, John Cooper Clarke, New Order, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and Happy Mondays. His distinctive production style embraced atmospheric sounds and electronics.
4. Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Natalie Schafer
    
    Natalie Schafer was an American actress, known for her role as Lovey Howell on the sitcom Gilligan's Island (1964–1967).
1990
1. Ben Amos, English footballer births
  1. Ben Amos
    
    Benjamin Paul Amos is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Wigan Athletic. Born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, Amos began his career with Crewe Alexandra's youth academy, but joined Manchester United at the age of 11. He has also played for Bolton Wanderers and has spent time on loan at Peterborough United, Molde, and Oldham Athletic. Additionally, Amos is an England youth international, having represented his country at every level from Under-16 to Under-21.
2. Andile Jali, South African footballer births
  1. Andile Jali
    
    Andile Ernest Jali is a South African soccer player who plays for Mamelodi Sundowns in the Premier Soccer League and the South African national football team.
3. Ricky Leutele, Australian-Samoan rugby league player births
  1. Ricky Leutele
    
    Ricky Leutele is a Samoa international rugby league footballer who plays as a centre for the Leigh Leopards in the Betfred Super League.
4. Maren Morris, American singer births
  1. Maren Morris
    
    Maren Larae Morris is an American singer-songwriter. While rooted in the country genre, her music also blends elements of pop, R&B, and hip-hop. Born and raised in Arlington, Texas, Morris enjoyed singing as a child. She started publicly performing in her preteen years and toured throughout Texas. In her late teens and early twenties, she released three studio albums on independent record labels. She relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a career in country music during this same time period. Morris signed a publishing contract and later a recording contract following the streaming success of her 2015 self-titled EP.
5. Alex Pettyfer, English actor births
  1. Alex Pettyfer
    
    Alexander Richard Pettyfer is a British actor and model. He appeared in school plays and on television before being cast as Alex Rider, the main character in the 2006 film version of Stormbreaker. Pettyfer was nominated for a Young Artist Award and an Empire Award for his role.
1988
1. Chris Heston, American baseball pitcher births
  1. Chris Heston
    
    Christopher Lee Heston is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played college baseball for East Carolina University and played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants, the Seattle Mariners and the Minnesota Twins. On June 9, 2015, he threw the 17th no-hitter in Giants franchise history.
2. Kareem Jackson, American football player births
  1. Kareem Jackson
    
    Kareem Jackson is an American football strong safety for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft.
3. Haley Joel Osment, American actor births
  1. Haley Joel Osment
    
    Haley Joel Osment is an American actor. Beginning his career as a child actor, Osment's role in the comedy-drama film Forrest Gump (1994) won him a Young Artist Award. His breakthrough came with the psychological thriller film The Sixth Sense (1999), which won him a Saturn Award and earned him nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. He achieved further success with the drama film Pay It Forward (2000), the science fiction film A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) which won him a second Saturn Award, and the comedy film Secondhand Lions (2003), which won him a Critics Choice Award.
4. Ezekias Papaioannou, Greek Cypriot politician (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Ezekias Papaioannou
    
    Ezekias Papaioannou was a Greek Cypriot communist politician and secretary general of the left-wing political party of AKEL.
1987
1. Shay Mitchell, Canadian actress and model births
  1. Shay Mitchell
    
    Shannon Ashley Garcia "Shay" Mitchell is a Canadian actress and model. She rose to prominence for her role as Emily Fields in the mystery thriller drama series Pretty Little Liars (2010–2017), which earned her nominations for a People's Choice Award and six Teen Choice Awards. She has garnered wider recognition for starring as Peach Salinger in the psychological thriller series You (2018) and as Stella Cole in the Hulu comedy series Dollface (2019–2022). She currently voices Alexandra Trese in the Netflix animated series Trese (2021–present).
2. Hayley Westenra, New Zealand soprano births
  1. Hayley Westenra
    
    Hayley Dee Westenra is a New Zealand classical crossover singer and songwriter. Her first internationally released album, Pure, reached number one on the UK classical charts in 2003 and has sold more than two million copies worldwide, making it one of the fastest selling albums in her country's history.
1986
1. Olivia Borlée, Belgian sprinter births
  1. Olivia Borlée
    
    Olivia Borlée is a retired Belgian sprinter who specialized in the 200 metres. Her personal best time in the 200 is 22.98 seconds, achieved in July 2006 in Brussels. She has a personal best of 11.39 seconds in the 100 metres. She won a gold medal in the 4x100 m relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics with teammates Hanna Mariën, Élodie Ouédraogo, and Kim Gevaert in a time of 42.54 seconds, which set a new Belgian record.
2. Fernando Gago, Argentine footballer births
  1. Fernando Gago
    
    Fernando Rubén Gago is an Argentine professional former player and football manager of Racing Club.
3. Corey Kluber, American baseball pitcher births
  1. Corey Kluber
    
    Corey Scott Kluber is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Texas Rangers, New York Yankees and Tampa Bay Rays. He made his MLB debut in 2011 as a member of the Indians. A power pitcher, Kluber achieves high strikeout rates through a two-seam sinker and a breaking ball that variously resembles a slider and a curveball.
4. Vincent Kompany, Belgian footballer births
  1. Vincent Kompany
    
    Vincent Jean Mpoy Kompany is a Belgian professional football manager and former player who played as a centre-back and is the current manager of EFL Championship club Burnley. He most notably played for Manchester City for eleven seasons, where he was captain for eight of them and became widely regarded as one of the league’s greatest ever centre backs. He also represented the Belgium national team for 15 years, seven as captain.
5. Tore Reginiussen, Norwegian footballer births
  1. Tore Reginiussen
    
    Tore Reginiussen is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays for Alta. Reginiussen has previously played for the clubs Tromsø, Schalke 04, Lecce, OB, Rosenborg and FC St. Pauli and has been capped playing for Norway. Reginiussen plays as a centre back, but can also play as a central midfielder.
6. Linda Creed, American singer-songwriter (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Linda Creed
    
    Linda Diane Creed, also known by her married name Linda Epstein, was an American songwriter and lyricist who teamed up with Thom Bell to produce some of the most successful Philadelphia soul groups of the 1970s.
1985
1. Barkhad Abdi, Somali-American actor and director births
  1. Barkhad Abdi
    
    Barkhad Abdi is a Somali-American actor. He made his acting debut as Somali pirate Abduwali Muse in the biographical drama film Captain Phillips (2013), which earned him a British Academy Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, along with Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations.
2. Willo Flood, Irish footballer births
  1. Willo Flood
    
    William Robert Flood is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He earned 15 caps for his country at under-20 and under-21 levels. He represented eight clubs in England and Scotland including Manchester City, Cardiff City, Dundee United, Celtic, Middlesbrough and Aberdeen.
3. Jesús Gámez, Spanish footballer births
  1. Jesús Gámez
    
    Jesús Gámez Duarte is a Spanish professional footballer who plays mainly as a right-back.
4. Dion Phaneuf, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Dion Phaneuf
    
    Dion Phaneuf is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played for the Calgary Flames, Toronto Maple Leafs, Ottawa Senators and Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted ninth overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by Calgary and made his NHL debut in 2005 after a four-year junior career with the Red Deer Rebels of the Western Hockey League (WHL), in which he was twice named the Defenceman of the Year.
5. Zisis Verros, Greek chieftain of the Macedonian Struggle (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Zisis Verros
    
    Zisis Verros was a notable Greek chieftain of the Macedonian Struggle.
1984
1. Faustina Agolley, Australian television host births
  1. Faustina Agolley
    
    Faustina "Fuzzy" Agolley is an Australian television presenter best known for her role as the host of long-running Australian music program Video Hits on Channel 10. She was also the host of late-night game and gadget review program Cybershack and is a graduate from the University of Melbourne and RMIT University. She previously co-hosted The Voice alongside Darren McMullen.
2. Jeremy Barrett, American figure skater births
  1. Jeremy Barrett (figure skater)
    
    Jeremy Barrett is an American former pair skater. With Caydee Denney, he became the 2010 U.S. national champion and competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics. During the pairs short program at the 2010 Olympics, Denney and Barrett became the first team to land a throw triple Lutz jump at any Winter Olympic competition.
3. Mandy Moore, American singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Mandy Moore
    
    Amanda Leigh Moore is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She rose to fame with her debut single, "Candy", which peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100. Her debut studio album, So Real (1999), received a platinum certification from the RIAA. The title single from her reissue of So Real, "I Wanna Be With You" (2000), became Moore's first top 40 song in the US, peaking at number 24 on the Hot 100. Moore subsequently released the studio albums Mandy Moore (2001), Coverage (2003), Wild Hope (2007), Amanda Leigh (2009), Silver Landings (2020), and In Real Life (2022). Overall Moore has sold 2.7 million albums in the US according to Billboard.
4. David Obua, Ugandan footballer births
  1. David Obua
    
    David Obua is a Ugandan football coach and former player. He is the assistant coach of Maroons FC in the Ugandan Premier League. During his playing career, Obua played for Police FC, Raleigh Capital Express, Wilmington Hammerheads, Kaizer Chiefs and Heart of Midlothian in the Scottish Premier League. At international level, he represented Uganda national team and has a record of being the country's all-time goal scorer record in the Africa Nations Cup and World Cup qualifiers.
5. Damien Perquis, French-Polish footballer births
  1. Damien Perquis
    
    Damien Albert René Perquis is a former professional footballer and current assistant coach of Gazélec Ajaccio's B-team.
6. Gonzalo Javier Rodríguez, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Gonzalo Rodríguez (footballer, born 1984)
    
    Gonzalo Javier Rodríguez Prado, also known as simply Gonzalo, is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a centre back.
1983
1. Jamie Chung, American actress births
  1. Jamie Chung
    
    Jamie Jilynn Chung is an American actress and former reality television personality. She began her career in 2004 as a cast member on the MTV reality series The Real World: San Diego and subsequently through her appearances on its spin-off show, Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Inferno II. She is regarded by many as the Real World alumna with the most successful media career.
2. Andrew Dost, American guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Andrew Dost
    
    Andrew Paul Dost is an American musician, singer and is member of the indie rock band Fun., in which he plays several instruments, mainly the piano. He was formerly a member of the indie rock band Anathallo from 2003 to 2007.
3. Ryan Merriman, American actor births
  1. Ryan Merriman
    
    Ryan Earl Merriman is an American actor. He began his career at the age of ten and has appeared in several feature films and television shows. He is best known for a handful of Disney Channel original movies and for portraying Jake Pierce in The Ring Two, Kevin Fischer in Final Destination 3, and Ian Thomas in Pretty Little Liars.
4. Hannes Sigurðsson, Icelandic footballer births
  1. Hannes Sigurðsson
    
    Hannes Þorsteinn Sigurðsson is an Icelandic football manager and former player who played as a forward. He is the manager of German club FC Deisenhofen.
5. Issam Sartawi, Palestinian activist (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Issam Sartawi
    
    Issam Sartawi was a senior member of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He was assassinated on April 10, 1983.
1982
1. Andre Ethier, American baseball player births
  1. Andre Ethier
    
    Andre Everett Ethier is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers from 2006 to 2017 and is second all-time in post-season appearances as a Dodger with 51.
2. Chyler Leigh, American actress and singer births
  1. Chyler Leigh
    
    Chyler Leigh West, known professionally as Chyler Leigh, is an American actress, singer and model. She is known for portraying Janey Briggs in the comedy film Not Another Teen Movie (2001), Lexie Grey in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2007–2012), and Alex Danvers in the DC Comics superhero series Supergirl (2015–2021).
1981
1. Laura Bell Bundy, American actress and singer births
  1. Laura Bell Bundy
    
    Laura Ashley Bell Bundy is an American actress and singer. She is best known for originating the Broadway roles of Amber Von Tussle in the musical version of Hairspray and Elle Woods in the musical version of Legally Blonde. She also portrayed Dr. Jordan Denby on the television show Anger Management. In 2010 she signed to Mercury Records Nashville and released her first two country music singles, "Giddy On Up" and "Drop on By".
2. Liz McClarnon, English singer and dancer births
  1. Liz McClarnon
    
    Elizabeth Margaret McClarnon is an English pop singer, songwriter, dancer, television presenter and actress. She is the longest serving member of the girl group Atomic Kitten, with whom she has scored three number-one singles and also two number-one albums. In 2006, she went solo and the group reformed in 2012 as part of The Big Reunion. McClarnon co-wrote several Atomic Kitten songs, including the UK top 10 hits "See Ya", "I Want Your Love" and "Someone Like Me".
3. Michael Pitt, American actor, model and musician births
  1. Michael Pitt
    
    Michael Carmen Pitt is an American actor, model, and musician. Pitt is known in film for his roles in Murder by Numbers (2002), Bernardo Bertolucci's The Dreamers (2003), Gus Van Sant's Last Days (2005), and Michael Haneke's Funny Games (2007), and in television for his roles as Henry Parker in the teen drama Dawson's Creek (1999–2000), Jimmy Darmody in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire (2010–2011), and Mason Verger in the second season of the NBC series Hannibal (2014). He has also appeared in the films Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001), Bully (2001), Silk (2007), Seven Psychopaths (2012), I Origins (2014), and Ghost in the Shell (2017).
4. Alexei Semenov, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Alexei Semenov
    
    Alexei Anatolevich Semenov is a Russian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Semenov was selected by the Edmonton Oilers in the second round of the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, 36th overall.
5. Howard Thurman, American author, philosopher and civil rights activist (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Howard Thurman
    
    Howard Washington Thurman was an American author, philosopher, theologian, mystic, educator, and civil rights leader. As a prominent religious figure, he played a leading role in many social justice movements and organizations of the twentieth century. Thurman's theology of radical nonviolence influenced and shaped a generation of civil rights activists, and he was a key mentor to leaders within the civil rights movement, including Martin Luther King Jr.
1980
1. Sean Avery, Canadian ice hockey player and model births
  1. Sean Avery
    
    Sean Christopher Avery is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. During his career in the National Hockey League (NHL), he played left wing for the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings, New York Rangers and Dallas Stars, gaining recognition for controversial and disrespectful behavior both on and off the ice. His agitating playing style led to multiple teams waiving him and to having a contract terminated. He led the league in penalty minutes twice, during the 2003–04 and 2005–06 NHL seasons.
2. Charlie Hunnam, English actor births
  1. Charlie Hunnam
    
    Charles Matthew Hunnam is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Pete Dunham in Green Street Hooligans and as Jax Teller on the FX series Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), for which he was twice nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor.
3. Shao Jiayi, Chinese footballer births
  1. Shao Jiayi
    
    Shao Jiayi is a Chinese former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He represented Beijing Guoan, TSV 1860 Munich, Energie Cottbus and MSV Duisburg as well as the China national team with which he participated in the 2000 AFC Asian Cup, 2002 FIFA World Cup and 2004 AFC Asian Cup.
4. Kasey Kahne, American race car driver births
  1. Kasey Kahne
    
    Kasey Kenneth Kahne is an American dirt track racing driver and former professional stock car racing driver. He last competed in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series in 2018, driving the No. 95 Dumont Jets/Procore Technologies Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Leavine Family Racing. Currently, Kahne competes in the World of Outlaws Sprint Car Series, driving the No. 9 sprint car for his own team, Kasey Kahne Racing.
5. Andy Ram, Israeli tennis player births
  1. Andy Ram
    
    Andreas "Andy" Ram is a retired Israeli professional tennis player. He was primarily a doubles player, and competed in three Olympics.
6. Bryce Soderberg, American singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Bryce Soderberg
    
    Bryce Dane Soderberg is a Canadian-American musician and songwriter, best known as the bassist and vocalist for American rock band Lifehouse.
7. Kay Medford, American actress and singer (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Kay Medford
    
    Margaret Kathleen Regan, better known as Kay Medford, was an American actress. For her performance as Rose Brice in the musical Funny Girl and the film adaptation of the same name, she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress respectively.
1979
1. Iván Alonso, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Iván Alonso
    
    Iván Daniel Alonso Vallejo is a Uruguayan former footballer who played as a striker.
2. Kenyon Coleman, American football player births
  1. Kenyon Coleman
    
    Kenyon Octavia Coleman is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League for the Oakland Raiders, Dallas Cowboys, New York Jets, Cleveland Browns and New Orleans Saints. He played college football for UCLA.
3. Rachel Corrie, American author and activist (d. 2003) births
  1. Rachel Corrie
    
    Rachel Aliene Corrie was an American activist and diarist. A member of the pro-Palestinian group International Solidarity Movement (ISM), she was crushed to death by an armored bulldozer of the Israel Defense Forces in a southern Gaza Strip combat zone during the height of the Second Intifada under contested circumstances.
4. Tsuyoshi Domoto, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Tsuyoshi Domoto
    
    Tsuyoshi Domoto is a Japanese idol, singer, songwriter, actor, and television personality. Along with Koichi Domoto, he is a member of KinKi Kids, which is a Japanese duo under the management of Johnny & Associates and the record holder of Guinness World Records for having the record of the most consecutive number-one singles since their debut single.
5. Sophie Ellis-Bextor, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Sophie Ellis-Bextor
    
    Sophie Michelle Ellis-Bextor is an English singer and songwriter. She first came to prominence in the late 1990s, as the lead singer of the indie rock band Theaudience. After the group disbanded, Ellis-Bextor went solo, achieving success in the early 2000s. Her music is a mixture of mainstream pop, disco, nu-disco, and 1980s electronic influences.
6. Pavlos Fyssas, Greek rapper (d. 2013) births
  1. Pavlos Fyssas
    
    Pavlos Fyssas, also known by his stage name Killah P, was a Greek rapper, notable for his participation and performance in musical projects, as well as for his anti-fascist activism. He toured well-known venues in Athens and throughout Greece. He was murdered on 17 September 2013 by a member of the neo-fascist group Golden Dawn.
7. Peter Kopteff, Finnish footballer births
  1. Peter Kopteff
    
    Peter Kopteff is a Finnish former footballer who played in the position of left winger.
8. Nino Rota, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Nino Rota
    
    Giovanni Rota Rinaldi, better known as Nino Rota, was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor and academic who is best known for his film scores, notably for the films of Federico Fellini and Luchino Visconti. He also composed the music for two of Franco Zeffirelli's Shakespeare films, and for the first two films of Francis Ford Coppola's Godfather trilogy, earning the Academy Award for Best Original Score for The Godfather Part II (1974).
1978
1. Sir Christus, Finnish guitarist (d. 2017) births
  1. Sir Christus
    
    Sir Christus was a Finnish guitarist, best known as the former rhythm guitarist of the glam rock band Negative. His father was Arwo Mikkonen, guitarist of the Finnish rock band Popeda. His father died in 1986, leaving eight-year-old Christus and his four-year-old brother Matthau, without a father figure in their life.
2. Hjalmar Mäe, Estonian politician (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Hjalmar Mäe
    
    Hjalmar-Johannes Mäe was an Estonian politician.
1977
1. Stephanie Sheh, Taiwanese-American voice actress, director, and producer births
  1. Stephanie Sheh
    
    Stephanie Sheh is an American voice actress, ADR director, writer and producer who has worked for several major companies, including Cartoon Network and Sony. She is often involved with work in English dubs of anime, cartoons, video games and films. Her notable voice roles include Hinata Hyuga in the Naruto franchise, Orihime Inoue in Bleach, Usagi Tsukino/Sailor Moon in the Viz Media redub of Sailor Moon, Yui Hirasawa in K-On!, Eureka in Eureka Seven, Katana in DC Super Hero Girls, Mikuru Asahina in The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, Mona and Kat in WarioWare Gold, Yui in Sword Art Online, Illyasviel von Einzbern in Fate/stay night, Mamimi Samejima in FLCL, and Mitsuha Miyamizu in Your Name.
1976
1. Clare Buckfield, English actress births
  1. Clare Buckfield
    
    Clare Buckfield is an English actress, best known for playing the role of Jenny Porter in the BBC sitcom 2point4 Children for most of the nineties and Natasha Stevens in the CBBC series Grange Hill.
2. Yoshino Kimura, Japanese actress and singer births
  1. Yoshino Kimura
    
    Yoshino Kimura is a British-born Japanese actress, voice actress and singer. She appeared on an episode of the Showtime series Masters of Horror. Kimura won the "Rookie of the Year" prize at the 21st Japan Academy Awards for her appearance in Shitsurakuen.
3. Sara Renner, Canadian skier births
  1. Sara Renner
    
    Sara Renner is a Canadian cross-country skier who competed from 1994 to 2010. With Beckie Scott, she won the silver medal in the team sprint event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and earned her best individual finish of eight in the 10 km classical event in those same games. She was born in Golden, British Columbia.
1975
1. Chris Carrabba, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Chris Carrabba
    
    Christopher Ender Carrabba is the lead singer and guitarist of the band Dashboard Confessional, lead singer of the band Further Seems Forever, and is the vocalist for the folk band Twin Forks.
2. Terrence Lewis, Indian dancer and choreographer births
  1. Terence Lewis (choreographer)
    
    Terence Lewis is an Indian dancer and choreographer. He is known for judging the reality dance shows Dance India Dance (2009–2012) and Nach Baliye (2012–2017). He runs his "Terence Lewis Contemporary Dance Company" in Mumbai and holds dance workshops both in India and abroad.
3. David Harbour, American actor births
  1. David Harbour
    
    David Kenneth Harbour is an American actor. He has played supporting roles in films such as Brokeback Mountain (2005), Quantum of Solace (2008), State of Play (2009), The Green Hornet (2011), End of Watch (2012), Snitch (2013), The Equalizer (2014), Black Mass (2015), Suicide Squad (2016), Sleepless (2017) and Extraction (2020). He gained global recognition for his portrayal of Jim Hopper in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things (2016–present), for which he received a Critics' Choice Television Award in 2018, two Emmy Award nominations and a Golden Globe Award nomination. Harbour portrayed the title character in Hellboy (2019) and Red Guardian in Black Widow (2021) and the upcoming film Thunderbolts (2024).
4. Walker Evans, American photographer (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Walker Evans
    
    Walker Evans was an American photographer and photojournalist best known for his work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA) documenting the effects of the Great Depression. Much of Evans' work from the FSA period uses the large-format, 8×10-inch (200×250 mm) view camera. He said that his goal as a photographer was to make pictures that are "literate, authoritative, transcendent".
5. Marjorie Main, American actress (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Marjorie Main
    
    Mary Tomlinson, professionally known as Marjorie Main, was an American character actress and singer of the Classical Hollywood period, best known as a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract player in the 1940s and 1950s, and for her role as Ma Kettle in 10 Ma and Pa Kettle movies. Main started her career in vaudeville and theatre, and appeared in film classics, such as Dead End (1937), The Women (1939), Dark Command (1940), The Shepherd of the Hills (1941), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), and Friendly Persuasion (1956).
1974
1. Eric Greitens, American soldier, author and politician births
  1. Eric Greitens
    
    Eric Robert Greitens is a former American politician who was the 56th governor of Missouri from January 2017 until his resignation in June 2018 amid allegations of sexual assault and campaign finance impropriety.
2. Petros Passalis, Greek footballer births
  1. Petros Passalis
    
    Petros Passalis is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He started his career at Edessaikos and transferred as a great talent at Olympiakos in 1994 where he starred for some years before joining Aris FC in 2001. He retired in 2007.
1973
1. Guillaume Canet, French actor and director births
  1. Guillaume Canet
    
    Guillaume Canet is a French actor, film director and screenwriter, and show jumper.
2. Roberto Carlos, Brazilian footballer and manager births
  1. Roberto Carlos
    
    Roberto Carlos da Silva Rocha, commonly known as Roberto Carlos, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who now works as a football ambassador. He started his career in Brazil as a forward but spent most of his career as a left-back and has been described as the "most offensive-minded left-back in the history of the game". A free kick specialist throughout his career, his bending shots have measured at over 105 miles per hour (169 km/h). In 1997, he was runner-up in the FIFA World Player of the Year. Widely considered one of the greatest left backs in history, in 2004 he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players.
3. Aidan Moffat, Scottish singer-songwriter births
  1. Aidan Moffat
    
    Aidan John Moffat is a Scottish vocalist and musician, and member of the band Arab Strap.
4. Christopher Simmons, Canadian-American graphic designer, author, and academic births
  1. Christopher Simmons
    
    Christopher Simmons is a Canadian-born, San Francisco-based graphic designer, writer and educator.
1972
1. Ian Harvey, Australian cricketer births
  1. Ian Harvey
    
    Ian Joseph Harvey is a former Australian cricketer. He was an all-rounder who played 73 One Day Internationals for Australia and was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 2004 for his performances in county cricket.
2. Priit Kasesalu, Estonian computer programmer, co-created Skype births
  1. Priit Kasesalu
    
    Priit Kasesalu is an Estonian programmer and software developer best known for his participation in the development of Kazaa, Skype and, most recently, Joost. He currently works for Ambient Sound Investments and lives in Tallinn, Estonia.
  2. Skype
    
    Skype is a proprietary telecommunications application operated by Skype Technologies, a division of Microsoft, best known for VoIP-based videotelephony, videoconferencing and voice calls. It also has instant messaging, file transfer, debit-based calls to landline and mobile telephones, and other features. Skype is available on various desktop, mobile, and video game console platforms.
3. Gordon Buchanan, Scottish film maker births
  1. Gordon Buchanan
    
    Gordon John Buchanan is a Scottish wildlife filmmaker and presenter. His work includes the nature documentaries Tribes, Predators & Me, The Polar Bear Family & Me and Life in the Snow.
1971
1. Brad William Henke, American football player and actor births
  1. Brad William Henke
    
    Brad William Henke was an American actor and National Football League and Arena Football League player. He is best known for his role as Corrections Officer Desi Piscatella on Orange Is the New Black, for which he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2016.
2. Indro Olumets, Estonian footballer and coach births
  1. Indro Olumets
    
    Indro Olumets is a former Estonian footballer who played as an offensive-minded midfielder. His last years of playing professional football were in the Estonian Meistriliiga side Nõmme Kalju. After that he played for an amateur team, JK Kaitseliit Kalev for two years until ending his career as a footballer in 2011.
3. Al Reyes, Dominican-American baseball player births
  1. Al Reyes
    
    Rafael Alberto "Al" Reyes is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. A right-handed pitcher and career reliever, he played for seven teams; debuting on April 27, 1995, with the Milwaukee Brewers and playing for the Baltimore Orioles, Los Angeles Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays, over the years.
1970
1. Enrico Ciccone, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Enrico Ciccone
    
    Enrico Pasquale Ciccone is a Canadian politician and former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). He currently represents Marquette as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party.
2. Leonard Doroftei, Romanian-Canadian boxer births
  1. Leonard Doroftei
    
    Leonard Dorin Doroftei is a Romanian former boxer, the WBA Lightweight World Champion from 5 January 2002 to 24 October 2003.
3. Kenny Lattimore, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Kenny Lattimore
    
    Kenny Lattimore is an American singer-songwriter.
4. Q-Tip, American rapper, producer, and actor births
  1. Q-Tip (musician)
    
    Kamaal Ibn John Fareed, better known by his stage name Q-Tip, is an American rapper, record producer, singer, and DJ. Nicknamed The Abstract, he is noted for his innovative jazz-influenced style of hip hop production and his philosophical, esoteric and introspective lyrical themes. He embarked on his music career in the late 1980s, as an MC and main producer of the influential alternative hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest. In the mid-1990s, he co-founded the production team The Ummah, followed by the release of his gold-certified solo debut Amplified in 1999. In the following decade, he released the Grammy Award-nominated album The Renaissance (2008) and the experimental album Kamaal the Abstract (2009).
1969
1. Steve Glasson, Australian lawn bowler births
  1. Steve Glasson
    
    Stephen John Glasson OAM is an Australian bowls player. He was number one in the world in 2004 and was ranked first in Australia between 1997 and 2005. He is currently the Australian national bowls coach.
2. Ekaterini Koffa, Greek sprinter births
  1. Ekaterini Koffa
    
    Ekaterini "Katerina" Koffa is a retired Greek sprinter who won the 200 metres at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships. Koffa still holds the indoor and outdoor Greek records in 200 metres.
3. Harley Earl, American businessman (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Harley Earl
    
    Harley Jarvis Earl was an American automotive designer and business executive. He was the initial designated head of design at General Motors, later becoming vice president, the first top executive ever appointed in design of a major corporation in American history. He was an industrial designer and a pioneer of modern transportation design. A coachbuilder by trade, Earl pioneered the use of freeform sketching and hand sculpted clay models as automotive design techniques. He subsequently introduced the "concept car" as both a tool for the design process and a clever marketing device.
1968
1. Metin Göktepe, Turkish photographer and journalist (d. 1996) births
  1. Metin Göktepe
    
    Metin Göktepe was a Kurdish photojournalist who was tortured and brutally murdered in police custody in Istanbul on January 8, 1996.
2. Orlando Jones, American actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Orlando Jones
    
    Orlando Jones is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He is known for being one of the original cast members of the sketch comedy series MADtv, for his role as the 7 Up spokesman from 1999 to 2002, and for his role as the African god Anansi on Starz's American Gods.
3. Gustavs Celmiņš, Latvian lieutenant and politician (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Gustavs Celmiņš
    
    Gustavs Celmiņš was a Latvian based politician, who was the founder of the Pērkonkrusts.
1967
1. Donald Dufresne, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Donald Dufresne
    
    Donald Alain Joseph Dufresne is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman.
2. David Rovics, American singer-songwriter births
  1. David Rovics
    
    David Stefan Rovics is an American indie singer/songwriter. His music concerns topical subjects such as the 2003 Iraq war, anti-globalization, anarchism, and social justice issues. Rovics has been an outspoken critic of former President George W. Bush, the Republican Party, John Kerry, and the Democratic Party.
1966
1. Steve Claridge, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster births
  1. Steve Claridge
    
    Stephen Edward Claridge is an English football pundit, coach and former professional player. He was a pundit for BBC Sport football shows including Football Focus and The Football League Show, until 2014 when he became both manager and a director at newly formed Salisbury.
2. Evelyn Waugh, English soldier, novelist, journalist and critic (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Evelyn Waugh
    
    Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh was an English writer of novels, biographies, and travel books; he was also a prolific journalist and book reviewer. His most famous works include the early satires Decline and Fall (1928) and A Handful of Dust (1934), the novel Brideshead Revisited (1945), and the Second World War trilogy Sword of Honour (1952–1961). He is recognised as one of the great prose stylists of the English language in the 20th century.
1965
1. Tim Alexander, American drummer and songwriter births
  1. Tim Alexander
    
    Timothy W. Alexander, also credited as "Herb" Alexander, is an American musician best known as the drummer for the rock band Primus. Alexander has played on the majority of Primus's discography, including some of the band's most well known albums such as Frizzle Fry (1990), Sailing the Seas of Cheese (1991), Pork Soda (1993) and Tales from the Punchbowl (1995). Alexander has been in the band across three stints; he initially left the band in 1996 and rejoined in 2003 before leaving again in 2010 and re-joining in 2013.
2. Lloyd Casner, American race car driver, founded Casner Motor Racing Division (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Lloyd Casner
    
    Lloyd Perry Casner was an American race car driver and the creator of the Casner Motor Racing Division team.
  2. Casner Motor Racing Division
    
    Casner Motor Racing Division – also known as America Camoradi, Camoradi USA or Camoradi International – was an American racing team of the 1960s known for racing Maserati Birdcage sports cars, and a Porsche and Cooper in Formula One. It was founded by Lloyd "Lucky" Casner in 1960, after he gained interest in the Maserati Tipo 61 in August 1959, and was created to race in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Camoradi team won the 1000km Nürburgring in 1960 despite a broken fuel line halfway through the race. The team achieved victory again in 1961, however, due to the unreliability of their cars they never won Le Mans. Camoradi also purchased a single Tipo 63 but it also suffered the reliability problems of the Tipo 61s.
3. Linda Darnell, American actress (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Linda Darnell
    
    Linda Darnell was an American actress. Darnell progressed from modeling as a child to acting in theater and film. At the encouragement of her mother, she made her first film in 1939, and appeared in supporting roles in big-budget films for 20th Century Fox throughout the 1940s. She co-starred with Tyrone Power in adventure films, and established a main character career after her role in Forever Amber (1947). She won critical acclaim for her work in Unfaithfully Yours (1948) and A Letter to Three Wives (1949).
1963
1. Warren DeMartini, American guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Warren DeMartini
    
    Warren Justin DeMartini is an American musician best known as the lead guitarist for glam metal band Ratt, which achieved international stardom in the 1980s.
2. Jeff Gray, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Jeff Gray (baseball, born 1963)
    
    Jeffrey Edward Gray is a former professional baseball relief pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds in 1988 and for the Boston Red Sox in 1990 and 1991. Listed at 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) and 175 pounds (79 kg), Gray batted and threw right-handed. He was signed by the Philadelphia Phillies in 1984 out of Florida State University.
3. Doris Leuthard, Swiss lawyer and politician, 162nd President of the Swiss Confederation births
  1. Doris Leuthard
    
    Doris Leuthard is a Swiss politician and lawyer who served as a Member of the Swiss Federal Council from 2006 to 2018. A member of the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), she was elected as President of the Swiss Confederation for 2010 and 2017. Leuthard headed the Federal Department of Economic Affairs until 2010, when she became head of the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications. As of 19 December 2019 she is a member of the board of the Kofi Annan Foundation.
  2. List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation
    
    Below is a list of presidents of the Swiss Confederation (1848–present). It presents the presiding member of the Swiss Federal Council, the country's seven-member executive.
1962
1. Steve Tasker, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Steve Tasker
    
    Steven Jay Tasker is an American sports reporter, locally in Western New York on the MSG Western New York cable TV station, and on WGR Radio and formerly for CBS Sports. He is a former football player who was a wide receiver and gunner in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted in the ninth round of the 1985 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers. He played college football at Northwestern. He began his college career at Dodge City Community College. Tasker played most of his pro career with the Buffalo Bills, and was voted by Bills fans to the team's 50th season All-time Team. In 2008, the NFL Network show NFL Top 10 ranked Tasker the ninth best former player not enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He has several times been a nominee for the Hall, making the semi-finalist list eight times; he has not been inducted as a member as of 2021.
2. Michael Curtiz, Hungarian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Michael Curtiz
    
    Michael Curtiz was a Hungarian-American film director, recognized as one of the most prolific directors in history. He directed classic films from the silent era and numerous others during Hollywood's Golden Age, when the studio system was prevalent.
3. Stuart Sutcliffe, Scottish artist and musician (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Stuart Sutcliffe
    
    Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe was a Scottish painter and musician best known as the original bass guitarist of the English rock band the Beatles. Sutcliffe left the band to pursue his career as a painter, having previously attended the Liverpool College of Art. Sutcliffe and John Lennon are credited with inventing the name "Beetles" (sic), as they both liked Buddy Holly's band, the Crickets. They also had a fascination of group names with double meanings, so Lennon then came up with "The Beatles", from the word beat. As a member of the group when it was a five-piece band, Sutcliffe is one of several people sometimes referred to as the "Fifth Beatle".
1961
1. Nicky Campbell, Scottish broadcaster and journalist births
  1. Nicky Campbell
    
    Nicholas Andrew Argyll Campbell, OBE is a Scottish broadcaster and journalist. He has worked in television and radio since 1981 and as a network presenter with BBC Radio since 1987.
2. Carole Goble, English computer scientist and academic births
  1. Carole Goble
    
    Carole Anne Goble, is a British academic who is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Manchester. She is principal investigator (PI) of the myGrid, BioCatalogue and myExperiment projects and co-leads the Information Management Group (IMG) with Norman Paton.
3. Mark Jones, American basketball player births
  1. Mark Jones (basketball, born 1961)
    
    Mark Anthony Jones is a retired American professional basketball player. He played point guard. Jones played college basketball at St. Bonaventure before being drafted by the New York Knicks as the 82nd overall pick in the 4th round of the 1983 NBA draft. He never played for the Knicks and instead played six games in the NBA for the New Jersey Nets during the 1983–84 season.
1960
1. Steve Bisciotti, American businessman, co-founded Allegis Group births
  1. Steve Bisciotti
    
    Stephen J. Bisciotti is an American business executive and the current majority owner of the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL. He founded Aerotek, the largest privately owned staffing and recruiting company in the U.S. based in Hanover, Maryland, and cofounded Allegis Group, an international talent management firm headquartered in Hanover, Maryland that owns Aerotek; TEKsystems; Actalent; MarketSource; Major, Lindsey & Africa; Aston Carter; and Allegis Global Solutions.
  2. Allegis Group
    
    Allegis Group, Inc. is an international talent management firm headquartered in Hanover, Maryland, USA. As of 2018, it had US$13.4 billion in revenue, and 19,000 employees. It ranks fourth in the world after Adecco, Randstad and Manpower Inc.
2. Katrina Leskanich, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Katrina Leskanich
    
    Katrina Elizabeth Leskanich is an American musician and the former lead singer of the pop rock band Katrina and the Waves. Their song "Walking on Sunshine" was an international hit in 1985. In 1997, the band won the Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom with the song "Love Shine a Light".
3. Terry Teagle, American basketball player births
  1. Terry Teagle
    
    Terry Michael Teagle is a retired American professional basketball player, whose National Basketball Association (NBA) career lasted from 1982 to 1993. During his playing career, at a height of 6'5" tall, he played at the shooting guard position.
4. André Berthomieu, French director and screenwriter (b. 1903) deaths
  1. André Berthomieu
    
    André Berthomieu was a French screenwriter and film director. He was married to the actress Line Noro.
1959
1. Babyface, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Babyface (musician)
    
    Kenneth Brian Edmonds, better known by his stage name Babyface, is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. He has written and produced over 26 number-one R&B hits throughout his career and has won 12 Grammy Awards. He was ranked number 20 on NME's 50 of The Greatest Producers Ever list.
2. Yvan Loubier, Canadian economist and politician births
  1. Yvan Loubier
    
    Yvan Loubier is a Canadian politician and one of the founders of the Bloc Québécois. He was a Bloc Québécois member of the House of Commons of Canada representing the district of Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot, from the since he was first elected in the 1993 election, until his resignation on February 21, 2007.
3. Brian Setzer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Brian Setzer
    
    Brian Robert Setzer is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He found widespread success in the early 1980s with the 1950s-style rockabilly group Stray Cats, and returned to the music scene in the early 1990s with his swing revival band, the Brian Setzer Orchestra. In 1987, he made a cameo appearance as Eddie Cochran in the film La Bamba.
1958
1. Bob Bell, Northern Irish engineer births
  1. Bob Bell (motorsport)
    
    Robert Charles Bell is a former Formula One engineer and technical director, best known for his work with the Renault Formula One team.
2. Yefim Bronfman, Uzbek-American pianist births
  1. Yefim Bronfman
    
    Yefim "Fima" Naumovich Bronfman is a Soviet-born Israeli-American pianist.
3. Brigitte Holzapfel, German high jumper births
  1. Brigitte Holzapfel
    
    Brigitte Elisabeth Holzapfel is a retired West German high jumper.
4. Chuck Willis, American singer-songwriter (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Chuck Willis
    
    Harold "Chuck" Willis was an American blues, rhythm and blues, and rock and roll singer and songwriter. His biggest hits, "C. C. Rider" (1957) and "What Am I Living For" (1958), both reached No.1 on the Billboard R&B chart. He was known as The King of the Stroll for his performance of the 1950s dance the stroll.
1957
1. Aliko Dangote, Nigerian businessman, founded Dangote Group births
  1. Aliko Dangote
    
    Aliko Dangote is a Nigerian billionaire business magnate. Dangote is the founder and current chairman and CEO of the Dangote Group, the largest industrial conglomerate in West Africa. According to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Dangote's net worth is estimated at US$19.1 billion as of 29 November 2022, making him the richest person in Africa, the richest black person, and the 75th richest person in the world.
  2. Dangote Group
    
    The Dangote Group is a Nigerian multinational industrial conglomerate, founded by Aliko Dangote. It is the largest conglomerate in West Africa and one of the largest on the African continent. The group employs more than 30,000 people, generating revenue in excess of US$4.1 billion in 2017.
2. John M. Ford, American author and poet (d. 2006) births
  1. John M. Ford
    
    John Milo "Mike" Ford was an American science fiction and fantasy writer, game designer, and poet.
3. Steve Gustafson, Spanish-American bass player births
  1. Steve Gustafson
    
    Steven E. "Steve" Gustafson is the bass guitarist for the American alternative rock band 10,000 Maniacs. He, Dennis Drew and John Lombardo are the only remaining founding members of the group. Drummer Jerome Augustyniak has been with the band since 1982. Singer Mary Ramsey has been working with the band since 1992 and has been the band's lead singer since 1994. Guitarist Jeff Erickson, former tech for Robert Buck, has been playing lead guitar with the band since 2001.
4. Rosemary Hill, English historian and author births
  1. Rosemary Hill
    
    Rosemary Hill is an English writer and historian.
1956
1. Carol V. Robinson, English chemist and academic births
  1. Carol V. Robinson
    
    Dame Carol Vivien Robinson, is a British chemist and former President of the Royal Society of Chemistry (2018–2020). She was a Royal Society Research Professor and is the Dr Lee's Professor of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, and a Professorial Fellow at Exeter College, University of Oxford. She is the first director of the Kavli Institution for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, and she was previously Professor of Mass Spectrometry at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Cambridge.
1955
1. Lesley Garrett, English soprano and actress births
  1. Lesley Garrett
    
    Lesley Garrett, CBE is an English soprano singer, musician, broadcaster and media personality. She is noted for being at home in opera and "crossover music".
2. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French priest, theologian, and philosopher (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
    
    Pierre Teilhard de Chardin was a French Jesuit priest, scientist, paleontologist, theologian, philosopher and teacher. He was Darwinian in outlook and the author of several influential theological and philosophical books.
1954
1. Paul Bearer, American wrestler and manager (d. 2013) births
  1. Paul Bearer
    
    William Alvin Moody was an American professional wrestling manager and licensed funeral director. He is best known for his tenure with the World Wrestling Federation where he performed under the ring name and gimmick of Paul Bearer, manager and guiding light of The Undertaker. As Paul Bearer, he hosted his own talk show segment entitled The Funeral Parlor.
2. Anne Lamott, American author and educator births
  1. Anne Lamott
    
    Anne Lamott is an American novelist and non-fiction writer.
3. Peter MacNicol, American actor births
  1. Peter MacNicol
    
    Peter MacNicol is an American actor. He received a Theatre World Award for his 1981 Broadway debut in the play Crimes of the Heart. His film roles include Galen in Dragonslayer (1981), Stingo in Sophie's Choice (1982), Janosz Poha in Ghostbusters II (1989), camp organizer Gary Granger in Addams Family Values (1993), and David Langley in Bean (1997).
4. Juan Williams, Panamanian-American journalist and author births
  1. Juan Williams
    
    Juan Antonio Williams is a Panamanian-born American journalist and political analyst for Fox News Channel. He writes for several newspapers, including The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal, and has been published in magazines such as The Atlantic and Time. Williams has worked as an editorial writer, an op-ed columnist, a White House correspondent, and a national correspondent. He is a registered Democrat.
5. Auguste Lumière, French director and producer (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Auguste and Louis Lumière
    
    The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière and Louis Jean Lumière, were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their Cinématographe motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers.
6. Oscar Mathisen, Norwegian speed skater (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Oscar Mathisen
    
    Oscar Wilhelm Mathisen was a Norwegian speed skater and celebrity, almost rivalling Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen as symbols for a young nation. He represented Kristiania Skøiteklub.
1953
1. David Moorcroft, English runner and businessman births
  1. David Moorcroft
    
    David Robert Moorcroft is a former middle-distance and long-distance runner from England, and former world record holder for 5,000 metres. His athletic career spanned the late-1970s and 1980s. He subsequently served as the Chief Executive of UK Athletics from 1997 to 2007. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1983 and promoted to an Officer (OBE) in 1999, in both cases for services to athletics.
2. Pamela Wallin, Swedish-Canadian journalist, academic, and politician births
  1. Pamela Wallin
    
    Pamela Wallin is a Canadian senator, former television journalist, and diplomat. She was appointed to the senate on January 2, 2009, where she initially sat as a Conservative.
1952
1. Narayan Rane, Indian politician, 16th Chief Minister of Maharashtra births
  1. Narayan Rane
    
    Narayan Tatu Rane is an Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He currently serves as Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Second Modi ministry. He has previously held Cabinet Ministry positions for Industry, Port, Employment and Self-employment; Revenue; and Industry in the Government of Maharashtra.
  2. List of chief ministers of Maharashtra
    
    The Chief Minister of Maharashtra is the head of the executive branch of the government of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Following elections to the Legislative Assembly, the governor invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government and appoints the chief minister. If the appointee is not a member of either the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of Maharashtra, then the Constitution stipulates that they need to be elected within six months of being sworn in. The office of the CM is coterminous with the concurrent Assembly provided the CM commands confidence in the house and hence does not exceed five years. However, it is subject to no term limits.
2. Masashi Sada, Japanese singer, lyricist, composer, novelist, actor, and producer births
  1. Masashi Sada
    
    Masashi Sada is a Japanese singer, lyricist, composer, novelist, actor, and a film producer.
3. Steven Seagal, American actor, producer, and martial artist births
  1. Steven Seagal
    
    Steven Frederic Seagal is an American actor, screenwriter and martial artist. A 7th-dan black belt in aikido, he began his adult life as a martial arts instructor in Japan and eventually ended up running his father-in-law's dojo. He later moved to Los Angeles where he had the same profession. In 1988, Seagal made his acting debut in Above the Law. By 1991, he had starred in four films.
1951
1. David Helvarg, American journalist and activist births
  1. David Helvarg
    
    David Helvarg is an American journalist and environmental activist. He is the founder and president of the marine conservation lobbying organization Blue Frontier Campaign, a part of the Seaweed rebellion, which arose from his second book Blue Frontier. His first book, The War against the Greens, puts a case that violent organized resistance is being orchestrated against the environmental movement.
1950
1. Ken Griffey, Sr., American baseball player and manager births
  1. Ken Griffey Sr.
    
    George Kenneth Griffey is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder from 1973 through 1991, most notably as a member of the Cincinnati Reds dynasty that won three division titles and two World Series championships between 1973 and 1976. He also played for the New York Yankees, Atlanta Braves and the Seattle Mariners.
2. Eddie Hazel, American guitarist (d. 1992) births
  1. Eddie Hazel
    
    Edward Earl Hazel was an American guitarist and singer in early funk music who played lead guitar with Parliament-Funkadelic. Hazel was a posthumous inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. His ten-minute guitar solo in the Funkadelic song "Maggot Brain" is hailed as "one of the greatest solos of all time on any instrument". In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Hazel at no. 83 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists.
3. Fevzi Çakmak, Turkish field marshal and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1876) deaths
  1. Fevzi Çakmak
    
    Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak was a Turkish field marshal (Mareşal) and politician. He served as the Chief of General Staff from 1918 and 1919 and later the Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire in 1920. He later joined the provisional Government of the Grand National Assembly and became the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of National Defense and later as the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1921 to 1922. He was the second Chief of the General Staff of the provisional Ankara Government and the first Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey.
  2. List of prime ministers of Turkey
    
    The position of Prime Minister of Turkey was established in 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence. The prime minister was the head of the executive branch of the government along with the Cabinet. Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, the office of prime minister was abolished and the President became the head of the executive branch after the 2018 general election.
1949
1. Daniel Mangeas, French banker and sportscaster births
  1. Daniel Mangeas
    
    Daniel Mangeas, is a former baker who was the commentator of the Tour de France and other important cycle races in France and Belgium between 1974 and 2014. During his career he commentated on 200 events a year, and tried to never speak for the rest of the day after races, to preserve his voice.
2. Eric Troyer, American singer-songwriter, keyboardist and guitarist births
  1. Eric Troyer
    
    Eric Lee Troyer is an American keyboardist, singer, songwriter, and occasional guitarist, best known as a member of ELO Part II and its successor The Orchestra. Troyer was a founding member of ELO Part II, having been recruited by band leader Bev Bevan in 1988. He wrote a substantial quantity of the material on ELO Part II's three albums: Electric Light Orchestra Part Two; Moment of Truth; and One Night, a live album recorded in Australia. He also wrote a large amount of The Orchestra's album No Rewind.
1948
1. Mel Blount, American football player births
  1. Mel Blount
    
    Melvin Cornell Blount is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. A five-time Pro Bowler, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989.
1947
1. David A. Adler, American author and educator births
  1. David A. Adler
    
    David Abraham Adler is an American writer of 265 books for children and young adults, most notably the Cam Jansen mystery series, the "Picture Book of..." series, and several acclaimed works about the Holocaust for young readers.
2. Bunny Wailer, Jamaican singer-songwriter and drummer (d. 2021) births
  1. Bunny Wailer
    
    Neville O'Riley Livingston, known professionally as Bunny Wailer, was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and percussionist. He was an original member of reggae group The Wailers along with Bob Marley and Peter Tosh. A three-time Grammy Award winner, he is considered one of the longtime standard-bearers of reggae music. He was also known as Jah B, Bunny O'Riley, and Bunny Livingston.
3. Charles Nordhoff, English-American lieutenant and author (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Charles Nordhoff
    
    Charles Bernard Nordhoff was an American novelist and traveler, born in England. Nordhoff is perhaps best known for The Bounty Trilogy, three historical novels he wrote with James Norman Hall: Mutiny on the Bounty (1932), Men Against the Sea (1934) and Pitcairn's Island (1934). During World War I, he served as a driver in the Ambulance Corps as well as an aviator in both the French Air Force's Lafayette Flying Corps and the United States Army Air Service, reaching the rank of lieutenant. After the war, Nordhoff spent much of his life on the island of Tahiti, where he and Hall wrote a number of successful adventure books, many adapted for film.
1946
1. David Angell, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2001) births
  1. David Angell
    
    David Lawrence Angell was an American screenwriter and television producer. He won multiple Emmy Awards as the creator and executive producer of the Cheers spin-off shows Wings and Frasier with Peter Casey and David Lee. Angell and his wife Lynn were killed heading home from their vacation on Cape Cod aboard American Airlines Flight 11, the first plane to hit the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks.
2. Bob Watson, American baseball player and manager (d. 2020) births
  1. Bob Watson
    
    Robert José Watson was an American professional baseball player, coach and general manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a first baseman and left fielder from 1966 to 1984, most prominently as a member of the Houston Astros where he was a two-time All-Star player. Watson had a .295 batting average over a career that also saw him play for the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and the Atlanta Braves.
3. Adolf Winkelmann, German director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Adolf Winkelmann (film director)
    
    Adolf Winkelmann is a German film director, film producer and screenwriter. He is also a professor of film design in the department of design at the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts.
1945
1. Kevin Berry, Australian swimmer (d. 2006) births
  1. Kevin Berry
    
    Kevin John Berry, OAM, was an Australian butterfly swimmer of the 1960s who won the gold medal in the 200-metre butterfly at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. He set twelve world records in his career.
2. Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman, Dutch printer and typographer (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman
    
    Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman was an experimental Dutch artist, typographer, and printer. He set up a clandestine printing house during the Nazi occupation (1940–1945) and was shot by the Gestapo in the closing days of the war.
1943
1. Andrzej Badeński, Polish-German sprinter (d. 2008) births
  1. Andrzej Badeński
    
    Andrzej Stanisław Badeński was a Polish sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres. He won a bronze medal in that event at the 1964 Summer Olympics, and won the gold medal in that event at the European Indoor Championships in 1968 and in 1971.
2. Margaret Pemberton, English author births
  1. Margaret Pemberton
    
    Margaret Pemberton is a British writer of women's fiction since 1975. Beside her married name Margaret Pemberton, her writings have been published under her maiden name Maggie Hudson and the pseudonyms Carris Carlisle, Christina Harland, and Rebecca Dean.
3. Andreas Faehlmann, Estonian-German sailor and engineer (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Andreas Faehlmann
    
    Andreas Faehlmann was an Estonian aviation engineer and sailor who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Vladivostok, Russian Empire, and died in Bremen, Germany. In 1928 he was a crew member of the Estonian boat Tutti V, which won the bronze medal in the 6 metre class. His older brother Georg was also a crew member. His great grand uncle was the notable Estonian philologist and physician Friedrich Robert Faehlmann.
1942
1. Nick Auf der Maur, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1998) births
  1. Nick Auf der Maur
    
    Nick Erik Auf der Maur was a Canadian journalist, politician and "man about town" boulevardier in Montreal, Quebec. He was also the father of rock musician Melissa Auf der Maur, through his marriage to Linda Gaboriau.
2. Ian Callaghan, English footballer births
  1. Ian Callaghan
    
    Ian Robert Callaghan MBE is an English retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He holds the record for most appearances for Liverpool. He was made an MBE in the 1975 New Year Honours.
3. Stuart Dybek, American novelist, short story writer, and poet births
  1. Stuart Dybek
    
    Stuart Dybek is an American writer of fiction and poetry.
4. Carl Schenstrøm, Danish actor and director (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Carl Schenstrøm
    
    Karl Georg Harald Schenstrøm was a Danish stage and film actor of the silent era in Denmark. He worked under directors such as August Blom and Lau Lauritzen Sr.
1941
1. Chrysostomos II of Cyprus, (d. 2022) births
  1. Chrysostomos II of Cyprus
    
    Chrysostomos II, born Irodotos Dimitriou, was the Archbishop of Cyprus.
2. Harold Long, Canadian politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Harold Long
    
    Harold Long was a politician in British Columbia (BC), Canada.
3. Paul Theroux, American novelist, short story writer, and travel writer births
  1. Paul Theroux
    
    Paul Edward Theroux is an American novelist and travel writer who has written numerous books, including the travelogue, The Great Railway Bazaar (1975). Some of his works of fiction have been adapted as feature films. He was awarded the 1981 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel The Mosquito Coast, which was adapted for the 1986 movie of the same name and the 2021 television series of the same name.
1940
1. Gloria Hunniford, British radio and television host births
  1. Gloria Hunniford
    
    Mary Winifred Gloria Hunniford, OBE is a Northern Irish television and radio presenter, broadcaster and singer. She is known for presenting programmes on the BBC and ITV, such as Rip Off Britain, and her regular appearances as a panellist on Loose Women. She has been a regular reporter on This Morning and The One Show. She also had a singing career between the 1960s and 1980s.
1939
1. Claudio Magris, Italian scholar, author, and translator births
  1. Claudio Magris
    
    Claudio Magris is an Italian scholar, translator and writer. He was a senator for Friuli-Venezia Giulia from 1994 to 1996.
1938
1. Don Meredith, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2010) births
  1. Don Meredith
    
    Joseph "Dandy" Don Meredith was an American football quarterback, sports commentator, and actor. He spent all nine seasons of his professional playing career (1960–1968) with the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League(NFL). He was named to the Pro Bowl in each of his last three years as a player. He subsequently became a color analyst for NFL telecasts from 1970 to 1984. As an original member of the Monday Night Football broadcast team, he famously played the role of Howard Cosell's comic foil. Meredith was also an actor who appeared in a dozen films and seven major television shows, some of which had him as the main starring actor. He is probably familiar to television audiences as Bert Jameson, a recurring role he had in Police Story.
2. King Oliver, American cornet player and bandleader (b. 1885) deaths
  1. King Oliver
    
    Joseph Nathan "King" Oliver was an American jazz cornet player and bandleader. He was particularly recognized for his playing style and his pioneering use of mutes in jazz. Also a notable composer, he wrote many tunes still played today, including "Dippermouth Blues", "Sweet Like This", "Canal Street Blues", and "Doctor Jazz". He was the mentor and teacher of Louis Armstrong. His influence was such that Armstrong claimed, "if it had not been for Joe Oliver, Jazz would not be what it is today."
1937
1. Bella Akhmadulina, Soviet and Russian poet, short story writer, and translator (d. 2010) births
  1. Bella Akhmadulina
    
    Izabella Akhatovna Akhmadulina was a Soviet and Russian poet, short story writer, and translator, known for her apolitical writing stance. She was part of the Russian New Wave literary movement. She was cited by Joseph Brodsky as the best living poet in the Russian language. She is known in Russia as "the voice of the epoch".
1936
1. John A. Bennett, American soldier (d. 1961) births
  1. John A. Bennett
    
    John Arthur Bennett was a U.S. Army soldier who remains the last person to be executed after a court-martial by the United States Armed Forces. The 19-year-old private was convicted of the rape and attempted murder of an 11-year-old girl in Austria. Despite last minute appeals for clemency and pleas to President John F. Kennedy by the victim and her family to spare his life, Kennedy refused; Bennett was hanged at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1961.
2. John Howell, English long jumper births
  1. John Howell (athlete)
    
    John David Howell is a former British long jumper.
3. John Madden, American football player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 2021) births
  1. John Madden
    
    John Earl Madden was an American football player, coach and sports commentator in the National Football League (NFL). He served as the head coach of the Oakland Raiders from 1969 to 1978, which he led to eight playoff appearances, seven division titles, seven AFL / AFC Championship Game appearances, and the franchise's first Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XI. Never having a losing season, Madden holds the highest winning percentage among NFL head coaches who coached 100 games.
4. Bobby Smith, American singer (d. 2013) births
  1. Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)
    
    Robert Steel Smith, professionally known as Bobby Smith, also spelled Bobbie, was an American R&B singer notable as the principal lead singer of the classic Motown/Philly group, The Spinners, throughout its history. The group was formed circa 1954 at Ferndale High School in Ferndale, Michigan, just north of the Detroit border. The group had their first record deal when they signed with Tri-Phi Records in early 1961.
1935
1. Patrick Garland, English actor and director (d. 2013) births
  1. Patrick Garland
    
    Patrick Ewart Garland was a British director, writer and actor.
2. Peter Hollingworth, Australian bishop, 23rd Governor General of Australia births
  1. Peter Hollingworth
    
    Peter John Hollingworth is an Australian retired Anglican bishop. Engaged in social work for several decades, he served as the archbishop of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane in Queensland for 11 years from 1989 and was the 1991 Australian of the Year. He served as the 23rd governor-general of Australia from 2001 until 2003. He is also an author and recipient of various civil and ecclesiastical honours. In May 2003 Hollingworth became the third Australian governor-general to resign, after criticisms were aired over his conduct as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane in the 1990s.
  2. Governor-General of Australia
    
    The governor-general of Australia is the representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in Australia. The governor-general is appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of government ministers. The governor-general has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is commander-in-chief of the Australian Defence Force. The functions of the governor-general include appointing ministers, judges, and ambassadors; giving royal assent to legislation passed by parliament; issuing writs for election; and bestowing Australian honours.
3. Christos Yannaras, Greek philosopher, theologian and author births
  1. Christos Yannaras
    
    Christos Yannaras is a Greek philosopher, Eastern Orthodox theologian and author of more than 50 books which have been translated into many languages. He is a professor emeritus of philosophy at the Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens.
4. Rosa Campbell Praed, Australian novelist (b. 1851) deaths
  1. Rosa Campbell Praed
    
    Rosa Campbell Praed, often credited as Mrs. Campbell Praed, was an Australian novelist in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Her large bibliography covered multiple genres, and books for children as well as adults. She has been described as the first Australian novelist to achieve a significant international reputation.
1934
1. David Halberstam, American journalist and author (d. 2007) births
  1. David Halberstam
    
    David Halberstam was an American writer, journalist, and historian, known for his work on the Vietnam War, politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, Korean War, and later, sports journalism. He won a Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1964. Halberstam was killed in a car crash in 2007, while doing research for a book.
1933
1. Rokusuke Ei, Japanese composer and author (d. 2016) births
  1. Rokusuke Ei
    
    Rokusuke Ei was a Japanese lyricist, composer, author, essayist, and television personality of Chinese descent.
2. Helen McElhone, Scottish politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Helen McElhone
    
    Helen Margaret McElhone was a Scottish politician. She worked together with her husband, Frank McElhone, during his time as a Member of Parliament (MP) representing Glasgow from 1969. After his sudden death, McElhone was elected as his successor; but within six months her Glasgow Queen's Park constituency was abolished in boundary changes and she lost out to a neighbouring MP in the selection for a new seat. She continued her political activity after leaving Parliament.
1932
1. Delphine Seyrig, Swiss/Alsatian French actress (d. 1990) births
  1. Delphine Seyrig
    
    Delphine Claire Beltiane Seyrig was a Lebanese-born French actress and film director.
  2. Swiss people
    
    The Swiss people are the citizens of Switzerland or people of Swiss ancestry.
  3. List of Alsatians and Lotharingians
    
    This is an incomplete list of well-known Alsatians and Lorrainians. Alsatian culture is characterized by a blend of German and French influences.
2. Omar Sharif, Egyptian actor and screenwriter (d. 2015) births
  1. Omar Sharif
    
    Omar Sharif was an Egyptian actor, generally regarded as one of his country's greatest male film stars. He began his career in his native country in the 1950s, but is best known for his appearances in British, American, French, and Italian productions. His career encompassed over 100 films spanning 50 years, and brought him many accolades including three Golden Globe Awards and a César Award for Best Actor.
1931
1. Kishori Amonkar, Indian classical vocalist (d. 2017) births
  1. Kishori Amonkar
    
    Kishori Amonkar was a leading Indian classical vocalist, belonging to the Jaipur gharana, or a community of musicians sharing a distinctive musical style.
2. Kahlil Gibran, Lebanese-American poet, painter, and philosopher (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Kahlil Gibran
    
    Gibran Khalil Gibran, usually referred to in English as Kahlil Gibran, was a Lebanese-American writer, poet and visual artist, also considered a philosopher although he himself rejected the title. He is best known as the author of The Prophet, which was first published in the United States in 1923 and has since become one of the best-selling books of all time, having been translated into more than 100 languages.
1930
1. Claude Bolling, French pianist, composer, and actor (d. 2020) births
  1. Claude Bolling
    
    Claude Bolling was a French jazz pianist, composer, arranger, and occasional actor.
2. Dolores Huerta, American activist, co-founded the United Farm Workers births
  1. Dolores Huerta
    
    Dolores Clara Fernández Huerta is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, which later merged with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee to become the United Farm Workers (UFW). Huerta helped organize the Delano grape strike in 1965 in California and was the lead negotiator in the workers' contract that was created after the strike.
  2. United Farm Workers
    
    The United Farm Workers of America, or more commonly just United Farm Workers (UFW), is a labor union for farmworkers in the United States. It originated from the merger of two workers' rights organizations, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta. They became allied and transformed from workers' rights organizations into a union as a result of a series of strikes in 1965, when the mostly Filipino farmworkers of the AWOC in Delano, California, initiated a grape strike, and the NFWA went on strike in support. As a result of the commonality in goals and methods, the NFWA and the AWOC formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee on August 22, 1966. This organization was accepted into the AFL–CIO in 1972 and changed its name to the United Farm Workers Union.
3. Spede Pasanen, Finnish film director and producer, comedian, and inventor (d. 2001) births
  1. Spede Pasanen
    
    Pertti Olavi "Spede" Pasanen was a Finnish film director and producer, comedian, and inventor. During his career he directed, wrote, produced or acted in about 50 movies and participated in numerous TV productions, including the comedy Spede Show and the game-show Speden Spelit. Much of his more commercial work was in collaboration with Vesa-Matti Loiri and Simo Salminen. Pasanen's films and TV shows, often made quickly and on a low budget, usually received little critical recognition but were popular among Finnish audiences from the 1960s onwards. He was the owner of his own film production company, Filmituotanto Spede Pasanen Ky.
1929
1. Mike Hawthorn, English race car driver (d. 1959) births
  1. Mike Hawthorn
    
    John Michael Hawthorn was a British racing driver. He became the United Kingdom's first Formula One World Champion driver in 1958, whereupon he announced his retirement, having been profoundly affected by the death of his teammate and friend Peter Collins two months earlier in the 1958 German Grand Prix. Hawthorn also won the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans, but was haunted by his involvement in the disastrous crash that marred the race. Hawthorn died in a road accident three months after retiring. With a total of three career World Championship Grand Prix wins Hawthorn has the lowest number of Grand Prix wins scored by any Formula One World Champion.
2. Liz Sheridan, American actress (d. 2022) births
  1. Liz Sheridan
    
    Elizabeth Ann Sheridan was an American actress. While best known for her roles as Jerry's mother, Helen, in Seinfeld and the nosy neighbor, Mrs. Ochmonek, on sitcom ALF, her decades-long career was extensive and included work on the stage and on large and small screens.
3. Max von Sydow, Swedish-French actor (d. 2020) births
  1. Max von Sydow
    
    Max von Sydow was a Swedish-French actor. He had a 70-year career in European and American cinema, television, and theatre, appearing in more than 150 films and several television series in multiple languages. He became a French citizen in 2002 and lived in France for the last two decades of his life.
1927
1. Norma Candal, Puerto Rican actress (d. 2006) births
  1. Norma Candal
    
    Norma Daniela Candal Penedo, was a Puerto Rican actress and comedian who was best known for her role as Petunia on La criada malcriada.
2. Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American biochemist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) births
  1. Marshall Warren Nirenberg
    
    Marshall Warren Nirenberg was an American biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for "breaking the genetic code" and describing how it operates in protein synthesis. In the same year, together with Har Gobind Khorana, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1926
1. Jacques Castérède, French pianist and composer (d. 2014) births
  1. Jacques Castérède
    
    Jacques Castérède was a French composer and pianist.
2. Junior Samples, American comedian (d. 1983) births
  1. Junior Samples
    
    Junior Samples, born Alvin Samples Jr. was an American comedian best known for his 14-year run as a cast member of the television show Hee Haw.
1925
1. Angelo Poffo, American wrestler and promoter (d. 2010) births
  1. Angelo Poffo
    
    Angelo John Poffo was an American professional wrestler and wrestling promoter. He ran International Championship Wrestling for a number of years, holding cards in Tennessee, Kentucky and Arkansas. He was the father of "Macho Man" Randy Savage and "The Genius" Lanny Poffo.
1924
1. Kenneth Noland, American soldier and painter (d. 2010) births
  1. Kenneth Noland
    
    Kenneth Noland was an American painter. He was one of the best-known American color field painters, although in the 1950s he was thought of as an abstract expressionist and in the early 1960s he was thought of as a minimalist painter. Noland helped establish the Washington Color School movement. In 1977, he was honored by a major retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York that then traveled to the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C. and Ohio's Toledo Museum of Art in 1978. In 2006, Noland's Stripe Paintings were exhibited at the Tate in London.
1923
1. Roger Gaillard, Haitian historian and author (d. 2000) births
  1. Roger Gaillard (historian)
    
    Roger Gaillard was a Haitian historian and novelist. Born in Port-au-Prince, Gaillard earned a philosophy degree at the University of Paris in France. He is best known for his multiple-volume chronicle of the United States' occupation of Haiti.
2. Jane Kean, American actress and singer (d. 2013) births
  1. Jane Kean
    
    Jane Kean was an American actress and singer whose career in show business spanned seven decades and included appearing in nightclubs, on recordings, and in radio, television, Broadway and films. Among her most famous roles were as Trixie Norton on The Jackie Gleason Show, and as the voice of Belle in the perennial favorite Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol.
3. Floyd Simmons, American decathlete and actor (d. 2008) births
  1. Floyd Simmons
    
    Floyd Macon Simmons was an American athlete and actor who competed mainly in the decathlon. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina.
4. Sid Tickridge, English footballer (d. 1997) births
  1. Sid Tickridge
    
    Sid Tickridge was a professional footballer who played for Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea, Brentford and represented England at schoolboy level.
5. John Watkins, South African cricketer (d. 2021) births
  1. John Watkins (South African cricketer)
    
    John Cecil Watkins was a South African cricketer who played in 15 Test matches for South Africa between 1949 and 1957. At the time of his death aged 98, Watkins was the oldest living Test cricketer and the last surviving member of the side that toured Australasia in 1952–53.
1921
1. Chuck Connors, American baseball player and actor (d. 1992) births
  1. Chuck Connors
    
    Kevin Joseph Aloysius "Chuck" Connors was an American actor, writer, and professional basketball and baseball player. He is one of only 13 athletes in the history of American professional sports to have played in both Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association. With a 40-year film and television career, he is best known for his five-year role as Lucas McCain in the highly rated ABC series The Rifleman (1958–63).
2. Jake Warren, Canadian soldier and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to the United States (d. 2008) births
  1. Jake Warren
    
    Jack Hamilton (Jake) Warren, OC was a diplomat, civil servant and banker. Jake Warren began his career with External Affairs in 1945 after serving in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II, but served in civil service posts from the late 1950s to early 1970s:Canadian representative to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1960–64 Deputy Minister, Department of Trade and Commerce 1958-60 and 1964–71
  2. List of ambassadors of Canada to the United States
    
    This is a list of ambassadors of Canada to the United States, formally titled as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States of America for Her [His] Majesty's Government in Canada. Originally, Canada's top diplomatic representative to the U.S. had the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. The title was promoted to the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in 1943, during the period when Leighton McCarthy had the post.
3. Sheb Wooley, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2003) births
  1. Sheb Wooley
    
    Shelby Fredrick "Sheb" Wooley was an American singer, songwriter, actor and comedian. He recorded a series of novelty songs including the 1958 hit rock and roll comedy single "The Purple People Eater" and under the name Ben Colder the country hit "Almost Persuaded No. 2". As an actor, he portrayed Cletus Summers, the principal of Hickory High School & assistant coach in the 1986 film Hoosiers; Ben Miller, brother of Frank Miller in the film High Noon; Travis Cobb in The Outlaw Josey Wales, and also had a co-starring role as scout Pete Nolan in the television series Rawhide. Wooley is also credited as the voice actor who provided the Wilhelm scream and all of the other stock sound effects for Thomas J. Valentino's Major Records during the 1940s.
1920
1. Moritz Cantor, German mathematician and historian (b. 1829) deaths
  1. Moritz Cantor
    
    Moritz Benedikt Cantor was a German historian of mathematics.
1919
1. John Houbolt, American engineer and academic (d. 2014) births
  1. John Houbolt
    
    John Cornelius Houbolt was an aerospace engineer credited with leading the team behind the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) mission mode, a concept that was used to successfully land humans on the Moon and return them to Earth. This flight path was chosen for the Apollo program in July 1962. The critical decision to use LOR was viewed as vital to ensuring that man reached the Moon by the end of the decade as proposed by President John F. Kennedy. In the process, LOR saved time and billions of dollars by efficiently using the rocket and spacecraft technologies.
2. Emiliano Zapata, Mexican general (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Emiliano Zapata
    
    Emiliano Zapata Salazar was a Mexican revolutionary. He was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920, the main leader of the people's revolution in the Mexican state of Morelos, and the inspiration of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo.
1917
1. Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri, Indian politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri
    
    Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri was an Indian politician. He was the oldest surviving member of the founding Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
2. Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) births
  1. Robert Burns Woodward
    
    Robert Burns Woodward was an American organic chemist. He is considered by many to be the most preeminent synthetic organic chemist of the twentieth century, having made many key contributions to the subject, especially in the synthesis of complex natural products and the determination of their molecular structure. He also worked closely with Roald Hoffmann on theoretical studies of chemical reactions. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1965.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1916
1. Lee Jung-seob, Korean painter (d. 1956) births
  1. Lee Jung-seob
    
    Lee Jung Seob was a Korean artist, most known for his oil paintings such as "White Ox".
1915
1. Harry Morgan, American actor and director (d. 2011) births
  1. Harry Morgan
    
    Harry Morgan was an American actor and director whose television and film career spanned six decades. Morgan's major roles included Pete Porter in both December Bride (1954–1959) and Pete and Gladys (1960–1962); Officer Bill Gannon on Dragnet (1967–1970); Amos Coogan on Hec Ramsey (1972–1974); and his starring role as Colonel Sherman T. Potter in M*A*S*H (1975–1983) and AfterMASH (1983–1985). Morgan also appeared in more than 100 films.
2. Leo Vroman, Dutch-American hematologist, poet, and illustrator (d. 2014) births
  1. Leo Vroman
    
    Leo Vroman was a Dutch-American hematologist, a prolific poet mainly in Dutch and an illustrator.
1914
1. Jack Badcock, Australian cricketer (d. 1982) births
  1. Jack Badcock
    
    Clayvel Lindsay "Jack" Badcock was an Australian cricketer who played in seven Tests from 1936 to 1938.
1913
1. Stefan Heym, German-American soldier and author (d. 2001) births
  1. Stefan Heym
    
    Helmut Flieg or Hellmuth Fliegel was a German writer, known by his pseudonym Stefan Heym. He lived in the United States and trained at Camp Ritchie, making him one of the Ritchie Boys of World War II. In 1952, he returned to his home to the part of his native Germany which was, from 1949 to 1990, the German Democratic Republic. He published works in English and German at home and abroad, and despite longstanding criticism of the GDR remained a committed socialist. He was awarded the 1953 Heinrich Mann Prize, the 1959 National Prize of East Germany, and the 1993 Jerusalem Prize.
1912
1. Boris Kidrič, Austrian-Slovenian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 1953) births
  1. Boris Kidrič
    
    Boris Kidrič was a Slovene politician and revolutionary who was one of the chief organizers of the Slovene Partisans, the Slovene resistance against occupation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy after Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. He became the de facto leader of the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People. As such, he had a crucial role in the anti-Fascist liberation struggle in Slovenia between 1941 and 1945. After World War II he was, together with Edvard Kardelj, a leading Slovenian politician in communist Yugoslavia.
  2. Prime Minister of Slovenia
    
    The prime minister of Slovenia, officially the president of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, is the head of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia. There have been nine officeholders since the country gained parliamentary democracy in 1989 and independence in 1991.
1911
1. Martin Denny, American pianist and composer (d. 2005) births
  1. Martin Denny
    
    Martin Denny was an American pianist and composer best known as the "father of exotica." In a long career that saw him performing up to 3 weeks prior to his death. He toured the world popularizing his brand of lounge music which included exotic percussion, imaginative rearrangements of popular songs, and original songs that celebrated Tiki culture.
2. Maurice Schumann, French journalist and politician, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs for France (d. 1998) births
  1. Maurice Schumann
    
    Maurice Schumann was a French politician, journalist, writer, and hero of the Second World War who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Georges Pompidou from 22 June 1969 to 15 March 1973. Schumann was a member of the Christian democratic Popular Republican Movement.
  2. Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)
    
    The Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs is the ministry of the Government of France that handles France's foreign relations. Since 1855, its headquarters have been located at 37 Quai d'Orsay, close to the National Assembly. The term Quai d'Orsay is often used as a metonym for the ministry. Its cabinet minister, the Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs is responsible for the foreign relations of France. The current officeholder, Catherine Colonna, was appointed in 2022.
1910
1. Margaret Clapp, American scholar and academic (d. 1974) births
  1. Margaret Clapp
    
    Margaret Antoinette Clapp was an American scholar, educator and Pulitzer Prize winner. She was the president of Wellesley College from 1949-1966.
2. Helenio Herrera, Argentinian footballer and manager (d. 1997) births
  1. Helenio Herrera
    
    Helenio Herrera Gavilán was an Argentine, naturalized French, football player and manager. He is best remembered for his success with the Inter Milan team known as Grande Inter in the 1960s.
3. Paul Sweezy, American economist and publisher, founded the Monthly Review (d. 2004) births
  1. Paul Sweezy
    
    Paul Marlor Sweezy was a Marxist economist, political activist, publisher, and founding editor of the long-running magazine Monthly Review. He is best remembered for his contributions to economic theory as one of the leading Marxian economists of the second half of the 20th century.
  2. Monthly Review
    
    The Monthly Review, established in 1949, is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City. The publication is the longest continuously published socialist magazine in the United States.
1909
1. Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic (b. 1837) deaths
  1. Algernon Charles Swinburne
    
    Algernon Charles Swinburne was an English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic. He wrote several novels and collections of poetry such as Poems and Ballads, and contributed to the famous Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
1906
1. Steve Anderson, American hurdler (d. 1988) births
  1. Steve Anderson (hurdler)
    
    Stephen Eugene Anderson was an American track and field athlete who competed mainly in the 110 meter hurdles.
1903
1. Patroklos Karantinos, Greek architect (d. 1976) births
  1. Patroklos Karantinos
    
    Patroklos Karantinos was a Greek architect of early modernism in Greece. He was born in Constantinople and died in Athens.
2. Clare Turlay Newberry, American author and illustrator (d. 1970) births
  1. Clare Turlay Newberry
    
    Clare Turlay Newberry was an American writer and illustrator of 17 published children's books, who achieved fame for her drawings of cats, the subject of all but three of her books. Four of her works were named Caldecott Honor Books.
1901
1. Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil, Indian economist (d. 1971) births
  1. Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil
    
    Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil, also known as D. R. Gadgil, was an Indian economist, institution builder and the vice-chairman of the Planning Commission of India. He was the founder Director of the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune and the author of the Gadgil formula, which served as the base for the allocation of central assistance to states during the Fourth and Fifth Five Year Plans of India. He is credited with contributions towards the development of Farmers' Cooperative movement in Maharashtra. The Government of India recognised his services by issuing a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in 2008.
1900
1. Arnold Orville Beckman, American chemist, inventor, and philanthropist (d. 2004) births
  1. Arnold Beckman
    
    Arnold Orville Beckman was an American chemist, inventor, investor, and philanthropist. While a professor at California Institute of Technology, he founded Beckman Instruments based on his 1934 invention of the pH meter, a device for measuring acidity, later considered to have "revolutionized the study of chemistry and biology". He also developed the DU spectrophotometer, "probably the most important instrument ever developed towards the advancement of bioscience". Beckman funded the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, the first silicon transistor company in California, thus giving rise to Silicon Valley. After retirement, he and his wife Mabel (1900–1989) were numbered among the top philanthropists in the United States.
1897
1. Prafulla Chandra Sen, Indian accountant and politician, 3rd Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1990) births
  1. Prafulla Chandra Sen
    
    Prafulla Chandra Sen was an Indian politician and freedom fighter. He was the Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1962 to 1967.
  2. List of chief ministers of West Bengal
    
    The Chief Minister of West Bengal is the representative of the Government of India in the state of West Bengal and the head of the executive branch of the Government of West Bengal. The chief minister is head of the Council of Ministers and appoints ministers. The chief minister, along with their cabinet, exercises executive authority in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly.
1894
1. Ben Nicholson, British painter (d. 1982) births
  1. Ben Nicholson
    
    Benjamin Lauder Nicholson, OM was an English painter of abstract compositions, landscape and still-life.
1893
1. Otto Steinböck, Austrian zoologist (d. 1969) births
  1. Otto Steinböck
    
    Otto Steinböck was an Austrian zoologist.
1891
1. Frank Barson, English footballer and coach (d. 1968) births
  1. Frank Barson
    
    Frank Barson was an English footballer from Grimesthorpe who played for several English football clubs including Barnsley, Manchester United, Aston Villa and Watford. He had a reputation for aggressive play, and is regarded as one of the "hard men" of English football.
1889
1. Louis Rougier, French philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1982) births
  1. Louis Rougier
    
    Louis Auguste Paul Rougier was a French philosopher. Rougier made many important contributions to epistemology, philosophy of science, political philosophy and the history of Christianity.
2. William Crichton, Scottish engineer and shipbuilder (b. 1827) deaths
  1. William Crichton (engineer)
    
    William Crichton was a Scottish engineer and shipbuilder who spent most of his career in Turku, located in the Grand Duchy of Finland.
1887
1. Bernardo Houssay, Argentinian physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) births
  1. Bernardo Houssay
    
    Bernardo Alberto Houssay was an Argentine physiologist. Houssay was a co-recipient of the 1947 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering the role played by pituitary hormones in regulating the amount of glucose in animals, sharing the prize with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori. He is the first Argentine Nobel laureate in the sciences.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1886
1. Johnny Hayes, American runner and trainer (d. 1965) births
  1. Johnny Hayes
    
    John Joseph Hayes was an American athlete, a member of the Irish American Athletic Club, and winner of the marathon race at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Hayes' Olympic victory contributed to the early growth of long-distance running and marathoning in the United States. He was also the first man to win a marathon at the now official standard distance of 26 miles 385 yards when Olympic officials lengthened the distance to put the finish line in front of the Royal Box.
1880
1. Frances Perkins, American sociologist, academic, and politician, United States Secretary of Labor (d. 1965) births
  1. Frances Perkins
    
    Frances Perkins was an American workers-rights advocate who served as the 4th United States secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in that position. A member of the Democratic Party, Perkins was the first woman ever to serve in a presidential cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her longtime friend, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped make labor issues important in the emerging New Deal coalition. She was one of two Roosevelt cabinet members to remain in office for his entire presidency.
  2. United States Secretary of Labor
    
    The United States secretary of labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and as the head of the United States Department of Labor, controls the department, and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.
2. Montague Summers, English clergyman and author (d. 1948) births
  1. Montague Summers
    
    Augustus Montague Summers was an English author, clergyman, and teacher. He initially prepared for a career in the Church of England at Oxford and Lichfield, and was ordained as an Anglican deacon in 1908. He then converted to Roman Catholicism and began styling himself as a Catholic priest. He was, however, never affiliated with any Catholic diocese or religious order, and it is doubtful that he was ever actually ordained to the priesthood. He was employed as a teacher of English and Latin while independently pursuing scholarly work on the English drama of the 17th century. The latter earned him election to the Royal Society of Literature in 1916.
1879
1. Bernhard Gregory, Estonian-German chess player (d. 1939) births
  1. Bernhard Gregory
    
    Bernhard Gregory was a Baltic German chess master.
2. Coenraad Hiebendaal, Dutch rower and physician (d. 1921) births
  1. Coenraad Hiebendaal
    
    Coenraad Christiaan Hiebendaal was a Dutch rower who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Dutch boat Minerva Amsterdam, which won the silver medal in the coxed fours final B. Coenraad Hiebendaal studied at the University of Amsterdam. Later in his life he became a physician.
1877
1. Alfred Kubin, Austrian author and illustrator (d. 1959) births
  1. Alfred Kubin
    
    Alfred Leopold Isidor Kubin was an Austrian printmaker, illustrator, and occasional writer. Kubin is considered an important representative of Symbolism and Expressionism.
1875
1. George Clawley, English footballer (d. 1920) births
  1. George Clawley
    
    George Clawley was an English professional goalkeeper who played for Stoke, Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was the goalkeeper for the Spurs side that won the 1901 FA Cup Final.
1873
1. Kyösti Kallio, Finnish farmer, banker, and politician, 4th President of Finland (d. 1940) births
  1. Kyösti Kallio
    
    Kyösti Kallio was a Finnish politician of the Agrarian League who served as the fourth president of Finland from 1937–1940; his presidency included leading the country through the Winter War. He was the first President of Finland to resign and the only president to die in office. Kallio was also the only president of Finland who did not have an academic or similar degree.
  2. President of Finland
    
    The president of the Republic of Finland is the head of state of Finland. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the Finnish Government and the president, with the latter possessing only residual powers. The president is directly elected by universal suffrage for a term of six years. Since 1994, no president may be elected for more than two consecutive terms. The president must be a natural-born Finnish citizen. The presidential office was established in the Constitution Act of 1919. The incumbent president is Sauli Niinistö. He was elected for the first time in 2012 and was re-elected in 2018.
1871
1. Lucio Norberto Mansilla, Argentinian general and politician (b. 1789) deaths
  1. Lucio Norberto Mansilla
    
    Lucio Norberto Mansilla was an Argentine soldier and politician. He was the first governor of the Entre Ríos Province and fought in the battle of Vuelta de Obligado.
1868
1. George Arliss, English actor and playwright (d. 1946) births
  1. George Arliss
    
    George Arliss was an English actor, author, playwright, and filmmaker who found success in the United States. He was the first British actor to win an Academy Award – which he won for his performance as Victorian-era British prime minister Benjamin Disraeli in Disraeli (1929) – as well as the earliest-born actor to win the honour. He specialized in successful biopics, such as Disraeli, Voltaire (1933), and Cardinal Richelieu (1935), as well as light comedies, which included The Millionaire (1931) and A Successful Calamity (1932).
2. Asriel Günzig, Moravian rabbi (d. 1931) births
  1. Asriel Günzig
    
    Asriel Günzig (also known as Azriel Günzig, Ezriel Günzig, Israel Günzig, Izrael Günzig, or J. Günzig; 10 April 1868, Kraków – 1931, Antwerp) was a rabbi, scholar, bookseller, editor and writer. He served as the rabbi of Loštice, Moravia, from 1899 until 1920.
1867
1. George William Russell, Irish author, poet, and painter (d. 1935) births
  1. George William Russell
    
    George William Russell, who wrote with the pseudonym Æ, was an Irish writer, editor, critic, poet, painter and Irish nationalist. He was also a writer on mysticism, and a central figure in the group of devotees of theosophy which met in Dublin for many years.
1865
1. Jack Miner, American-Canadian farmer, hunter, and environmentalist (d. 1944) births
  1. Jack Miner
    
    John Thomas Miner, OBE, or "Wild Goose Jack," was a Canadian conservationist called by some the "father" of North American conservationism.
1864
1. Eugen d'Albert, Scottish-German pianist and composer (d. 1932) births
  1. Eugen d'Albert
    
    Eugen Francis Charles d'Albert was a Scottish-born pianist and composer.
1847
1. Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian-American journalist, publisher, and politician, founded Pulitzer, Inc. (d. 1911) births
  1. Joseph Pulitzer
    
    Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian-American politician and newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York.
  2. Pulitzer, Inc.
    
    Pulitzer, Inc. owned newspapers, television stations and radio stations across the United States. Founded by Joseph Pulitzer, its papers included the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, the Arizona Daily Star (Tucson), and Chicago's Daily Southtown and Lerner Newspapers chain.
1829
1. William Booth, English minister, founded The Salvation Army (d. 1912) births
  1. William Booth
    
    William Booth was an English Methodist preacher who, along with his wife, Catherine, founded the Salvation Army and became its first "General" (1878–1912). His 1890 book In Darkest England and The Way Out outlining The Salvation Army social campaign became a best-seller. The fundamentalist Christian evangelical movement, with a quasi-military structure and government as founded in 1865, then spread from London, England, to many parts of the world and is known today as one of the largest distributors of humanitarian aid.
  2. The Salvation Army
    
    The Salvation Army (TSA) is a Protestant church and an international charitable organisation headquartered in London, England. The organisation reports a worldwide membership of over 1.7 million, comprising soldiers, officers and adherents collectively known as Salvationists. Its founders sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute, and hungry by meeting both their "physical and spiritual needs". It is present in 133 countries, running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless and disaster relief, and humanitarian aid to developing countries.
1827
1. Lew Wallace, American general, lawyer, and politician, 11th Governor of New Mexico Territory (d. 1905) births
  1. Lew Wallace
    
    Lewis Wallace was an American lawyer, Union general in the American Civil War, governor of the New Mexico Territory, politician, diplomat, and author from Indiana. Among his novels and biographies, Wallace is best known for his historical adventure story, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880), a bestselling novel that has been called "the most influential Christian book of the nineteenth century."
  2. List of governors of New Mexico
    
    The following is a list of the governors of the State of New Mexico and Territory of New Mexico.
1823
1. Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Austrian philosopher and academic (b. 1757) deaths
  1. Karl Leonhard Reinhold
    
    Karl Leonhard Reinhold was an Austrian philosopher who helped to popularise the work of Immanuel Kant in the late 18th century. His "elementary philosophy" (Elementarphilosophie) also influenced German idealism, notably Johann Gottlieb Fichte, as a critical system grounded in a fundamental first principle.
1821
1. Gregory V of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1746) deaths
  1. Gregory V of Constantinople
    
    Gregory V was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808, and from 1818 to 1821. He was responsible for much restoration work to the Patriarchal Cathedral of St George, which had been badly damaged by fire in 1738.
1813
1. Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1736) deaths
  1. Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange, also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia, was an Italian mathematician and astronomer, later naturalized French. He made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics.
1806
1. Juliette Drouet, French actress (d. 1883) births
  1. Juliette Drouet
    
    Juliette Drouet, born Julienne Josephine Gauvain, was a French actress. She abandoned her career on the stage after becoming the mistress of Victor Hugo, to whom she acted as a secretary and travelling companion. Juliette accompanied Hugo in his exile to the Channel Islands, and wrote thousands of letters to him throughout her life.
2. Leonidas Polk, Scottish-American general and bishop (d. 1884) births
  1. Leonidas Polk
    
    Lieutenant-General Leonidas Polk was a bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Louisiana and founder of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America, which separated from the Episcopal Church of the United States of America. He was a slaveholding planter in Maury County, Tennessee, and a second cousin of President James K. Polk. He resigned his ecclesiastical position to become a major-general in the Confederate States Army, when he was called "Sewanee's Fighting Bishop". His official portrait at the University of the South depicts him dressed as a bishop with his army uniform hanging nearby. He is often erroneously referred to as "Leonidas K. Polk," but he had no middle name and never signed any documents as such.
3. Horatio Gates, English-American general (b. 1727) deaths
  1. Horatio Gates
    
    Horatio Lloyd Gates was a British-born American army officer who served as a general in the Continental Army during the early years of the Revolutionary War. He took credit for the American victory in the Battles of Saratoga (1777) – a matter of contemporary and historical controversy – and was blamed for the defeat at the Battle of Camden in 1780. Gates has been described as "one of the Revolution's most controversial military figures" because of his role in the Conway Cabal, which attempted to discredit and replace General George Washington; the battle at Saratoga; and his actions during and after his defeat at Camden.
1794
1. Matthew C. Perry, English-Scottish American commander (d. 1858) births
  1. Matthew C. Perry
    
    Matthew Calbraith Perry was a commodore of the United States Navy who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
1786
1. John Byron, English admiral and politician, 24th Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1723) deaths
  1. John Byron
    
    Vice-Admiral John Byron was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer. He earned the nickname "Foul-Weather Jack" in the press because of his frequent encounters with bad weather at sea. As a midshipman, he sailed in the squadron under George Anson on his voyage around the world, though Byron made it only to southern Chile, where his ship was wrecked. He returned to England with the captain of HMS Wager. He was governor of Newfoundland following Hugh Palliser, who left in 1768. He circumnavigated the world as a commodore with his own squadron in 1764–1766. He fought in battles in the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution. He rose to Vice Admiral of the White before his death in 1786.
  2. List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador
    
    The following is a list of the governors, commodore-governors, and lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador. Though the present day office of the lieutenant governor in Newfoundland and Labrador came into being only upon the province's entry into Canadian Confederation in 1949, the post is a continuation from the first governorship of Newfoundland in 1610.
1778
1. William Hazlitt, English essayist and critic (d. 1830) births
  1. William Hazlitt
    
    William Hazlitt was an English essayist, drama and literary critic, painter, social commentator, and philosopher. He is now considered one of the greatest critics and essayists in the history of the English language, placed in the company of Samuel Johnson and George Orwell. He is also acknowledged as the finest art critic of his age. Despite his high standing among historians of literature and art, his work is currently little read and mostly out of print.
1769
1. Jean Lannes, French marshal (d. 1809) births
  1. Jean Lannes
    
    Jean Lannes, 1st Duke of Montebello, Prince of Siewierz, was a French military commander and a Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He was one of Napoleon's most daring and talented generals, and is regarded by many as one of history's greatest military commanders. Napoleon once commented on Lannes: "I found him a pygmy and left him a giant". A personal friend of the emperor, he was allowed to address him with the familiar tu, as opposed to the formal vous.
1762
1. Giovanni Aldini, Italian physicist and academic (d. 1834) births
  1. Giovanni Aldini
    
    Giovanni Aldini was an Italian physician and physicist born in Bologna. He was a brother of the statesman Count Antonio Aldini (1756–1826). He graduated in Physic at University of Bologna in 1782.
1760
1. Jean Lebeuf, French historian and author (b. 1687) deaths
  1. Jean Lebeuf
    
    Jean Lebeuf was a French historian.
1756
1. Giacomo Antonio Perti, Italian composer (b. 1661) deaths
  1. Giacomo Antonio Perti
    
    Giacomo Antonio Perti was an Italian composer of the Baroque era. He was mainly active at Bologna, where he was Maestro di Cappella for sixty years. He was the teacher of Giuseppe Torelli and Giovanni Battista Martini.
1755
1. Samuel Hahnemann, German-French physician and academic (d. 1843) births
  1. Samuel Hahnemann
    
    Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann was a German physician, best known for creating the pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine called homeopathy.
1713
1. John Whitehurst, English geologist and clockmaker (d. 1788) births
  1. John Whitehurst
    
    John Whitehurst FRS, born in Cheshire, England, was a clockmaker and scientist, and made significant early contributions to geology. He was an influential member of the Lunar Society.
1707
1. Michel Corrette, French organist, composer, and author (d. 1795) births
  1. Michel Corrette
    
    Michel Corrette was a French composer, organist and author of musical method books.
1704
1. Benjamin Heath, English scholar and author (d. 1766) births
  1. Benjamin Heath
    
    Benjamin Heath, D.C.L. was an English classical scholar and bibliophile.
2. Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, German cardinal (b. 1629) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg
    
    Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was a German count and later prince of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg in the Holy Roman Empire. He was a clergyman who became bishop of Strasbourg, and was heavily involved in European politics after the Thirty Years' War. He worked for the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne and Louis XIV of France at the same time, and was arrested and tried for treason for convincing the Elector to fight on the opposite side of a war from the Empire.
1667
1. Jan Marek Marci, Czech physician and author (b. 1595) deaths
  1. Jan Marek Marci
    
    Jan Marek Marci, or Johannes Marcus Marci, was a Bohemian doctor and scientist, rector of the University of Prague, and official physician to the Holy Roman Emperors. The crater Marci on the far side of the Moon is named after him.
1656
1. René Lepage de Sainte-Claire, French-Canadian settler, founded Rimouski (d. 1718) births
  1. René Lepage de Sainte-Claire
    
    Rene Lepage de Sainte-Claire is the lord-founder of the town of Rimouski, Quebec, Canada.
  2. Rimouski
    
    Rimouski is a city in Quebec, Canada. Rimouski is located in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region, at the mouth of the Rimouski River. It has a population of 48,664. Rimouski is the site of Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), the Cégep de Rimouski and the Music Conservatory. It is also the home of some ocean sciences research centres.
1651
1. Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, German mathematician, physicist, and physician (d. 1708) births
  1. Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
    
    Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus was a German mathematician, physicist, physician, and philosopher. He introduced the Tschirnhaus transformation and is considered by some to have been the inventor of European porcelain, an invention long accredited to Johann Friedrich Böttger but others claim porcelain had been made by English manufacturers at an even earlier date.
1646
1. Santino Solari, Swiss architect and sculptor (b. 1576) deaths
  1. Santino Solari
    
    Santino Solari, was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked mainly in Austria. He was born at Verna near Como.
1644
1. William Brewster, English official and pilgrim leader (b. 1566) deaths
  1. William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)
    
    William Brewster was an English official and Mayflower passenger in 1620. In Plymouth Colony, by virtue of his education and existing stature with those immigrating from the Netherlands, being a Brownist, Brewster became senior elder and the leader of the community.
1640
1. Agostino Agazzari, Italian composer and theorist (b. 1578) deaths
  1. Agostino Agazzari
    
    Agostino Agazzari was an Italian composer and music theorist.
1619
1. Thomas Jones, English-Irish archbishop and politician, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (b. 1550) deaths
  1. Thomas Jones (bishop)
    
    Thomas Jones was Archbishop of Dublin and Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He was also Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral and Bishop of Meath. He was the patrilineal ancestor of the Viscounts Ranelagh.
  2. Lord Chancellor of Ireland
    
    The Lord High Chancellor of Ireland was the highest judicial office in Ireland until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. From 1721 to 1801, it was also the highest political office of the Irish Parliament: the Chancellor was Speaker of the Irish House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor was also Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Ireland. In all three respects, the office mirrored the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.
1603
1. Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark (d. 1647) births
  1. Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark
    
    Christian was Prince-Elect of Denmark since 1610 and Heir Apparent to the Throne of the Kingdom of Norway since 1603. Dying in 1647, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Prince Frederik.
1601
1. Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish soldier and poet (b. 1562) deaths
  1. Mark Alexander Boyd
    
    Mark Alexander Boyd was a Scottish poet and soldier of fortune. He was born in Ayrshire, Scotland. His father was from Penkill, Carrick, in Ayrshire. He was educated under the care of his uncle, the Archbishop of Glasgow, James Boyd of Trochrig. As a young man, he left Scotland for France, where he studied civil law. He took part in the French Wars of Religion, serving in the army of Henri III.
1599
1. Gabrielle d'Estrées, French mistress of Henry IV of France (b. 1571) deaths
  1. Gabrielle d'Estrées
    
    Gabrielle d'Estrées, Duchess of Beaufort and Verneuil, Marchioness of Monceaux was a mistress, confidante and adviser of Henry IV of France. She persuaded Henry to renounce Protestantism in favour of Catholicism in 1593. Later she urged French Catholics to accept the Edict of Nantes, which granted certain rights to the Protestants. As it was legally impossible for the King to marry her as he was already married to Margaret of Valois, he controversially petitioned Pope Clement VIII for an annulment in February 1599 to end his childless first marriage, and announced his intention to marry Gabrielle and have her crowned the next Queen of France, while legitimizing their three children born out of wedlock. Her coronation and wedding never occurred due to her untimely and sudden death.
  2. Henry IV of France
    
    Henry IV, also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. He was assassinated in 1610 by François Ravaillac, a Catholic zealot, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII.
1598
1. Jacopo Mazzoni, Italian philosopher (b. 1548) deaths
  1. Jacopo Mazzoni
    
    Jacopo Mazzoni was an Italian philosopher, a professor in Pisa, and friend of Galileo Galilei. His first name is sometimes reported as "Giacomo".
1585
1. Gregory XIII, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1502) deaths
  1. Pope Gregory XIII
    
    Pope Gregory XIII, born Ugo Boncompagni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this day.
1583
1. Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and jurist (d. 1645) births
  1. Hugo Grotius
    
    Hugo Grotius, also known as Huig de Groot and Hugo de Groot, was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, poet and playwright.
1579
1. Augustus II, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1666) births
  1. Augustus II, Duke of Brunswick
    
    Augustus II, called the Younger, a member of the House of Welf was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In the estate division of the House of Welf of 1635, he received the Principality of Wolfenbüttel which he ruled until his death. Considered one of the most literate princes of his time, he is known for founding the Herzog August Library at his Wolfenbüttel residence, then the largest collection of books and manuscripts north of the Alps.
1545
1. Costanzo Festa, Italian composer deaths
  1. Costanzo Festa
    
    Costanzo Festa was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. While he is best known for his madrigals, he also wrote sacred vocal music. He was the first native Italian polyphonist of international renown, and with Philippe Verdelot, one of the first to write madrigals, in the infancy of that most popular of all sixteenth-century Italian musical forms.
1533
1. Frederick I, king of Denmark and Norway (b. 1471) deaths
  1. Frederick I of Denmark
    
    Frederick I was King of Denmark and Norway. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced Lutheranism after the Protestant Reformation. As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such. Therefore, he was styled King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway. Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternatively by the names Christian and Frederik, which has continued up to the reign of the current monarch, Margrethe II.
1512
1. James V, king of Scotland (d. 1542) births
  1. James V of Scotland
    
    James V was King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542. He was crowned on 21 September 1513 at the age of seventeen months. James was the son of King James IV and Margaret Tudor, and during his childhood Scotland was governed by regents, firstly by his mother until she remarried, and then by his second cousin, John, Duke of Albany. James's personal rule began in 1528 when he finally escaped the custody of his stepfather, Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus. His first action was to exile Angus and confiscate the lands of the Douglases.
1500
1. Michael Tarchaniota Marullus, Greek scholar and poet deaths
  1. Michael Tarchaniota Marullus
    
    Michael Tarchaniota Marullus was a Greek Renaissance scholar, poet of Neo-Latin, humanist and soldier.
1487
1. William I, count of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1559) births
  1. William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen
    
    Count William I of Nassau-Siegen, German: Wilhelm I. Graf von Nassau-Siegen, official titles: Graf zu Nassau, Katzenelnbogen, Vianden und Diez, nicknamed ‘the Elder’ or ‘the Rich’, was since 1516 Count of Nassau-Siegen and of half Diez. He descended from the Ottonian Line of the House of Nassau.
1480
1. Philibert II, duke of Savoy (d. 1504) births
  1. Philibert II, Duke of Savoy
    
    Philibert II, nicknamed the Handsome or the Good, was the Duke of Savoy from 1497 until his death.
1472
1. Margaret of York, English princess (d. 1472) births
  1. Margaret of York (1472)
    
    Margaret of York was a namesake niece of Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy. She was the fifth child and fourth daughter of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville.
1362
1. Maud, English noblewoman (b. 1339) deaths
  1. Maud, Countess of Leicester
    
    Maud of Lancaster, also known as Matilda, Countess of Hainault, was a 14th-century English noblewoman who married into the Bavarian ducal family.
1309
1. Elisabeth von Rapperswil, Swiss countess (b. 1261) deaths
  1. Elisabeth von Rapperswil
    
    Elisabeth von Rapperswil was the last countess of the House of Rapperswil, and secured by her second marriage the female line of the Counts of Rapperswil and the extensive possessions of Rapperswil in the former Zürichgau to the Laufenburg line. Her son by first marriage was Reichsvogt Wernher von Homberg, and her oldest son by second marriage was Count Johann von Habsburg-Laufenburg who passed over the title of the count of Rapperswil to his oldest son Johann II and his brothers Rudolf and Gotfried.
1282
1. Ahmad Fanakati, chief minister under Kublai Khan deaths
  1. Ahmad Fanakati
    
    Ahmad Fanākatī or Banākatī was a Persian Muslim from the Qara Khitai who served as finance minister of the Yuan dynasty during Kublai's reign. He became known as a chief minister under Kublai and is credited with successfully establishing the financial system of the Yuan Empire. He was considered to be a "villainous minister" in dynastic histories because of his perceived corruption.
  2. Kublai Khan
    
    Kublai, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan, was the founder of the Yuan dynasty of China and the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294, although after the division of the empire this was a nominal position. He proclaimed the empire's dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and ruled Yuan China until his death in 1294.
1216
1. Eric X, king of Sweden (b. 1180) deaths
  1. Eric X of Sweden
    
    Eric "X" was the King of Sweden between 1208 and 1216. Also known as Eric the Survivor, he was, at his accession to the throne, the only remaining son of King Canute I of Sweden and his queen. The name of his mother is not known, but may have been Cecilia.
1018
1. Nizam al-Mulk, Persian scholar and vizier (d. 1092) births
  1. Nizam al-Mulk
    
    Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi, better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk was a Persian scholar, jurist, political philosopher and Vizier of the Seljuk Empire. Rising from a lowly position within the empire, he effectively became the de-facto ruler of the empire for 20 years after the assassination of Sultan Alp Arslan in 1072, serving as the archetypal "good vizier". Viewed by many historians as "the most important statesman in Islamic history", the policies implemented by Nizam al-Mulk would go on to remain as the basic foundation for administrative state structures in the Muslim world up until the 20th Century.
1008
1. Notker of Liège, French bishop (b. 940) deaths
  1. Notker of Liège
    
    Notker of Liège was a Benedictine monk, bishop (972–1008) and first prince-bishop (980–1008) of the Bishopric of Liège.
948
1. Hugh of Arles, king of Italy deaths
  1. Hugh of Italy
    
    Hugh, known as Hugh of Arles or Hugh of Provence, was the king of Italy from 926 until his death. He belonged to the Bosonid family. During his reign, he empowered his relatives at the expense of the aristocracy and tried to establish a relationship with the Byzantine Empire. He had success in defending the realm from external enemies, but his domestic habits and policies created many internal foes and he was removed from power before his death.
943
1. Landulf I, prince of Benevento and Capua deaths
  1. Landulf I of Benevento
    
    Landulf I, sometimes called Antipater, was a Lombard nobleman and the Prince of Benevento and of Capua from 12 January 901, when his father, Atenulf I, prince of Capua and conqueror of Benevento, associated his with him in power.
879
1. Louis the Stammerer, king of West Francia (b. 846) deaths
  1. Louis the Stammerer
    
    Louis II, known as Louis the Stammerer, was the king of Aquitaine and later the king of West Francia. He was the eldest son of Emperor Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans. Louis the Stammerer was physically weak and outlived his father by a year and a half.
401
1. Theodosius II, Roman emperor (d. 450) births
  1. Theodosius II
    
    Theodosius II was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408. His reign was marked by the promulgation of the Theodosian law code and the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. He also presided over the outbreak of two great Christological controversies, Nestorianism and Eutychianism.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Fulbert of Chartres
1. Fulbert of Chartres
  
  Fulbert of Chartres was the Bishop of Chartres from 1006 to 1028 and a teacher at the Cathedral school there. Fulbert was a pupil of Gerbert of Aurillac, who would later become Pope Sylvester II. He was responsible for the advancement of the Nativity of the Virgin's feast day on September 8 and for one of the many reconstructions of the Chartres Cathedral. Most of the available information about him is found in the letters he wrote from 1004–1028 to both secular and religious figures of the day.
Christian feast day: James, Azadanus and Abdicius
1. James, Azadanus and Abdicius
  
  James, Azadanus and Abdicius are martyrs of the Christian Church. James was a priest and Azadanus and Abdicius deacons. They were beheaded by Shapur II in Persia in 380. They are collectively commemorated with a feast day on April 10.
Christian feast day: Mikael Agricola (Lutheran)
1. Mikael Agricola
  
  Mikael Agricola was a Finnish Lutheran clergyman who became the de facto founder of literary Finnish and a prominent proponent of the Protestant Reformation in Sweden, including Finland, which was a Swedish territory at the time. He is often called the "father of literary Finnish".
2. Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)
  
  The Lutheran liturgical calendar is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by various Lutheran churches. The calendars of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC) are from the 1978 Lutheran Book of Worship and the calendar of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and the Lutheran Church–Canada (LCC) use the Lutheran Book of Worship and the 1982 Lutheran Worship. Elements unique to the ELCA have been updated from the Lutheran Book of Worship to reflect changes resulting from the publication of Evangelical Lutheran Worship in 2006. The elements of the calendar unique to the LCMS have also been updated from Lutheran Worship and the Lutheran Book of Worship to reflect the 2006 publication of the Lutheran Service Book.
Christian feast day: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (Episcopal Church)
1. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
  
  Pierre Teilhard de Chardin was a French Jesuit priest, scientist, paleontologist, theologian, philosopher and teacher. He was Darwinian in outlook and the author of several influential theological and philosophical books.
2. Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)
  
  The veneration of saints in the Episcopal Church is a continuation of an ancient tradition from the early Church which honors important and influential people of the Christian faith. The usage of the term saint is similar to Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Episcopalians believe in the communion of saints in prayer and as such the Episcopal liturgical calendar accommodates feasts for saints.
Christian feast day: William of Ockham (Anglicanism)
1. William of Ockham
  
  William of Ockham, OFM was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and Catholic theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the 14th century. He is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, and also produced significant works on logic, physics and theology. William is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 10 April.
2. Calendar of saints (Church of England)
  
  The Church of England commemorates many of the same saints as those in the General Roman Calendar, mostly on the same days, but also commemorates various notable Christians who have not been canonised by Rome, with a particular though not exclusive emphasis on those of English origin. There are differences in the calendars of other churches of the Anglican Communion.
Christian feast day: William Law (Anglicanism)
1. William Law
  
  William Law was a Church of England priest who lost his position at Emmanuel College, Cambridge when his conscience would not allow him to take the required oath of allegiance to the first Hanoverian monarch, King George I. Previously William Law had given his allegiance to the House of Stuart and is sometimes considered a second-generation non-juror. Thereafter, Law first continued as a simple priest (curate) and when that too became impossible without the required oath, Law taught privately, as well as wrote extensively. His personal integrity, as well as his mystic and theological writing greatly influenced the evangelical movement of his day as well as Enlightenment thinkers such as the writer Dr Samuel Johnson and the historian Edward Gibbon. In 1784 William Wilberforce (1759–1833), the politician, philanthropist and leader of the movement to stop the slave trade, was deeply touched by reading William Law's book A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life (1729). Law's spiritual writings remain in print today.
2. Anglicanism
  
  Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.
Christian feast day: April 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. April 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  Apr. 9 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Apr. 11
Day of the Builder (Azerbaijan)
1. Public holidays in Azerbaijan
  
  There are several public holidays in Azerbaijan. Public holidays were regulated in the constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR for the first time on 19 May 1921. They are now regulated by the Constitution of Azerbaijan.
2. Azerbaijan
  
  Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region, and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
Feast of the Third Day of the Writing of the Book of the Law (Thelema)
1. Thelema
  
  Thelema is a Western esoteric and occult social or spiritual philosophy and new religious movement founded in the early 1900s by Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), an English writer, mystic, occultist, and ceremonial magician. The word thelema is the English transliteration of the Koine Greek noun θέλημα, "will", from the verb θέλω : "to will, wish, want or purpose."
Siblings Day (International observance)
1. Siblings Day
  
  Siblings Day is a holiday recognized annually in some parts of the United States and Canada on April 10, and as Brothers and Sisters Day on May 31 in Europe. Unlike Mother's Day and Father's Day, it is not federally recognized in the United States, though the Siblings Day Foundation is working to change this. Since 1998, the governors of 49 states have officially issued proclamations to recognize Siblings Day in their state.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.

Important events in history on April 10 th

Events

Event Horizon Telescope

Black hole

Messier 87

Event Horizon Telescope

Black hole

Messier 87

Puttingal temple fire

Vishu

Bhadrakali

2016 Afghanistan earthquake

Ishkashim, Afghanistan

Polish Air Force

Smolensk air disaster

Smolensk

Russia

Lech Kaczyński

President of Fiji

Ratu

Josefa Iloilo

1997 Constitution of Fiji

2009 Fijian constitutional crisis

Good Friday Agreement

First Nagorno-Karabakh War

Maraga massacre

Maragha, Azerbaijan

Moby Prince disaster

Livorno

South Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical cyclone

Atlantic Ocean

Angola

Weather satellite

Ojhri Camp disaster

Rawalpindi

Islamabad

1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak

Wichita Falls, Texas

Invicta International Airlines Flight 435

Hochwald, Switzerland

Invicta International Airlines Flight 435

Basel

Yinqueshan Han Tombs Bamboo Slips Museum

Yinqueshan Han Slips

Sun Tzu

The Art of War

Sun Bin

Sun Bin's Art of War

Shandong

Vietnam War

1967

Boeing B-52 Stratofortress

North Vietnam

Ping-pong diplomacy

Table tennis

Paul McCartney

The Beatles

Paul McCartney

The Beatles

TEV Wahine

United States Navy

USS Thresher (SSN-593)

Submarine

USS Thresher (SSN-593)

The Holocaust

Rudolf Vrba

Alfréd Wetzler

Auschwitz concentration camp

Vrba–Wetzler report

Rudolf Vrba

Alfréd Wetzler

Auschwitz concentration camp

World War II

Axis powers

Independent State of Croatia

Alcoholics Anonymous

1938 German parliamentary election and referendum

The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Important events in history
on April 10 ^th